revision on cell organisation

8/14/2019 Revision on Cell Organisation

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Cell Organization


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Cell

Tissue

Organ

System

Multicellularorganism

Cell specialization


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Cell specialisation

Process whereby the cell changes

differentiate to give it special structures

and perform a specific function.


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Epithelial tissueConsist of 1 or more layers of cell


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Simple squamous

Location lining of lung, body cavities, heartand blood vessel

Function form a protective barrier againstinfections, mechanical injuries and dehydration.


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Simple cuboidal

Location lining the kidney tubules,

glands and ducts.


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Location lining at the surface of skin andlining of the mouth and oesophagus


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Location lining of the small intestine.

Has goblet cell which secrete mucus into

the digestive tract


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Ciliated Epithelium

The beating cilia help to keepunwanted particles fromentering the lungs.

Location lining of thetrachea


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Muscle tissue


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Cardiac muscle

Can be found in the

walls of the heart

Contract to pump the blood to

all parts of the body

Contraction is involuntary


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Skeletal muscle

Can be found at arms and legs

Involved in voluntary

movements

They contract and relaxes to

move the bones


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Smooth muscle

Can be found in intestines, blood vessels, urinary

and reproductive tracts.Contraction and relaxation are responsible for

involuntary movement

Peristaltic movement along digestive tract


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Smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle

Involuntary movement

Contract slowly than

skeletal muscle but

remain contracted fora longer period of

time.

Voluntary movement

Contract faster than

smooth muscle but

remain contracted fora shorter period of

time.


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Nerve tissue

Composed of neurones or nerve cell

Each neurone consists of a cell body and nerve fibre

Function detect stimuli and transmit electricalsignals (nerve impuls) to muscle or gland.

It controls and coordinates activities of the body


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Connective tissue

Consists of various types of cell and fibres

separated by extracellular matrix


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Connective tissue

Loose connectivetissue

Dense connective

tissue

Cartilage

Bone tissueAdipose tissue

Blood tissue


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Loose connective tissue

Most widespread connective tissue

It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and

hold organs in place.


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Dense fibrous connective tissue

Contains a large no. of collagenous fibres

which are packed closely together

Can be found in tendons which connect

muscle to bones

Can also be found in ligaments which join

bones together at joints


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Cartilage

Strong and flexible connective tissue

Provides support to the nose, ears and

cover the end od bones at joints

In the form of disc which located between

the vertebrae it acts as cushion to

absorb pressure.


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cartilage


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Blood tissue

Blood cells are produced in the bone

marrow located at the end of the long

bones.

Has regulating, transporting and protective

functions


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Bone tissue

Consist of cell embedded in a matrix of

collagen whish are hardened by calcium

Harder than cartilage

Provides protection to organ and support

the body


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Adipose tissue

Consist of tightly packed cell that store fat

Can be found in the dermis of skin and

major organ

Acts as energy reserve and provide

insulation and protection


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Organ


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Cover the body

Act as a barrier against infection, physical

trauma and water loss.

It is organ because it consist of various

types of tissue joined together to perform

specific function.


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Consists of dermis and epidermis

Dermis composed of connective tissue,

nerve tissue, and muscle tissue


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System


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Endocrine system

Coordinates theactivities of the bodyin conjunction with thenervous system

Endocrine glandsuch aspancreas,adrenals,pituitary andthyroid

Function Organ


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Lymphatic system

Returns excess tissuefluid to the circulatorysystemProvides defenses

against microbialinfection and cancer

Spleen, thymusgland, lymphnodes,lymphatic

vessels

Function Organ


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Integumentary system

Cover and protect thebody

SkinFunction Organ


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Circulatory system

Transport respiratorygases, nutrients,hormones andwaste productsthroughout thebody

Heart,blood vessels


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Nervous system

Receives stimuli,integratesinformation and

directs the body

Brain, spinal cord,nerves, sense organs


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Digestive system

Break up food intosmall molecules byphysical andchemical means

Absorb nutrient fromingested food

Mouth, oesophagus,stomach, liver,pancreas, smallintestine, large intestine


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Muscular system

Provides body movementby contraction andshortening of muscles

Skeletal muscles,smooth muscles,cardiac muscles


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Excretory system

Removes metabolic wastessuch as carbon dioxide andureaMaintains homeostatic

conditions in the body

Kidneys, urinarybladder, lungs,skin


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Skeletal muscle

Protect internal organsProvides support for locomotionand movement

Bones, cartilage,tendons andligament


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Respiratory system

Exchange gases between theblood and the externalenvironment

Allow uptake of oxygen anddisposal of carbon dioxide

Lung,trachea,nose


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Reproductive system

Males: produces sperm and malehormonesFemales: produce ovum andfemale hormones

Carries out reproduction

Males: testes,penisFemales: ovary,uterus, vagina

revision on cell organisation

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