revisiting one of the largest aquifer tests in history ...€¦ · arsenal aquifer test •wwii...
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Revisiting one of the largest aquifer tests in history: Implications for fault zone hydrogeology and the declining groundwater supply in
Northeastern Illinois
Daniel R. Hadley, PG and Daniel B. Abrams, PhD
Illinois State Water Survey,University of Illinois
GSA North-Central Meeting 2018
Well 2- April, 1941
Hydrostratigraphy
Kane
Kendall
Will
Grundy
DuPage
DeKalb
Lee
Ogle
RECHARGE AREAS
• St. Peter Sandstone• Ironton-Galesville Sandstone
• High Angle Normal Fault
• 85 miles long, 1-2 miles wide
• Variable displacement, as much as 800 feet of offset
Sandwich Fault Zone
Will
Kendall
Kane
DeKalb
DuPage
Cook
Grundy
McHenryLake
Fault zone modeled as a flow barrier with low hydraulic conductivity (K) zone (A HUGE UNKNOWN)
Arsenal Aquifer Test
• WWII ammunition plant needed large water supply
• 10 Deep Sandstone Wells (evenly spaced)
• Open to both St. Peter and Ironton-Galesville Sandstones
• Conducted 37 day aquifer test in 1942
• 9 wells pumping over 9 MGD on average
• 1 St. Peter only observation well (5)
• Observations at adjacent plants and towns
• Daily withdrawal rates and water levels recorded
• 25 days of recovery observations
• Perhaps the largest aquifer test in North American history?
Questions
• What can this aquifer test tell us about the fault?
• What can this aquifer test tell us about model parameters?
Need for transient model
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
425
475
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Hea
d (
ft A
MSL
)
Days
KOW #1KOW #2KOW #3KOW #4KOW #5KOW #6KOW #7KOW #8KOW #9KOW #10
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Wit
hd
raw
als
(ft3
/day
)
Days
KOW #1KOW #2KOW #3KOW #4KOW #5KOW #6KOW #7KOW #8KOW #9KOW #10
Model Setup• Illinois Groundwater Model
• 21 layers (10 quaternary and 11 bedrock)
• 2500 ft2 Grid
• 1863 to present (and future scenarios)
• Arsenal wells and observation wells simulated as CLN wells
• MODFLOW-USG
• Inner Fault Core/Outer Damage Zone
• Varied sandstone hydraulic conductivity (Kh)
• Ranged from no change in comparison to host rock to 3 orders of magnitude decreases in Kh
• 23 different model runs so far
Fault Zone Conceptualization
Initial Calibration
• Initial analytic analysis using Theiscurve
• Kh = 5 ft/day for sandstones
• Specific Storage (Ss) = 5.5e-7 ft-1
SP
SP
SP
Calibration Targets
• 9 Pumping Wells
• 7 Observation Wells (3 St. Peter only wells and 4 multiaquifer wells)
• Overall Drawdown
• Slope of drawdown curves
• Regional historic calibration to heads, needs updated locally
• Confined conditions throughout the test
Calibration- K of Fault Zone
• Well 10 and 9 have low specific capacities and slowest recovery (closest to fault)
• Slope of drawdown curve affected by fault hydraulic conductivity
• Order of magnitude decrease (Kh=0.5 ft/day) seems just right
• Arsenal wells (and especially far observation wells) insensitive to fault flow resistance
• Fault Zone has large impact locally (within 1-3 miles), much less influence beyond that
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393777 393787 393797 393807 393817 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #10
Calculated (K=5.0)
Calculated (K=0.5)
Calculated (K=0.05)
Observed
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393777 393787 393797 393807 393817 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #4
Calculated (SF=0)
Calculated (SF=5)
Observed
Calibration-Skin Factor
Halford and Hanson, 2002, USGS MNW User Guide, Open File Report 02-293
• Skin Factors simulate well inefficiency
• Needed to match observed drawdowns
• Particular to each well
• Positive skin factor- Kaquifer > Kskin
• Does not affect slope of drawdown
Pumping Wells (Run #23)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393787 393807 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #7
Calculated
Observed
0
10
20
30
40
50
393767 393787 393807 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
Wilmington 1
Calculated
Observed
Observation Wells (Run #23)
Calculated Observed Residual
KOW 1 259 244 15
KOW 2 249 273 -24
KOW 3 271 265 6
KOW 4 269 292 -23
KOW 6 268 223 45
KOW 7 259 252 7
KOW 8 249 250 -1
KOW 9 275 311 -36
KOW 10 252 270 -18
Mean 261 264 -3
Calculated Observed Residual
Wilmington 1 16.5 22 -5.5
Wilmington 2 17.5 20 -2.5
Minooka 2 8.6 4 4.6
Braidwood 1 3.3 2.5 0.8
Mean -2.6
Calculated Observed Residual
KOW 5 119 101 18.0
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Implications for groundwater supply
19642016
• Joliet withdraws ~ 17 MGD from their 21 deep sandstone wells (as of 2015)• Most population growth projected on western side of municipal boundary, likely
place of new wells• Extreme drawdown (1100-1200 feet of depth to water), pumps in danger of
breaking suction!!• Crisis prompting communities to switch to alternative supplies
Projected Growth
Conclusions/Future Work
• Unprecedented size and duration of the Arsenal Test allows regional insight into hydrogeology of vertical fault zone
• Used slope of drawdown curves as calibration targets for wells near fault
• Skin factors needed at CLN wells to match observed data, but do not change slope of drawdown curves
• Order of magnitude decrease in Kh of sandstones within core of fault zone (Kh
around 0.5 ft/day)
• Far targets insensitive to influence of fault zone
• Joliet center of pumping moving closer to fault zone, decreasing specific capacities and less recharge to wells
• Quadtree refinement around fault zone, updating model geology
Questions?