revista chicago school
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Chicago School
Revista
All life is organic. It manifests itself through organs, through structures, through functions. That which is alive acts, organizes, grows, develops, unfolds, expands, differentiates, organ after organ, structure after structure.
Louis H. Sullivan, Kindergarten Chats, 1901–1902
Louis Sullivan gave America the skyscraper as an organic modern work of art. One of the worlds greatest architects, he gave us again the ideal of a great architecture that informed all the great architecture of the worlds.
Frank Lloyd Wright, F. Lloyd Wright on Architecture, 1941
Chicago buildings were the beginning of the modern business buildings of the world; with their creation, architecture took on a new and splendid lease for its future life.
T. H. Robsjohn-Gibbings, Good-bye,Mr. Chippendale,1944
Almacén De Carson Pirie Scott ,1904
LOUIS HENRY SULLIVAN
Auditorium De Chicago (1886-1889)
Once the technology and construction methods are in place and prototypes appear, the architect’s dilemma becomes
how to articulate a multistory building to reflect a human scale.
Auditorium De Chicago (1886-1889)
Architect Louis Sullivan believes
that the building’s form should express the interior function.
WAINWRIGHT BUILDING, 1881
Sullivan develops the expressive
qualities of the skyscraper using
classical precedent and his own unique style of ornament.
-Larges windows for light. -Little ornament. -Covered with terra-cotta or mansory. -May have bay or oriel windows or ones between vertical piers. -At the street level, shops, architectural features, and details provide a human scale. -Entries, lobbies, and atriums are large impressive spaces with expensive treatments and mater.
Louis Sullivan uses stringcourses, projecting cornices, richness of detail and decoration as a part of the structure. Offices, in contrast, may seem more residential or are strictly utilitarian in appearance. The office hierarchy drives planning, finishes, and furniture with executives having the most space, best treatments, and nicest furniture.
DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
Second half of the 19th century. Steel skeletons to replace masonry
bearing walls or piers, foundations that can support tall buildings, and
elevators to access upper floors come together to create the first
skyscrapers, or buildings 16 to 20 stories high. Jenney’s Home
Insurance Building of 1885 in Chicago is the prototype. It uses a
metal skeleton composed of cast-iron columns and steel beams that
support the masonry walls and floors.
Early modern designers and the International Style Holabird and Roche introduce a reinforced concrete foundation to support a building structure in sandy or muddy soil like that of Chicago. Construction improvements occur incrementally, so some early skyscrapers retain load-bearing masonry walls combined with wooden or metal beams. However, the thick load-bearing walls take up valuable interior space. The need for more space and profits will soon eliminate masonry walls except as a cladding. In the late 1880s and early 1890s, architects and engineers in other cities begin to employ steel frames extensively, and the modern skyscraper is born.
Architecture
Public Buildings
Types Commercial office buildings
dominate steel frame construction throughout
Chicago and New York City during the
late 19th century .
Other types of structures
include auditoriums,
department stores,
hotels, banks, and
libraries.
Floor
Plans
Floor plans are generally rectangular or
square, so the building forms a rectangular
box or sometimes a U shape.
Plans often have a central corridor with shallow
rectangular rooms on both sides. Prominent entries
lead to vestibules and major public circulation
areas, such as hallways, corridors, stairways,
and elevators.
Materials
Exterior walls may be of brick, terracotta,
granite, or other types of stone, giving no
hint of the interior metal skeleton.
They subsequently adopt steel-skeletal construction
covered with brick, terracotta, or
sandstone.
Facades
Building facades exhibit large scale,
verticality, repetition, order, and
simplicity.
Speculative buildings,
built by developers for
rentals, have plain,
unadorned exteriors.
Corporate headquarters,
in contrast, are more
lavishly embellished
Windows
Windows come in
prefabricated, standard
sizes to take advantage
of the new technology.
Buildings show wide expanses of
glass windows arranged in
rectangular grids.
A new introduction is the
Chicago window, a
tripartite composition
with a fixed wide center
window flanked on one
or both sides by double-
hung sash windows for light
and ventilation.
Monumental entries,
often with large arches
surrounded by heavy
architectural features
or stonework, lead to
major circulation area.
DOOrs
The public buildings have undergone significant changes according to the architecture presented. Color changes, the use of natural light, the coating of walls and high ceilings, make buildings completely changed.
CHARACTERISTICS
Office furniture differs little in form and appearance frim residential furniture.Furniture in other public places reflects the character, scale, and importance of the particular space.
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SINALOA
FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA DE CULIACÁN
Unidad de Aprendizaje: Comprensión de Documentos de Arquitectura en Inglés Profesor(a): Claudia Aispuro Espinoza
Alumno(s): Camacho Contreras Erick Gpe. Miranda Salazar José Ramsés Melissa Gpe. Ríos Quintero Sosa Medina Abel Alejandro 4to. Semestre Grupo 2