revista fee - numero 00 - abril 2011

7/23/2019 Revista FEE - Numero 00 - Abril 2011

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Bstjehs b`trj`dh b` bceu`dh db rbfb`brjga÷`…

Whehs bspåratus aèhrtjcbs#

eês qub bsh# shehs bspåratusb` gh`stj`tb bvhcuga÷`# qub vj%ehs j vavar dbspuás db cj eubr%tb iåsagj# qub vjehs j gh`taùjrjueb`tj`dh gh`hgaeab`ths# yqub thdhs jqubcchs qub tab`b`bstj gh`vagga÷` pubdb` sbrhlrbrhs db bstb ùbvh eu`dhjsb`tjdh b` cj gh`vagga÷` dbcj aèhrtjcadjd. Zub phdjehsijvhrbgbr cj shcadjradjd# y qubjc i`jc db bstb bvb`th bstbehseês uàdhs# eês a`sparjdhs `hs÷ch pjrj ijvhrbgbr cj uà÷`b`trb `hshtrhs sa`h pjrj ph%dbr jyudjr j cjs pbrsh`js qubtab`b` dudjs# qub tab`b` suira%eab`ths ejyhrbs gh` bc i` dbjyudjrchs.

Ehstr÷ u` rbgubrdh y oheb%`jkb j \jijbc Fh`zêcbz Ehca`j

frjgajs jc gujc bc Gh`sbkh Bspåra%tj A`tbr`jgah`jc bs u`j rbjcadjd#ojlab`dh sadh bc praebr sbgrbtjrah

fb`brjc dbc Gh`sbkh.

BW^BGAJC • YA Gh`frbsh Bspåratj Eu`dajc

]...U ojgab`dh `jgbr b` eugohs cj gurahsadjd phrsjlbr quá dbgåj` jqubcchs calrhs qub jqubc Hlasphtuvh tj`th a`tbrás b` qubejr.




B`raqub Bcasbh Ljcdhva`h

\bbrb cjs hlrjs qub iubrh` a`tbrprbtj%

djs b` cj Whgabdjd db Bstudahs Bspåratjs db^jrås# phr u`j jcue`j db Gohpa`.

Q ác easeh a`tbrprbtj jc paj`h u` ea%ùbth y bc oast÷ragh irjfeb`th db u`j sh`jtjdbc bspåratu db Ehzjrt dagtjdjs ebdaûeà%gjeb`tb.

Davjcdh ^brbarj Irj`gh

^rbsb`t÷ cj ghìbrb`gaj a`jufurjc –WhehsBspåratus Aèhrtjcbs―

…phstbrahreb`tb W÷grjtbs y ^cjt÷`

a`dagj` qub cj vadj rbjc tab`b u`j trjsgb`%db`gaj trj`spbrsh`jc# bc sbr sb suebrfbb` cj gjr`b pjrj jdquarar bxpbrab`gajs y dbsjrrhccjr bc Dahs a`tbr`h# phr cjs sugb%savjs rbb`gjr`jgah`bs. Arbehs j b`gh`trjr u` eheb`th b` cj oasthraj db \hej# b`bc qub Gh`stj`ta`h tab`b u` subúh# b`bc qub chs bspåratus sb cb prbsb`tj` y cbaeph`b` ph`br b` chs såelhchs lácaghscj gruz phrqub gh` jqubccj sbújc chfrjråjvb`gbr cj fubrrj y thr`jrsb bc bepbrjdhr db \hej. ^hstbrahreb`tb# Irj`gasgh b` cj

gaudjd db Jsås ej`tab`b bc gh`tjgth eb`% tjc gh` Kbsûs# qub sb cb prbsb`tj vjrajsvbgbs a`dugaá`dhch j sbfuar cj prhpubstjacuea`jtavj dbc Bvj`fbcah# b` bspåratu y vbr%djd… y db aèbdajth Kuj`j db Jrgh b` cjjcdbj db Dherbey bsgugoj`dh cjs vhgbsdb sj`tj Gjtjca`j# db sj` Eafubc# sjcb pjrjprbpjrjr cj tjrbj dbc phrvbàr guj`dh bcgh`shcjdhr dblåj vbàr j cj tabrrj. Cj oas%

thraj prhsafub y j pjrtar db cj `hgob dbc7: db ejrzh db :?4? phr chs ib`÷eb`hsebdaûeàghs db Oydbsvaccb# b` @bw Qhrm#yj `h sb pubdb` eês dbtb`br cjs gheu%àgjgah`bs bsparatujcbs# qub dbspuás dbghèhvbr Jeáragj sb trj`sbrb` j Burh%pj y jccå sb vj` j jsb`tjr b` ^jrås …# y bsb` bsb eheb`th qub bc htjlcb gab`tågh#c÷chfh# pbdjfhfh# Oyphccatb Cb÷` Dbà%zjrd \avjac jtrjådh phr bsj ib`heb`hch%fåj bspbgajc sb dj gub`tj qub bstê dbcj`tbdb u`h db chs eheb`ths eês frj`dahshsdb cj ouejàdjd# y gh`dugadh phr bc bs%påratu db Ybrdjd# prbsb`tj bc Calrh db chsBspåratus# b` bc dåj :? db jlrac db :?26# y `jgb cj dhgtra`j db chs bspåratus. Gheab`%zj b`th`gbs bc pbråhdh bxtrjhrda`jrah dbcj a`vbstafjga÷` gab`tågj# j rbspbgth j cjaèhrtjcadjd dbc jcej.

Gojrcbs Mbepi

–¸Zuá bs Dahs8―

…u`j pbqubúj j`ágdhtj db u` calrh dbGoagh _jvabr qub bs u`j oasthraj euy sb`gaccj. Goagh _jvabr# phr gabrth# gh`%ebehrjehs bstb júh bc gb`tb`jrah dbsu `jgaeab`th. ûbdb qub jcfu`hs dbustbdbs yj gh`hzgj` bstj oasthraj# phr%qub cj ob sjgjdh dbc ijsgåguch db BstudahWastbejtazjdhs db cj Dhgtra`j Bsparatj; Wbgub`tj qub u` vabkh êrjlb j`jcijlbthrbzjlj gh` tj`th ibrvhr y gh` tj`th gj%raúh gjdj `hgob qub# u`j vbz# u` ragh

kbib db u`j frj` gjrjvj`j cb ccje÷ j suprbsb`gaj y cb prbfu`t÷ ¸^hr quá hrjsgh` tj`tj ib8 ¸G÷eh sjlbs qub Dahsbxastb8 Guj`dh à saquabrj sjlbs cbbr# brj

u` sbúhr euy sb`gacch% u` j`gaj`h euy sb`gacch% bc grbyb`tb bc rbsph`da÷; Frj`sbúhr# gh`hzgh cj bxastb`gaj db ùbstrh^jdrb Gbcbstb phr sus sbújcbs# ¸g÷eh bsbsth phsalcb8 ^rbfu`t÷ bc kbib jdearjdh.Bc sabrvh oueacdb cbs bxpcag÷= guj`dh bcsbúhr rbgalb u`j gjrtj db u`j pbrsh`jjusb`tb ¸g÷eh rbgh`hgb qub bc cj ojbsgrath8 ^hr cj cbtrj. Guj`dh ustbd rbga%lb u`j khyj ¸g÷eh sb aìhrej shlrb bcjuthr db ástj8 ^hr cj ejrgj dbc khybrh. Bc

j`gaj`h cb sh`ra÷ y jújda÷# guê`dh hybpjshs db jàejcbs jcrbdbdhr db cj tab`%dj ¸g÷eh sjlb sa oj sadh u`j hvbkj# u`

Davjcdh brbarj Irj`gh

Gojrcbs Mbepi




:> \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

gjljcch# h u` luby8 ^hr cjs oubccjs# rbsph`da÷ bc kbib shrprb`dadh.B`th`gbs bc j`gaj`h grbyb`tb cb a`vat÷ j sjcar iubrj db cj tab`dj y cbehstr÷ bc gabch# dh`db lraccjlj cj cu`j gbrgjdj phr u`j euctatud db

bstrbccjs y bxgcje÷; \bspbtuhsh sbúhr bstjs sbújcbs qub bstê` b` bcgabch h pubdb` sbr db chs ohelrbs. B` bstb eheb`th bc hrfucchshgjrjvj`brh# gh` chs hkhs b` êfraejs# sb jrrhdacc÷ b` cj jrb`j y be%pbz÷ j hrjr. Bs u`j oasthraj euy saepcb# pbrh qub acustrj euy lab`gheh gujcquabrj# a`gcush pbrsh`js euy oueacdbs pubdb` gheprb`%dbr cj bgbsadjd db Dahs# phr ebdah db bstj Cby db Gjusj y Bibgth.

Kuj` Eafubc Ibr`ê`dbz

–Gheprhljgah bs db cj bxastb`gaj y dbcj aèhrtjcadjd dbc Bspåratu―

… cjs ccjejdjs Bxpbrab`gajs Gbr %gj`js j cj Eubrtb /B.G.E!# cjs Tbrj%pajs db Yadjs ^jsjdjs /TY^!# cj Trj`s%gheuàgjga÷` A`strueb`tjc /T.G.A.! y cjs eês vjrajdjs ejàibstjgah`bs dbchs bspåratus# `hs gh`rej` su aèhr %

tjcadjd.

Wa ojlcjehs db chs pah`brhs dbcj Trj`sgheuàgjga÷` A`strueb`tjcdblbrbehs rbghrdjr j Tohejs Jclj Bdash`# qub yj b` bc júh :.1<>dbsjrrhcc÷ u` jpjrjth pjrj gh`tjgtjr gh` cj htrj daeb`sa÷`# sa` be%

ljrfh pjs÷ j cj htrj vadj j`tbs db chfrjrch.R`h db bshs ib`÷eb`hs bs cj ccjejdj bsgraturj jutheêtagj h

psaghfrjiåj# …B`trb bcchs# utacazj`dh tágàgjs frjihc÷fagjs# bc prhibshr Gjrchs Jufusth ^brj`dráj# graea`÷chfh y pbrath jgrbdatjdh phr bc^hdbr Kudagajc db Lrjsac# a`vbstaf÷ y j`jcaz÷ cj juthråj db vjrahs eb`%sjkbs psaghfrjjdhs phr Irj`gasgh Gê`dadh _jvabr.

Bc bstudah bibgtujdh phr bc prhibshr ^brj`dráj dur÷ :7 júhs y iub rbjcazjdh db ihrej rafurhsjeb`tb gab`tågj# pubs# sab`dh ác u`pbrath b` bc êrbj db cj frjihchfåj# sjlåj g÷eh cbvj`tjr y bxph`br chs djths db ej`brj jdbgujdj# prbsb`tj`dh sus gh`gcusah`bs. … bc

^rhibshr brj`dráj ejrgj u` oath aephrtj`tb gh`trj jqubcchs qub#a`vhgj`dh cj juthradjd gab`tågj# àbfj` gh` vbobeb`gaj y dhfej% taseh cj tbsas db cj supbrvavb`gaj dbc jcej.

Cjs jpjragah`bs ejtbrajcazjdjs db –eubrths― dabrh` prubljsdbehstrj`dh su bxastb`gaj dbspuás db cjs bxpbrab`gajs rbjcazjdjsphr chs davbrshs a`vbstafjdhrbs# dbstjgj`dh Gojrcbs \agobt# bc ^rb%eah @hlbc db Iasahchfåj b` :.1:7# Gjtbdrêtagh db Iasahchfåj b` cjIjguctjd db Ebdaga`j db ^jrås.

Gjrhc Lhwej`

–Bvadb`gajs Gab`tåigjs db cj \bb`%gjr`jga÷`―

…tab`b` ebehrajs db bstb bsta%ch# rbgubrdhs bsph`tê`bhs guj`%dh sh` euy pbqubúhs. Dbsdb cjbdjd db chs ga`gh júhs# sh` eêsqub rbgubrdhs. J ebùdh chsàúhs# pubdb` bstjr rbghrdj`%

dh obgohs trjueêtaghs dbc pj%sjdh# y bsb rbgubrdh cbs lra`djcj hphrtuàdjd db gurjr su jcejjc gheab`zh easeh db cj vadj.Db ehdh tjc qub sus pjtrh`bs#db bshs prhlcbejs qub `hs vab%`b` dbc pjsjdh# db htrjs vadjs#sb vjyj` gurj`dh j ch cjrfh dbcj ùbvj vadj# y `h sb gh`vabrtj`b` prhlcbejs pbrpbtuhs guj`dh`hs gh`vbrtaehs b` jducths. ^h%

dbehs dbkjr bsj vadj pjsjdj yjjtrês. Tjelaá`# db htrjs vadjs# rb%ghfbehs ojlacadjdbs# rjsfhs dbpbrsh`jcadjd# obrbdjehs thdjsbsjs ghsjs.

J ebùdh chsàúhs# pubdb` bstjr

rbghrdj`dh obgohstrjueêtaghs dbc pjsjdh#y bsb rbgubrdh cbslra`dj cj hphrtuàdjddb gurjr su jcej.



\bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB ::

Khrfb Lbrrah

–Cj gh`strugga÷`db cj ^jz j cj cuz

db cj Aèhrtjca%djd dbc Bspåratu―

…Qh `hgrbh b` cj aèhr%

tjcadjd dbc jcej#sa`h qub bsthy sbfurh qub bsvbrdjd qub sh%ehs aèhrtjcbs#quá bs daibrb`tb.

Ojy qub bstjr sbfurhs# h qubdjr`hs b` grbb`gajs. hr %qub guj`dh bstjehs sbfurhs# bs phrqubobehs bstudajdh# obehs prhiu`dazjdh.Q jc ar bstudaj`dh cj Dhgtra`j Bspåratj#vjehs dbspbrtj`dh ubstrj rbcafahsadjd.Zub bs bc jgbrgjeab`th j Dahs. Thdjscjs rbcafah`bs dbspabrtj` cj rbcafahsadjd#pbrh b` `hshtrhs chs bspåratjs# tjelaá`dbsjrrhccj bsb jgbrgjeab`th j Dahs# y

tb`behs gjdj u`h db hshtrhs u`j rbca%fahsadjd qub b` cj ebdadj b` qub vjehs

gheprb`dab`dh eês bc eb`sjkb# ubstrjrbcafahsadjd grbgb. ^brh eugohs db `h%shtrhs qub tb`behs bstj rbcafahsadjd# h

tb`behs bsparatujcadjd… `h tb`behsbsb dbsjrrhcch bsparatujc qub bs cj vavb`%gaj dbc eb`sjkb. B`th`gbs eugohs bspå%ratjs `h obehs gh`struadh ùbstrj pjz.

cj vbrdjdbrj pjz# `h bs cj pjz dbceu`dh# qub sb gh`safub b` cj ohrazh`tj%cadjd db cjs sjtasijggah`bs db cjs `bgbsa%djdbs ejtbrajcbs. Cj vbrdjdbrj ibcagadjd

y pjz bs cj bsparatujc. Bs cj qub dbsjrrh%ccjehs guj`dh gjdj u`h db `hshtrhs#guj`dh cj gh`gab`gaj bstê b` pjz.

Zub eb`sjkb tj` gh`shcjdhr bsùbstrj dhgtra`j bspåratj qub sa hshtrhsch tb`behs b` bc jcej# pubdb fuajr`hsphr chs gjea`hs db rudh dbsabrth= pjrjgh`quastjr bshs gjea`hs frj`dbs db cjpbribgga÷`. ^hrqub johrj# bstjehs b`ùbstrjs cugojs= johrj bstjehs b` cjsdaguctjdbs# dh`db `bgbsatjehs cj b`%

ibrebdjd pjrj vjchrjr cj sjcud. dh`db`bgbsatjehs cj `hgob pjrj vjchrjr bcdåj= dh`db `bgbsatjehs tj`ths gh`trjs%

tbs pjrj phdbr dbspbrtjr ùbstrj gh`gab`gaj; brh safjehsjdbcj`tb# safjehs b` ùbstrjs cugojs# b` ùbstrhs bsiubrzhspbrej`b`tbs= dbspbrtbehs bsj gh`gab`gaj# pjrj phdbr ar

gjelaj`dh# ebkhrj`dh= phrqub guj`dh dakh bc ejbstrh Kbsûs;–Lab`jvb`turjdhs chs pjgåghs phrqub db bcchs sbrê` ccjej%dhs oakhs db Dahs―# y hshtrhs chs bspåratjs jprb`dbehs j sbr ohelrbs y eukbrbs db pjz= qub sbjehs euctapcagjdhrbs dbpjz= qub dh`db ccbfubehs arrjdabehs jreh`åj.

Euctapcaqubehs bc jehr# phrqub bc jehr bs ch ûàgh qubguj`th eês sb davadb# eês sb euctapcagj# eês suej.

Wbrfah Ibcapb db Hcavbarj

–Eádaues y Ebdaueàdjd―

Jccj` Mjrdbg b` bc Calrh db chseádaue`s bxpcagj qub cj ebdaueà%djd bs u` ib`÷eb`h lahc÷fagh# y phr

tj`th# sb cj ebdaueàdjd bs u` ib`÷%eb`h lahc÷fagh `jturjceb`tb bs u`

tbrrathr ah db bstudah db cj ebdaga`j.

… bc g÷dafh a`tbr`jgah`jc db cjsbìbrebdjdbs GAD%:> db cj Hrfjà%zjga÷` Eu`dajc db cj Wjcud# dh`db ojy u` rbfastrh db thdjs cjs bìbrebdj%dbs y dbshrdb`bs rbgh`hgadjs phr cj

ebdaga`j b` bc eu`dh.B` bc pu`th I44.7# tb`behs bc sa%

fuab`tb dajf`÷stagh; bstjdhs db phsbsa÷` y db trj`gb.

…bc g÷dafh a`tbr`jgah`jc db bìbrebdjdbs gh`sadbrjqub `h bs bìbrebdjd bc bstjdh db trj`gb sbfû` bc gh`%

tbxth. B`th`gbs cjs jgtavadjdbs ebdaûeàgjs b` chs Gb`trhsBspåratjs sh` gh`sadbrjdjs gheh sjcudjlcbs phr cj ebdaga`j#pbrh guj`dh cj ebdaueàdjd bstê b` dbsbquacalrah# iubrj dbgh`trhc db cj pbrsh`j# ccbvj`dh j bstj pbrsh`j j jgtatudbsdbsjkustjdjs b`th`gbs bstê bèjrgjdh db`trh dbc pu`thI44.7= bstjdhs db trj`gb y phsbsa÷`. Ybj` pubs# qub cj ebdaga%

`j eu`dajc yj gh`sadbrj cj ebdaueàdjd db`trh db cj gab`gaj#db`trh db cj prhpaj dhgtra`j eádagj.

B` cj thehfrjiåj gbrblrjc# bstj bs u`j thehfrjiåj db u`gbrblrh# ustbdbs pubdb` hlsbrvjr# b` ebdah dbc gbrblrh#pu`ths lcj`ghs. ¸Chs pubdb` vbr8 Wå# chs pubdb` vbr lab`. Wh`grastjcbs qub bxastb` db`trh db cj pa`bjc y qub jpjrbgb` b` cj

thehfrjiåj gheh pu`ths lcj`ghs. Guj`dh u`j pbrsh`j prb%sb`tj ebdaueàdjd db a`ghrphrjga÷`# qub bs guj`dh gjptj cja`tbribrb`gaj db u` bspåratu# b` fb`brjc# tab`b` bsths grastjcbsb` frj` gj`tadjd# dbtbgtjlcb b` u`j thehfrjiåj# phrqub bsthsgrastjcbs pbreatb` bc sbgubstrh db cj h`dj# gheh sa iubsb`

u` tbcáih`h e÷vac. Gjptj bc eb`sjkb. B`th`gbs# cjs pbrsh`jsqub tab`b` eugohs grastjcbs db bstb taph tab`b` u`j frj` gj%pjgadjd db bstb ib`÷eb`h db a`ghrphrjga÷`. @h bs qub bc




:< \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

bspåratu b`trb db`trh db cj pbrsh`j# bs gheh u`j rjdah y bc chguthr#`h b`trj db`trh db cj rjdah dbc rbgbpthr# ch qub b`trj` sh` cjs h`djsqub sb beatb` dh`db bstê bc chguthr.

Jcirbdh Tjlubúj –Cby db Gjusj y Bibgth# sbfû` bc Bsparataseh―

Dahs# b` su sjladuråj# oj grbjdh u`j sbrabdb cbybs `jturjcbs# u`js db hrdb` iåsagh y htrjs

db hrdb` ehrjc qub dasgapca`j` cj vadj uàvbrsjcb` thdhs sus jspbgths y j cjs qub chs dasta`thsbcbeb`ths qub gheph`b` bc Ràvbrsh# sbfû`cbs ghrrbsph`dj sb b`gub`trj` sukbths j bcch. Cjcby db gjusj y bibgth bs u`j db bsjs cbybs# qubb` bstb gjsh rafb shcjeb`tb pjrj bc sbr ouej`h#

pjrj bc bspåratu yj gh` gh`gab`gaj db så easeh# y gh` cj gjpjgadjd dbbkbrgbr bc calrb jclbdråh...B` gjdj ùbvj rbb`gjr`jga÷` trjbehs b`ùbstrj a`taeadjd b` bstjdh cjtb`tb cjs sbeaccjs qub oj` db prhphr%gah`jr bc dbsjrrhcch db jqubcchs jgh`tbgaeab`ths qub gheh gh`sb%gub`gaj db ùbstrh pjsjdh `hs oj` db jcgj`zjr y qub lrhtjrê` b`bc eheb`th hphr tu`h gh` thdh su rafhr h db ehdh sujvazjdh# db%pb`dab`dh dbc ghephrtjeab`th ehrjc y bsparatujc qub sb aepusabrjphr pjrtb ùbstrj.

Ijlah Yaccjrrjfj –Bsparataseh; Iub tb db Bsgcjrbgaeab`%th y gh`subch Bsparatujc―

… aèbrshs db`trh dbc prhgbshbvhcutavh gheh cby aòbrb`tb j th%dhs chs bspåratus shehs b` rbjcadjdvajkbrhs dbc uàvbrsh# shehs vajkbrhsj trjvás db ùbstrh prhpah bspjgahpsåquagh qub eacb`jrajeb`tb obehs

vbàdh gh`struyb`dh. Ohy obehsobrbdjdh ch qub b` vadjs j`tbrahrbsgh`struaehs y ohy bstjehs gh`stru%yb`dh ùbstrh iuturh dbc ejúj`j.

Yj`bsj J`sbchà

–Jccj` Mjrdbg; Iu`djeb`ths db cj ich%shiåj Bspåratj―

Gab`tåghs gheh @bwlbrf oj`dbehstrjdh j àvbc uàvbrsatjrahqub ùbstrh gbrblrh rbjggah`j j cjshrjgah`bs# phdbehs vbr qub guj`dh

hrjehs ojy êrbjs b` bc c÷luch irh`% tjc qub gjelaj` su jgtavjga÷`. Yab`bj dbehstrjr qub bsb bù`gajdh dbJccj` Mjrdbg bs euy vbrdjdbrh# j

trjvás db u`j hrjga÷` sa`gbrj# qubbs u`j gbsa÷` db uadh bsparatujc#qub a`dugb u`j sbfrbfjga÷` eês rê%padj db uadh bsparatujc.

Ohy b` dåj cj `burhgab`gaj gh`bc cådbr db cj `burhgab`gaj# J`thàhDjejsah# db Gjcaihràj# `hs oj b`%

sbújdh qub ùbstrh rjzh`jeab`% th dbpb`db db ùbstrhs prhgbshsbehgah`jcbs# shehs sbrbs behgah%

Gab`tåighs#..oj` dbehstrjdh j àvbcuàvbrsatjrah qub ùbstrh gbrblrh rbjggah`jj cjs hrjgah`bs# …ojy êrbjs b` bc c÷luchrh`tjc qub gjelaj` su jgtavjga÷`.



:7

`jcbs. Bs prhljlcb qub bc safch __A# tb`%fj b` cjs bsgubcjs u`j rbvhcuga÷` b` chqub rbspbgtj j cj bdugjga÷` behgah`jc#

¸g÷eh dblbehs gh`trhcjr cjs behgah%`bs8 Q bc bsparataseh bstê b` cj vj`fujr%daj db bsj rbspubstj. ^hr bkbepch b`ch rbcjtavh jc pbrd÷`# ju`qub ojy fb`tbqub dagb qub bstj prhpubstj bspåratj bsaephsalcb pjrj bcchs. Cj Gab`gaj yj b`bc júh <>>> `hs oj dagoh qub `h s÷ch

tb`behs a`sta`ths `bfjtavhs db`trh db`hshtrhs# sa`h qub tb`behs fb`bs qub`hs prbdasph`b` tjelaá` j sbr gh`ga%cajthrahs. Bstb gab`tågh pulcag÷ b` u`jrbvastj gab`tågj qub chs. goaepj`gás#j`tb u` ghàgth# sb rbgh`gacaj` sbccj`%dh sus lhgjs# gh` u` lbsh b` chs cjlahs.Chs bspåratus bstjlj` b` ch gabrth guj`%dh dbgåj` qub brj phsalcb bsb gjelahdb jgtatudbs. Bstê tjelaá` b` ùbstrj`jturjcbzj iåsagj# psåquagj y bsparatujc. Cjgab`gaj j trjvás db u` fruph kjph`ás db%ehstr÷ qub phr bkbepch cj b`vadaj bs

tj` dhchrhsj qub bstaeucj êrbjs ghehbstj qub bs bc êrbj dbc ghrtbx ga`fucjdhqub bstê rbcjgah`jdj gh` chs prhgbshs

db dhchr. Ju`qub pjrbgb qub cj fb`tbojlcj db htrj ej`brj# bstê dagab`dh ch

easeh. Cj fb`tb qub bs b`vadahsj sab`tb u` dhchr bxtrbeh# b`% th`gbs bsths sb`taeab`ths tab`b` qub sbr bcaea`jdhs phr ch qub`hshtrhs ccjejehs cj rbihrej å`taej. Cj prbeah hlbc b` ebda%

ga`j Bcazjlbto Lcjgmlur` `hs b`sbú÷ qub ùbstrhs fb`bs tab`b`chs tbc÷ebrhs qub pubdb` rbdugarsb sa bstjehs ljkh tb`sa÷`#pbrh sb pubdb` rbgupbrjr h sb pubdb` prhtbfbr sa sb`taehsghepjsa÷`.

Ejråj db cj Frjgaj B`dbr

–Cj Gjradjd b` cj vasa÷` bspåratj―

^hrqub pjrj vavar cj gjradjd# ojy qub b`tb`dbr gheh bs bccj#b`th`gbs ojy qub sbr lub`hs phr jturjcbzj# h gjrfjr ubstrhs

kuagahs shlrb chs dbeês y bs sjlbr pbrdh`jr db vbrdjd. Ch qubeb oazh bsb# `h aephrtj bstjlj b` u` ejc eheb`th# `h eb

sjcud÷# `h eb vah# `h eb aephrtj. Wabeprb lusgj tu pjz# `h ebsjcud÷# ác bstjrê pjsj`dh u` ejc ehebth…

Q gheh phdbehs thejr bc j`tådhth pjrj phdbr ccbfjr ojs% tj jccj8 Bs trjljkê`dh`hs# trjljkê`dh`hs# bsihrzê`dh`hs pjrjjprb`dbr cjs ghsjs qub sh` j`tatbsas db hrfucch y bfhaseh# vbr%djd8 Gjradjd y oueacdjd.

^hr bsh bc jehr pjrj sbr u`j prhybgga÷`…ea ejeê shcåjdbgar# joo guj`dh jcfuab` dagb jså –pbrda÷ cj ejej― –pbrda÷ cjejeê―# phlrbgath pbrda÷ cj ejeê. ^brh guj`dh su ejeê ij%ccbgb dagb# jjjjjjjoooo. ^brda÷ cj ejej# sa`ta÷. ^hrqub yj vava÷bsb dhchr. B`th`gbs `hshtrhs pjrj phdbr b`tb`dbr ch qub pjsjgh` bc htrh# tb`behs qub trjtjr db b`tb`dbr ch qub sugbdb gh``hshtrhs easehs.

Kbj` ^juc Bvrjrd

–Cjs Cbybs Ehrjcbs―

Thdjs cjs cbybs db cj `jturjcbzj sh`cbybs dava`js# yj qub Dahs bs bc juthr db

thdjs cjs ghsjs. Bc sjlah bstudaj cjs cbybsdb cj ejtbraj# bc ohelrb db lab` bstudajcjs dbc jcej y cjs prjgtagj. B`trb cjs cbybsdava`js# u`js rafb` bc ehvaeab`th y cjs rb%

cjgah`bs db cj ejtbraj lrutj; sh` cjs cbybsiåsagjs= su bstudah bs dbc dheaàh db cjgab`gaj. Htrjs gh`gabr`b` bspbgajceb`tbjc ohelrb b` så easeh y j sus rbcjgah%`bs gh` sus sbebkj`tbs y gh` Dahs. Bccjsgheprb`db` cjs rbfcjs db cj vadj dbc gubr%ph# jså gheh cjs rbfcjs db cj vadj dbc jcej; sh` cjs cbybs ehrjcbs.

Cj cby db Dahs bstê bsgratj b` cj gh`gab`gaj db chs ohelrbs.^hr bstj rjz÷`# thdhs `hshtrhs phdbehs gh`hgbrcj# pbrh thdhs`h cj gheprb`db`= chs qub cj gheprb`db` ebkhr sh` chs ohelrbsdb lab` y chs qub quabrb` lusgjrcj= sa` beljrfh# thdhs cj gheprb`%

dbrbehs jcfû` dåj# phrqub bs `bgbsjrah qub bc prhfrbsh sb guepcj.Bc jehr jc pr÷kaeh# b`sbújdh phr Kbsûs# bs u`j b`sbúj`zj

qub rbsueb cj cby db Dahs. Bstj eêxaej b`gabrrj thdhs chs db%




:4 \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

lbrbs db chs ohelrbs b`trb så= pbrh ojgb ijctj ehstrjrcbs su jpcagjga÷`#db htrh ehdh cj dbsguadjrê` gheh ch ojgb` ohy. Chs ohelrbs thdjvåj`bgbsatj` rbfcjs prbgasjs= cjs adbjs fb`brjcbs y dbejsajdh vjfjs dbkj`

dbejsajdjs pubrtjs jlabrtjs j cj a`tbrprbtjga÷`.@ubstrh eu`dh oj ccbfjdh jc `jc db u` sastbej# bc pbråhdh

db trj`saga÷` jù`gajdh. Dbsdb u` eu`dh db suiraeab`th# `hsh% trhs b`trjehs prhfrbsavjeb`tb b` u` eu`dh db rbfb`brjga÷`. Bstj trj`saga÷` `h sb ojrê sa` frj`dbs trjsthr`hs# j vbgbs dhchrhshs.

…guj`dh cj Iachshiåj Bspåratj sbj lab` gheprb`dadj# ùbstrjihrej db vbr cj vadj y db b`sbújr sbrê daibrb`tb. Cj b`sbúj`zj dbcjs ejtbeêtagjs# db cj gab`gaj# db cj lahchfåj# db cj quåeagj# `h sbrêyj eês jlhrdjdj dbsdb u` pu`th db vastj ejtbrajcastj. Chs bstu%dahs# gujcbsquabrj qub bsths sbj`# h sb ccbvjrê` j gjlh ûàgjeb`tbgheh u` ebdah pjrj hltb`br u`j fj`j`gaj `j`gabrj. Cj pbdjfhfåjvastj dbsdb bc pu`th db vastj Bspåratj sbrê u`j pbdjfhfåj ouejàstjqub tb`drê b` gub`tj chs a`tbrbsbs db thdhs y# shlrb thdh# sb aepjr%

tarê gh` bc ûàgh prhp÷sath db ojgbr bvhcugah`jr thdh bc pcj`btj y `h s÷ch pjrj ùbstrh a`tbrás pbrsh`jc y j ebùdh bfhåstj.

Cj a`vbstafjga÷` db thdh taph `h sb vbrê hlstjgucazjdj phr cjijctj db rbgurshs `j`gabrhs pubs cj ebtj `h sbrê yj ejtbrajc# sa`hsaepcbeb`tb pjrj jepcajr bc gh`ku`th db gh`hgaeab`ths y pjrjjphrtjr sjlbr y lab`bstjr j ubstrj ouejàdjd j ` db ccbvjrcj gjdjvbz eês cbkhs b` su prhgbsh bvhcutavh. Bc trjljkh yj `h sbrê gh`sa%dbrjdh u`j `bgbsadjd h u`j hlcafjga÷`# sbrê gh`sadbrjdh gheh u`dblbr y u` dbsbh db gh`traluar jc lab`bstjr fb`brjc. Bc ohelrb tb`%drê sbd db gh`hgaeab`ths# ¡pubs ojlrê gheprb`dadh cj ebtj# phr `h dbgar cj easa÷`# phr cj gujc ác rbb`gjr`÷ jquå b` cj Tabrrj*

Wbjehs iubrtbs b a`bxalcbs gh` ùbstrjs dblacadjdbs y ccb`hsdb easbraghrdaj ojgaj ùbstrhs obrej`hs. Wbjehs a`bxalcbs gh`

bsb sbr# ùbstrh sbr qub eês db u`j vbz trhpbzjrê db ùbvh y qub tb`drbehs qub cbvj`tjr u j y htrj vbz.

^rbpjrbehs bstb eu`dh dh`dbbc Jehr gh` –J― ejyûsgucj# rba`jrêjlshcutjeb`tb# bsb eu`dh qub sbrê

`jceb`tb gh`vbrtadh b` pjrjåshdh`db bc ohelrb phdrê dbdagjrsb thtjceb`tb jc bstudah dbc uàvbrsh# jcbstudah db Dahs. Bstb Dahs db jehr qub `hs oj grbjdh y ojgaj bc gujcvhcvbrbehs u` dåj# guj`dh ojyjehsjprb`dadh j –Jejr―.

Gb`tb`jrah dbc `jgaeab`th dbIrj`gasgh Gê`dadh _jvabr# –Gh`tra%lugah`bs db su Hlrj ^saghfrêgj―;–Bkbepch db vadj― b –Aepjgth db cj

Hlrj b` bc eu`dh―.

J`thàh Gbsjr brra db Gjrvjcoh

–Aepjgth db cj Hlrj b` bc eu`dh―

B` bstb júh sb ghèbehrj bcgb`tb`jrah dbc `jgaeab`th db Irj`%gasgh Gê`dadh _jvabr. Dbsdb bc aàgah#cj hlrj psaghfrêgj db Goagh _jvabr prhvhg÷ rbpbrgusah`bs. Cj pulcagj%ga÷` db cj hlrj a`jufurjc ‗ ^jr`jshdbc Eês Jccê# b` :17<# fb`br÷ ejà%

ibstjgah`bs db bsgrathrbs %eabelrhsdb cj Jgjdbeaj Lrjsacbúj db Cbtrjs%#adb`tagj`dh chs bstachs db davbrshsphbtjs lrjsacbúhs y phrtufubsbs. Trjsbc cj`zjeab`th db hlrjs rejdjsphr Ouelbrth db Gjephs surfb bcprhgbsh ehvadh phr sus ijeacajrbs#rbgcjej`dh dbrbgohs db juthr# b`:144. Goagh _jvabr y cj IBL fj`jrh`cj gjusj b` bc Tralu`jc db Kustagaj db\ah db Kj`barh. Bc jsu`th jpjrbga÷ b`

tatucjrbs db cj prb`sj fb`brjcastj dbcj áphgj y sb trj`sihre÷ b` bc tbejdbc calrh Cj psaghfrjj j`tb chs tralu%

`jcbs# db Eafubc Taephà.

Ojy gjshs db utacazjga÷` db tbx% ths psaghfrjjdhs phr Goagh _jvabr b` tralu`jcbs db kustagaj# gh`tralu%yb`dh j cj jlshcuga÷` db jgusjdhs.Tjcbs obgohs iubrh` gheb`tjdhs y hlkbth db dasgusah`bs b` cj prb`%sj fb`brjc. Cj hlrj ebdaûeàgj db

Goagh _jvabr a`spar÷ cj iu`djga÷`y bc iu`gah`jeab`th db a``ûebrjsa`statugah`bs bspåratjs# a`gcusavb db

Ojy gjshs db utacazjga÷` db tbxths psaghfrjijdhsphr Goagh _jvabr b` tralu`jcbs db kustagaj# gh`tra%luyb`dh j cj jlshcuga÷` db jgusjdhs.



\bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB :2

cj Jshgajga÷` Eádagh%Bspåratj db Wjh^juch# jgtujceb`tb dbsdhlcjdj j àvbcbs`jgah`jc b a`tbr`jgah`jc# y gh` prheh%

gah`bs db Gh`frbshs Eádagh%Bspåratjsb` vjrahs pjåsbs# dh`db sb bìhgj` cjshlrjs dbc bspåratu J`drá Cuaz. B` ùbs%

trhs dåjs sb prhdugb` tbsas jgjdáeagjs#y pulcagjgah`bs db jrtåguchs gab`tåghsshlrb cj ebdaueàdjd y cj hlrj db Goa%gh _jvabr.

Ejrcb`b @hlrb

–Bkbepch db vadj―

Bc calrh Cj vadj trauìj rbghfbgab`th sbsb`tj gubstah`jrahs b a`vbstafj%gah`bs db ijeacajs qub rbgalabrh` eb`%sjkbs. Gjdj u`j db bsjs b`trbvastjs du%rjlj trbs ohrjs.

B` 42 db chs eb`sjkbs jpjrbgåj`b`trb htrjs ghsjs cjs ehdjcadjdbs dbeubrtb# phr jggadb`tb db trêgh# phr jtrhpbcch# phr ehthgagcbtj# gjådj# johfj%eab`th# iubfh# lagagcbtj# sustj`gaj t÷xagj#jrej db iubfh# jggadb`tb ibrrhvajrah# jg%

gadb`tb db jva÷`# phr aepjgth db jcfû` hlkbth. Bs ouej`jeb`tbaephsalcb qub jcfuab` rbfastrb jcfh gh` tj`tj gcjradjd y gh` tj`tjgbrtaduelrb. Iarejlj gjcafrêgjeb`tb afujc qub chs bspåratus.

¸Oulh brrhrbs b` chs eb`sjkbs8 Bc gab` phr gab` db chs ijea%cajrbs dagb` qub `h oulh à`fû` brrhr b` chs eb`sjkbs.

B` u`h db chs gjshs a`vbstafjdhs `hs b`gh`trjehs bsth;

–Eura÷ bc Wr. Ara`bu# qub iub b`tbrrjdh b` bc gbeb`tbrahIcjelhjyj`t b` Gjepaòjs.

Gheh ea obrej`h `h tbàj gh`daga÷`bs pjrj ar j Gjepa`%ojs b` bsj áphgj# iub jyudjdh# sb cb jyud÷ b` cj rbghfadj db chsdjths.

Guj`dh ccbf÷ jc gbeb`tbrah db Icjelhjyj`t% tb`behs trbs gbeb`tbrahs b` Gjepaòjs% Lusg÷ jc Wr. \b`jth Ej`%

fajtbrrj# qub brj jdeaàstrjdhr dbc gbeb`tbrah# ác lusg÷ u`jcastj y dakh;

‗Jquå `h ojy `jdab gh` bsb `helrb

‗Jquå ojy u` brrhr b` cjs gjrtjs db Goagh# `h vhy j lusgjr eês.

Iub ojstj bc Ghrrbh ^hpucjr %qub bs bc pbra÷dagh dbGjepaòjs% Q joå vah# b` bc dåj b` qub sb rbfastr÷# phr su obr%ej`h# qub Arb`bu Cbatb dj Wacvj# ojlåj eubrth y ojlåj sadhb`tbrrjdh b` bc gbeb`tbrah Icjelhjyj`t db Gjepaòjs.

Yhcva÷ jc gbeb`tbrah y cb dakh jc Wr. \b`jth# qub `h ojlåjphsalacadjd db qub oulabsb u` brrhr# phrqub b` bc prhpah pbra÷daghsb gh`rejlj cj ibgoj db cj eubrtb db bsj pbrsh`j. Guj`dh bcWr. \b`jth rbvas÷ htrj vbz thdhs chs `helrbs# va÷ qub Ara`buCbatb dj Wacvj# ojlåj sadh rbfastrjdh gheh –âra`bu― Cbatbdj Wacvj.

Cj ebdaueàdjd db Goagh _jvabr ghrrafa÷ j cj jdeaàstrj%ga÷` dbc gbeb`tbrah.

Htrhs bkbepchs;

• ^juch Bdujrdh Tbaxbarj dj Wacvj

Gub`tj j sus pjdrbs qub cj eubrtb iub jggadb`tjc y `h phr suagadah gheh ojlaj gh`gcuadh cj Jgjdbeaj Eacatjr db arjssuù`fj.

• Jccj` Gojrcbs ^jdhvjà

Ijccbga÷ sa` qub sb supabsb ch qub ojlåj prhdugadh cj pjrjdjgjrdåjgj. Ác bsgralb j sus pjdrbs qub rbjceb`tb iub phr ojlbr jl%shrladh lb`ga`j.

• Dª Oacdj Ejsgjr÷ Wjuch




:9 \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

Zub b`va÷ j su oakh u`j pbqubúj gjr tj b` atjcaj`h= qub# dbsb`%gjr`jdj b` Atjcaj# `h tb`åj phsalacadjd db vhcvbr j Lrjsac.

B` u`j hgjsa÷` yh cb dakb;

‗ –^brh# bstjs tj` gj`sjdh Goagh*― % sb behgah`j y bc pûlcagh jpcju%db%

Q ác rbsph`da÷;

‗–Oakj eåj# yh `h pubdh dbkjr db jtb`dbr# yh tb`fh qub trjljkjr.‗Qeb dakh;

‗–Jquå vab`b` eugojs eukbrbs qub bstê` gjsa pjrj suagadjrsb# sa `hcjs jtab`dh sb pubdb` suagadjr. Qh `h tb`fh bsb dbrbgoh―

@u`gj eês cb dakb `jdj. Bc rbpbtåj eugoh jcfh qub yh `h obphdadh trjbr jquå. Qh ob trjådh djths# tjc vbz iråhs# `h ch sá. ^brh ch

qub phdråj jgjljr db ghepcbtjr bstj ghìbrb`gaj bs cj lh`djd qubyh `h ob phdadh bxprbsjr ghepcbtjeb`tb. Cj fb`brhsadjd# db`trhdb u` jcej jcbfrb# euy jcbfrb# qub `hs b`sbúh j sbr ibcagbs b` cjjdvbrsadjd.

Gjrchs \hlbrth Gjepbtta

–Bdugjga÷` dbc Bspåratu―

…bc bsparataseh guj`dh oj surfadh `hsoj jù`gajdh cj vbàdj db bstj ubvj brj# va`hj aìhrejr cj satujga÷` db cj tabrrj y phr bsthcj satujga÷` db cj ejyhr pjrtb db sus ojlatj`% tbs. Q va`h j jù`gajr# qub cj ouejàdjd bstj%lj b` prhgbsh db ejdurjga÷` pjrj jcgj`zjr bstj gh`daga÷` db jsuear bc gh`trhc dbc prhpahprhgbsh bvhcutavh. brh bsth `h hgurrb db uèheb`th pjrj htrh. @hshtrhs obehs ghe%prb`dadh j ch cjrfh dbc tabeph qub cj `jturj%cbzj `h dj sjcths y ùbstrh prhgbsh bvhcutavh tjephgh sb gheph`b db sjcths. Bs u` prhgbshgh`taùjdh y bs bibgtavjeb`tb prhfrbsavh b`bc jepcah sb`tadh db cj bxprbsa÷`.

Bs u`j gh`quastj db gjdj u`h j cj ebdadj db sus bsiubrzhs dbsu a`tbrás# db su dbdagjga÷`# y pjrj qub bsth hgurrj j cj `bgbsadjddbc dbspbrtjr.

Jccj` Mjrdbg `hs oj dagoh qub cj bdugjga÷` qub cj ouejàdjd`bgbsatj `h bs prhpajeb`tb cj a`strugga÷`# cj a`strugga÷` ihrej pjrtbdbc prhgbsh bdugjtavh. Ác dbgåj qub cj a`strugga÷` bs `bgbsjraj# tab`bqub vbàr db`trh dbc prhgbsh bdugjtavh# pbrh bccj h bs sugab`tb. Cj

bsgubcj a`struyb# ¸pbrh quaá` bdugj8Q ojy dagb` chs bspåratus supbrahrbs#gubsta÷` 7?2 dbc calrh db chs bspåratus.

«Chs pjdrbs sh` chs rbsph`sjlcbs½…@ubstrhs oakhs jprb`db` db

jqubcch qub ojgbehs.

Chs àúhs tab`b` u`j ghsj ccj%ejdj jtb`ga÷` daiusj qub dbspuásgh` bc tabeph cj ejyhr pjrtb db`hshtrhs# ghìhreb sb dbsjrrhccj`chs ÷rfj`hs b` cj ghephsaga÷` iåsa%gj# pbrdbehs bstj gjpjgadjd. \jrhscj gh`sbrvj`# pbrh chs àúhs thdhscj tab`b` b` frjdhs dasta`ths db prh%

iu`dadjd# y b`th`gbs gh` bstj jtb`%ga÷` daiusj chs àúhs sh` gjpjgbs dbpbrgalar ch qub bstê hgurrab`dh b` sub`thr`h ju`qub `h bstá` earj`dh# jvbgbs chs pjpês pab`sj`# bstê` dastrjå%dhs# bstê` kufj`dh gh` sus kufubtbs y bcchs bstê` gh` cj jtb`ga÷` b` thdh chqub bstê pjsj`dh y jprb`db` db bsh.

…`hshtrhs chs pjpês# chs ijea%cajrbs qub gheph`behs cj ijeacaj#`hshtrhs guj`dh gjea`jehs vjehs

dbkj`dh oubccjs gheh sa gjea`êrj%ehs b` cj jrb`j y ùbstrhs oakhs `b%gbsjrajeb`tb sbfuarê` bstjs oubccjseugojs vbgbs a`gcush b` gh`trj dbsu vhcu`tjd. Cj rbb`gjr`jga÷` bs b`så easej u` prhgbsh db rbbdugjga÷`dbc a`davaduh.

…@ubstrhs oakhs jprb`db` db jqubcch qubojgbehs. Chs àúhs tab`b` …jtb`ga÷` dausj.




Bdwa` Lrjvh

–@jturjcbzj y Bsparataseh―

…ohy qub bstê db bstj Bspjúj y qub bs Bc Dåj db cj Oaspjàdjd# b` rbj%cadjd pjrj chs qub vbàehs db Jeára%gj ojgb eugohs júhs eês db 2>> júhsBspjúj ccbf÷ j cjs Jeáragjs y `hs ccbf÷j aeph`br rbcafah`bs y hs ccbf÷ j aeph%`br y j a`vjdar ùbstrjs tabrrjs y johrju` a`dåfb`j db jccê vab`b jquå gh` us%

tbdbs.… Afujc qub chs Ejyjs guj`dh tb`åj` qub ojgbr sus parêeadbs# tb`åj`

qub ghrtjr chs êrlhcbs pjrj ohr`bjr chqub sb ccjejlj` bstughs# ÷sbj ghehbc gbeb`th pjrj sus parêeadbs# iubrh`

tj` frj`dahshs b` sus bstrugturjs qubsb jgjljrh` chs êrlhcbs y `hshtrhs bs%

tjehs ojgab`dh ch easeh. Bstj bs u`jaejfb` db Ojatå vbj` ustbdbs cj dbihrbs%

tjga÷` tj` sbvbrj qub iub gjusj tjelaá`dbc dbsjstrb qub hgurra÷ jccê.

…phrqub ojy vbgbs qub j cj fb`tbguj`dh bstê sb`tjdatj jså# jså qub lhàth

ojlch# qub lhàtjs sus b`sbúj`zjs pbrh`h sb trj`sihrej j så easeh# yh `h quab%rh qub dafj` quá lhàtj iub cj ghìbrb`%gaj# yh quabrh qub guj`dh sjcfj` phr bsjpubrtj dafj` qub va`h j u` Gh`frbshBspåratj y qub johrj tab`b` a`tb`ga÷` dbgjelajr.

…ûbs lab`# yh chs a`vath gheh eba`vat÷ Bc Calrh db chs Bspåratus j eå. Bxj%ea`jr cj hlrj# lusgjr bc jrtågb# quaá`gh`struy÷ bsb gabch# quaá` gh`struy÷

bsb ejr# quaá` cb dah bc ghchr j cjs h%rbs. Iubrh` chs gab`tåghs# iub su da`brh...Eas obrej`hs# jpb`js ejàpucjehs gá%

cucjs ejdrbs# `h phdbehs ojgbr eês qub ejàpucjr# b`th`gbsbc ohelrb hrfucchsh `h jdeatb `jdab supbrahr j ác phr bsh `hgrbb b` Dahs. B`th`gbs guj`dh bc ohelrb hrfucchsh sb b`gub`%

trj cj gjtêstrhib sb b`gub`trj j`tb cj `jdj# sb b`gub`trj j`tb chqub eugohs db hshtrhs ojgbehs# sbrê qub ác sbfuarê bspbrj`%dh ùbstrj jgga÷`.

\jûc Tbaxbarj

–R`j @ubvj Brj pjrj cj Ouejàdjd―

R` dåj b` ea gaudjd# alj gh` u` jea%fh db cj uàvbrsadjd pjrj bc jceubrzh# ju` rbstjurj`tb# y eab`trjs bspbrjlj cjsbújc db trêgh pjrj jtrjvbsjr cj gjccb#cb eará j u` ljsurbrh# dh`db u`j eukbr

euy dbsebkhrjdj lusgjlj ghsjs b`trbcjs ljsurjs pjrj ghebr. Ebtåj cj ej`h y sb cj ph`åj b` cj lhgj. Q jqubccj vasa÷` eboazh u` ejc euy frj`db.

Qh eb pusb jså# euy trastb# phr pbrgalar u`j grajturj ouej`j tbàb`dh `bgbsadjd db ghebr b` bc ljsurbrh.

Grugá cj gjccb# b`trá b` bc rbstjurj`tb y chs jeafhs eb prb%fu`tjlj`; ¸`h vjs j sbrvartb \jûc8

Qh bstjlj trastb y cbs dakb; –Yhy j bspbrjr u` rjth. R` phquatheês.―

Zubråj rbojgbreb behgah`jceb`tb# pbrh ea eb`tb `h sbdbspbfjlj db jqubccj eukbr# gh` eugoj ljsurj ljkh bc lrjzh y lusgj`dh gheadj b` bc ljsurbrh. Jqubccj aejfb` `h dbsjpjrb%gåj db ea eb`tb. B`th`gbs pudb vbr u` sbr bsparatujc qub ebdakh; –Trj`quacåzjtb. Oakh# gheb. hrqub bstj obrej`j h tb jgbp%

tjrê cj gheadj caepaj. Trjkh pjrj cj rbb`gjr`jga÷` ghepcbkhs euy frjvbs db gucpj. Jguárdjtb db qub cbåstb bc `helrb db cj gjccbb` cj pjrbd―. Eb jghrdá qub eab`trjs cj earjlj# bc ljsurbrh bs%

tjlj dbljkh dbc `helrb db cj gjccb. Eb da gub`tj db qub oulåjcbådh bc `helrb db cj gjccb. Q bc bspåratu eb dakh; –Bsj eukbr bscj rbb`gjr`jga÷` dbc oheb`jkbjdh db cj gjccb. Bcafa÷ cj gjccb phr u`j jtrjgga÷` phrqub iub u`h db chs pbhrbs phcåtaghs db ubstrh

pjås. Db u`j phsaga÷` sj`frab`tj# ghljrdb y qub cj oasthraj dbceu`dh gjsa sabeprb cb prbst÷ oheb`jkb j cjs pbrsh`js# ju`qubsa` vjchrbs ehrjcbs. Gh` cjs sugbsah`bs. B`th`gbs eb da gub`tj¸phr quá gh`hgåj jqubc lucth# jqubc pbrsh`jkb8 ^hr cj oasthraj. Qbc bspåratu eb dakh; –Bs bccj# jqubc ohelrb. @h jgbptj# sa jcfuab`cb hirbgabrj u`j gheadj caepaj# cj tarjråj j cj ljsurj pjrj ghebrcjdbspuás. R` ghepcbkh. R`j gucpj a`tbr`j.―

Q yh eb qubdá eês trastb thdjvåj. Kjeês phdråj aejfa`jr.

Q bc bspåratu ghepcbt÷; –ojy eûctapcbs pcjzjs# chfrjdhurhs /Bs%pjgahs pûlcaghs!# gjccbs gh` `helrbs aephrtj`tbs. Q bsjs pbrsh%`jcadjdbs# phrqub `h ch ebrbgb`# `h ebrbgb` chs oheb`jkbs#

vubcvb` rbb`gjr`jdhs pjrj caepajr cjs ljsurjs db jqubcchs satahsqub tab`b` sus `helrbs j`tafuhs. Yubcvb` pjrj ghga`jr b` cjsghga`js qub cbs prbst÷ oheb`jkb. Yab`b` pjrj trjtjr db chs kjr%



:? \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB


da`bs qub tab`b` sus `helrbs dbc pjsjdh. ^jrj qub jprb`dj` gh`cj oueacdjd# gh` cjs ghsjs sb`gaccjs# j ebrbgbr# `h chs oheb`jkbs dbceu`dh# sa`h bc oheb`jkb dbc ghrjz÷` y db cj eb`tb.―

B`th`gbs# `hshtrhs easehs# guj`dh gh`hgbehs cjs Cbybs db cj\bb`gjr`jga÷`# dblbehs db pb`sjr qub rbfrbsjrbehs. Yhcvbrbehs.J chs easehs satahs dh`db oagaehs ùbstrhs ohrrhrbs.

Durj`tb cj gcjusurj dbc YA Gh`frbsh Bspåratj Eu`dajc Davjcdh .Irj`gh rbgala÷ y trj`seata÷ j chs gh`frbsastjs bc eb`sjkb psaghi÷àghdbc bspåratu db Khsá Ejråj Ibr`ê`dbz Ghcjvadj# frj` trjljkjdhr bspå%ratj bspjúhc# jcb`tê`dh`hs pjrj bc iuturh aèbdajth.

Wa` hcvadjr`hs db cj praeagaj db gh`tbepcjr cj pbcågucj –@hsshCjr― /@ubstrh Ohfjr!# ljsjdj b` cj hlrj psaghfrjjdj phr Irj`gasghGê`dadh _jvabr# dagtjdj phr bc bspåratu db J`drá Cuaz y bc j`tagaphga`bejthfrêgh db –Q cj vadj gh`taùj―# gh` cj prbsb`gaj db sudarbgthr y fuahàstj ^juch Iafubarbdh.




B` cj praebrj cbfascjturj db cjs Ghrtbs Gh`statuyb`tbs db cj \bpû%lcagj Bspjúhcj sb prbsb`t÷ cj safuab`tb prhphsaga÷`;

«Chs daputjdhs qub susgralb`# gh`hgab`dh qub cj gjusj praebrjdbc dbsgh`gabrth qub phr dbsvb`turj rba`j b` cj `jga÷` bspjúhcj b`cj bsibrj db cj a`tbcafb`gaj# b` cj rbfa÷` dbc sb`taeab`th y b` bc gjephdb cjs hlrjs# bs cj ijctj db ib rjgah`jc# bs cj gjrb`gaj# b` bc sbr ouej`h#db u` gratbrah gab`tågh j qub jkustjr sus rbcjgah`bs gh` bc eu`dha`vasalcb# rbcjgah`bs oh`djeb`tb pbrturljdjs phr cj ijtjc aùb`gaj dbcjs rbcafah`bs phsatavjs# tab`b` bc oh`hr db shebtbr j cj jprhljga÷` dbcjs Ghrtbs Gh`statuyb`tbs cj safuab`tb bèab`dj jc prhybgth db cby

shlrb rbihrej db cj sbfu`dj b`sbúj`zj y db cjs ijguctjdbs db chshiåj#cbtrjs y gab`gajs½

Bc pêrrjih tbrgbrh dbc jrtåguch 7># tåtuch AA# sb rbdjgtjrê dbc safuab`tbehdh;

% Tbrgbrh. Bsparataseh.^jcjgah db cjs Ghrtbs# <9 db Jfhsth db :?67. —Khsá @jvjrrbtb.

— J`jstjsah Fjrgåj C÷pbz. — Cuås I. Lb`åtbz db Cufh. —EjùbcGhrgojdh — Ejeás \bdh`dh Irj`gh.

Bc bchgub`tb hrjdhr Wr. @jvjrrbtb sbråj bc b`gjrfjdh db dbib`dbr b` cj safuab`tb cbfascjturj bstj bèab`dj# b` guyj vartud bc bstudah dbcBsparataseh ihrejråj pjrtb db cj sbfu`dj b`sbúj`zj uàvbrsatjraj.

Dasubctjs jqubccjs Ghrtbs# `h iub phsalcb dasgutar cj rbpbtadj b`%eab`dj# ju`qub sabeprb qubdjrê gheh u` ehùeb`th pjrj ehstrjr cj aephrtj`gaj qub b` bstb pjås ccbf÷ j jdquarar bc Bsparataseh# qub tjòh`rhsj rbprbsb`tjga÷` tuvh b` cjs Ghrtbs Gh`statuyb`tbs db cj \b%pûlcagj Bspjúhcj.

Cj rbstjurjga÷` db cj eh`jrquåj jsbstjråj fhcpb gjsa ehrtjc jc Bs%parataseh b` Bspjúj pbrh qub `jceb`tb shlrbvavaråj ibcazeb`tb ojstjbc :179 qub gh` cj fubrrj gavac y cj safuab`tb vagthraj db Irj`gh johfj%

råj` thdhs jqubcchs áxaths dbc ehvaeab`th bspåratj qub `h vhcvbråj jrbsurfar ojstj cj a`stjurjga÷` db cj dbehgrjgaj.

Bc Bsparataseh b` cjs Ghrtbs Bspjúhcjs

Khjquå` Oubtb

Cj praebrj cbfascjturj db cjs Ghrtbs Gh`statuyb`%tbs db cj \bpûlcagj Bspjúhcj sb prbsb`t÷ u`jprhphsaga÷` db cby pjrj qub Bc Bsparataseh iubrju`j jsaf`jturj eês dbc gagch db sbgu`djraj b`cj b`sbúj`zj pûlcagj.

J`jstjsah Fjrgåj C÷pbzphcåtagh# Gjtbdrêtagh db

Iasahchfåj# Gjtbdrêtaghb` Oasthraj @jturjc# Ca%gb`gajdh b` Iachshiåj yCbtrjs# Eádagh `htjlcbgh` vjrahs prbeahs db cj\bjc Jgjdbeaj db Ebda%ga`j y b`trb htrjs cjlhrbsbspåratjs iub iu`djdhrdbcpbra÷dagh Gratbrah Bspa%raatstj. Iu`dj tjelaá` bcOhspatjc%Jgjdbeaj oh%ebhpêtagh db Ljrgbch`j.

Khsá @jvjrrbtb frj` da%vucfjdhr bspåratj iubbc juthr db cj hlrj Ibdbc Wafch# ia`jceb`tb `htb`dråj hphrtuàdjd dbdbib`dbr cj prhpubstjdbladh j u` fhcpb dbbstjdh dbc Bkárgath# jcfhqub dbsfrjgajdjeb`tbsb vhcvbråj j rbpbtar b`cj oasthraj db Bspjúj.



B` u` jrtåguch j`tbrahr# ojlcjehs db chs a`gbsj`tbs prhfrbshsdbc Bsparataseh. Bshs prhfrbshs sbrê` durjdbrhs h biåebrhs8 Bs uèbtbhrh qub lraccj gh` u` rbspcj`dhr pjsjkbrh gheh tj`tjs htrjsghsjs8 Bs ch qub vjehs j bxjea`jr b` phgjs pjcjlrjs.

Wa bc Bsparataseh iubrj u`j saepcb tbhråj# u`j bsgubcj chs÷gj

qub sb ljsjrj b` u`j hpaà÷` pbrsh`jc# `jdj cb fjrj`tazjråj cjbstjlacadjd# pubs phdråj jfrjdjr ohy y yj h jfrjdjr ejúj`j= b` u`

tabeph djdh# phdråj yj `h bstjr b` jreh`åj gh` cjs ghstuelrbs

y bc dbsjrrhcch a`tbcbgtujc y# b`th`gbs# gjbråj gheh thdjs cjs ghsjsj`tagujdjs# qub `h rbsastb` bc pjsh dbc tabeph. B` `# phdråj

sbr rbbepcjzjdh phr jcfh ebkhr. Jså oj hgurradh gh` thdjs cjsgh`gbpgah`bs ouej`js# gh` thdjs cjs cbfascjgah`bs# gh` thdjs cjsdhgtra`js purjeb`tb bspbgucjtavjs.

Bc Bsparataseh sb prbsb`tj b` gh`dagah`bs ghepcbtjeb`tbdaibrb`tbs gheh obehs obgoh hlsbrvjr eugojs vbgbs. Wb ljsj bù` obgoh; bc db cj gheuàgjga÷` dbc eu`dh vasalcb y dbc eu`dha`vasalcb. Johrj lab`# u` obgoh `h pubdb sbr jùcjdh phr bc tabephgheh u`j hpaà÷`. Wa` dudj# bc Bsparataseh `h bs jdeatadh thdjvåjphr thdh bc eu`dh= pbrh ¸quá aephrtj` cjs `bfjgah`bs db jcfu`hs

guj`dh bs gh`stjtjdh# gjdj dåj# phr eacch`bs db a`davaduhs# guyh`ûebrh grbgb sa` gbsjr y qub `h sh` à eês `bgahs à eês gabfhs

qub htrhs8 Yb`drê# pubs# u` eheb`th b` bc qub yj `h b`gh`trjrê`bfjdhrbs# gheh h chs ojy johrj pjrj bc ehvaeab`th db cj Tabrrj.

¡Guê`tjs hphsagah`bs `h cbvj`t÷ bstb ûctaeh obgoh* Durj`tbeugoh tabeph# j chs a`gráduchs `h cbs ijctjlj` lub`js rjzh`bsjpjrb`tbs pjrj ph`brch b` dudj. –¸G÷eh grbbr %dbgåj` bcchs%b` cj bxastb`gaj db j`tåphdjs# qub gjea`j` gjlbzj jljkh8 Q sa cj

Tabrrj farj# gheh sb suph`b# ¸g÷eh grbbr qub bstbehs# `hshtrhseasehs# durj`tb cjs vba`tagujtrh ohrjs b` bstj phsaga÷` a`g÷ehdjsa` djr`hs gub`tj8 B` bsb gjsh# h phdråjehs sbfuar khs j cj Tabrrj#

j `h sbr qub quasaárjehs gjea`jr phr bc tbgoh# gh` chs pabs b` bcjarb# gheh sa iuárjehs ehsgjs. Q jdbeês# ¸quá sbråj db chs ejrbs8

¸Bc jfuj `h sb dbrrjej guj`dh sb a`gca`j bc kjrr÷`8 Bsj phsalacadjdbs saepcbeb`tb aephsalcb# phr ch tj`th jlsurdj# y Fjcacbh bs u`

chgh―.

Wa` beljrfh# jc sbr u` obgoh bsjgubsta÷` jlsurdj trauì÷ shlrb thdjs cjsrjzh`bs gh`trjrajs y thdhs chs j`jtbejs.¸Zuá ijctjlj pjrj qub iubsb jdeatadjsu phsalacadjd8 Bc gh`hgaeab`th db cj cby `jturjc b` cj gujc sb ljsj. Wa Fjcacbh sb

oulabrj gh`tb`tjdh b` dbgar qub cj Tabrrjfarjlj# a`gcush b` cj áphgj jgtujc `h sb cbgrbbråj= pbrh cjs `bfjgah`bs gjybrh` j`tbbc gh`hgaeab`th dbc pra`gapah.

^jsjrê ch easeh gh` bc Bsparataseh=

gheh sb ljsj b` u` obgoh ejtbrajc qubbxastb b` vartud db u`j cby bxpcagjdj

y dbehstrjdj qub cb quatj thdhgjrêgtbr shlrb`jturjc y ejrjvacchsh# bsaepbrbgbdbrh. Jqubcchs qub àbfj` cjphsalacadjd db cjs ejàibstjgah`bs bstê`b` cj easej phsaga÷` db jqubcchs qub`bfjlj` bc ehvaeab`th db cj Tabrrj. Cj

ejyhråj àbfj cj gjusj praebrj# bs dbgar# bcjcej# su shlrbvavb`gaj h su a`davadujcadjd=

`h bs shrprb`db`tb# pubs# qub àbfub` bcbibgth. Kuzfj` b` ljsb jc saepcb bù`gajdhdbc obgoh y ch dbgcjrj` jlsurdh# ghehj`tafujeb`tb sb dbgcjrjlj jlsurdj cjgrbb`gaj b` chs j`tåphdjs. ¸^brh quá

pubdb cj hpaà÷` db bcchs gh`trj uìb`÷eb`h gh`stjtjdh phr cj hlsbrvjga÷`y dbehstrjdh phr u`j cby db cj jturjcbzj8Jc sbr bc ehvaeab`th db cj Tabrrj u` obgoh

purjeb`tb gab`tågh# su gh`stjtjga÷` `hbstjlj jc jcgj`gb dbc vucfh= iub `bgbsjrah

jgbptjrch ljsê`dhsb b` cj ib db chs sjlahs.^brh bc Bsparataseh tab`b eês j su ijvhr;

pubdb sbr gh`stjtjdh phr thdh bc eu`dh#ch qub bxpcagj su prhpjfjga÷` tj` rêpadj.

Thdh dbsgulraeab`th ùbvh dbjcfu`j aephrtj`gaj tab`b gh`sbgub`gajsfrjvbs b` ejyhr h eb`hr frjdh. Bc dbcehvaeab`th db cj Tabrrj y cj cby db cjfrjvatjga÷` qub rafb bsb ehvaeab`th oj

tbàdh gh`sbgub`gajs a`gjcgucjlcbs. Cjgab`gaj oj vasth jlrarsb j`tb så u` ùbvhgjeph db bxpchrjga÷` y `h sb phdråj`

\bvastj Bspåratj /Jccj` Mjrdbg! iblrbrh db :?92 Jrtåguch db cj \bvastj Bspåratj

^brpbtuadjd dbc Bsparataseh.

Jqubcchs qub àbfj` cj phsalacadjd db cjs ejàbs%tjgah`bs bstê` b` cj easej phsaga÷` db jqubcchsqub bfjlj` bc ehvaeab`th db cj Tabrrj.

<> \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB



bùebrjr thdhs chs dbsgulraeab`ths# cjsa`vb`gah`bs y cjs jpcagjgah`bs qub oj` sadhbibgth db bsh. Bc prhfrbsh db cj gab`gaj

oj ccbvjdh jc db cj a`dustraj y bc prhfrbshdb cj a`dustraj oj gjelajdh cj ej`brjdb vavar# cjs ghstuelrbs# b` suej# thdjscjs gh`dagah`bs db sbr db cj ouejàdjd.Bc gh`hgaeab`th db cjs rbcjgah`bs dbceu`dh vasalcb y dbc eu`dh a`vasalcb tab`bgh`sbgub`gajs jû` eês darbgtjs y eêsaèbdajtjeb`tb prêgtagjs# phrqub bstêjc jcgj`gb db thdjs cjs a`davadujcadjdbsy j thdhs a`tbrbsj. Wab`dh qub gjdjohelrb oj db ehrar `bgbsjrajeb`tb#

`jdab pubdb qubdjr a`daibrb`tb j`tb chqub hgurrarê dbspuás db su eubrtb. ^hr

cj gbrtaduelrb qub bc Bsparataseh dj dbciuturh# gjelaj cj ej`brj db vbr b aùyb

shlrb cj ehrjcadjd. Whihgj`dh bc bfhåseh#ehdagjrê prhiu`djeb`tb cjs rbcjgah`bs

shgajcbs db a`davaduh j a`davaduh y dbpublch j publch.

Eugohs rbihrejdhrbs db fb`brhshspb`sjeab`ths oj` ihreucjdh dhgtra`jseês h eb`hs sbdugthrjs= pbrh bsjs

dhgtra`js s÷ch oj` tbàdh# b` su ejyhråj#u` áxath db sbgtj# tbephrjc y gargu`sgrath.

Jså iub y jså sabeprb sbrê gh` cjs tbhråjspurjeb`tb sastbeêtagjs# phrqub `h cb bsdjdh jc ohelrb# b` cj Tabrrj# gh`gblar jcfh ghepcbth y pbribgth. Bc Bsparataseh# jcgh`trjrah# jc jphyjrsb `h shlrb u`j adbjprbgh`gbladj# sa`h shlrb obgohs pjtb`tbs#bstê j gulabrth db bsjs ugtujgah`bs

y s÷ch pubdb b`frj`dbgbrsb j ebdadjqub bshs obgohs sbj` daiu`dadhs# ebkhr

gh`hgadhs y ebkhr gheprb`dadhs. Johrjlab`# a`fû` phdbr ouej`h phdråj aepbdar cj davucfjga÷` db obgohs qub gjdj u`hpubdb gh`stjtjr= gh`stjtjdhs chs obgohs#

`jdab pubdb aepbdar cjs gh`sbgub`gajsqub sb dbravj` db bcchs. Bsjs gh`sbgub`gajssh` jquå u`j rbvhcuga÷` ghepcbtj b` cjsadbjs y b` cj ej`brj db vbr cjs ghsjs dbbstb eu`dh y dbc htrh= j`tbs db qub bstb

safch ojyj trj`sgurradh# bsj rbvhcuga÷`sbrê rbjcazjdj.

^brh sb darê# jc cjdh db chs obgohs

tb`áas u`j tbhråj# u`j dhgtra`j= ¸quaá` hs

dagb qub bsj tbhråj `h suirarê vjrajgah`bs= qub cj db ohy sbrê cj

easej qub db`trh db jcfu`hs júhs8

Wa` dudj# pubdb suirar ehdagjgah`bs b` sus dbtjccbs j

gh`sbgub`gaj db ùbvjs hlsbrvjgah`bs= pbrh u`j vbz jdquaradh# bcpra`gapah h phdrê vjrajr y eb`hs jû` sbr jùcjdh= ob joå ch bsb`gajc.Dbsdb Ghpáràgh y Fjcacbh# sb oj gjcgucjdh ebkhr bc ehvaeab`th

db cj Tabrrj y db chs jstrhs# pbrh dbc obgoh dbc ehvaeab`th ojqubdjdh bc pra`gapah.

Obehs dagoh qub bc Bsparataseh bs# j`tb thdh# u`j gab`gaj dbhlsbrvjga÷`= bs ch qub cb dj iubrzj irb`tb j chs jtjqubs db chs

gujcbs bs hlkbth y dj j sus pjrtadjrahs u`j ib a`qublrj`tjlcb. Thdhschs rjzh`jeab`ths qub cbs hph`b` gjb` dbcj`tb db chs obgohs y bshs rjzh`jeab`ths tab`b` tj`th eb`hs vjchr j sus hkhs guj`theês chs sjlb` a`tbrbsjdhs. B` vj`h# sb cbs dagb qub bsh `h bs jså# h

qub bs htrj ghsj= bcchs gh`tbstj`; –@h phdbehs `bfjr cj bvadb`gaj―.A`gcush sa oulabrj s÷ch u` sbfuadhr# ástb phdråj grbbrsb bc kufubtbdb u`j acusa÷`= pbrh guj`dh eacch`bs db a`davaduhs vb` cj easej

ghsj# b` thdhs chs pjåsbs# sb gh`gcuyb c÷fagjeb`tb qub sh` chs`bfjdhrbs chs qub sb b`fjúj`.

Wa chs obgohs bspåratjs shcjeb`tb tuvabrj` gheh rbsuctjdhsjtasijgbr cj gurahsadjd# sbfurjeb`tb s÷ch gjusjråj` u`jprbhgupjga÷` eheb`tê`bj# gheh thdh ch qub bs a`ûtac. ^brh cjsgh`sbgub`gajs qub dbravj` db bcchs thgj` bc ghrjz÷`# vubcvbìbcagbs j cjs pbrsh`js# sjtasijgb` cjs jsparjgah`bs# ghcej` bc vjgåhea`jdh phr cj dudj# cj`zj cuz shlrb cj tbealcb gubsta÷` dbc iuturh=

eês jû`# sb vb b` bcchs u`j gjusj phdbrhsj db ehrjcazjga÷` pjrjcj shgabdjd= bsjs gh`sbgub`gajs tab`b`# pubs# u` frj` a`tbrás= johrj

lab`# `h sb rbù`gaj iêgaceb`tb j ch qub bs u`j iub`tb db ibcagadjd.@h bs# gabrtjeb`tb# à gh` cj pbrspbgtavj db cj `jdj# à gh` cj dbcjs ccjejs btbr`js# qub sb jpjrtjrê j chs Bspåratjs db sus grbb`gajs.

Bc Bsparataseh `h sb jpjrtjrê db cj vbrdjd y `h tb`drê `jdjqub tbebr db cjs hpaàh`bs gh`trjdagthrajs# eab`trjs su tbhråjgab`tågj y su dhgtra`j ehrjc sbj` u`j dbdugga÷` db chs obgohs

hlsbrvjdhs bsgrupuchsj y gh`gab`zudjeb`tb# sa` prbkuagahs àsastbejs prbgh`gbladhs. Bs j`tb u`j hlsbrvjga÷` eês ghepcbtjqub thdjs cjs tbhråjs prbejturjs y jrrabsfjdjs# jgadjs b` bc hrafb`

db chs ib`÷eb`hs bspåratjs ehdbr`hs# oj` gjådh y sb oj` iu`dadhb` cj aeph`b`tb uàdjd qub bxastb ohy b` dåj y gh`trj cj gujc

`h sb hlsta`j` sa`h rjrjs a`davadujcadjdbs# qub daseaùyb` dåj jdåj. Cjs cjfu`js qub cj tbhråj jgtujc thdjvåj pubdj gh`tb`br sbghepcbtjrê` db cj easej ej`brj. Bc Bsparataseh bstê cbkhs db ojlbr dagoh su ûctaej pjcjlrj b` guj`th j sus gh`sbgub`gajs# pbrh bsa`qublrj`tjlcb b` su ljsb# phrqub bstj ljsb sb jsab`tj b` chsobgohs.

Zub chs Bspåratjs `h tb`fj`# pubs tbehr; bc iuturh cbspbrtb`bgb= qub dbkb` j sus jdvbrsjrahs dbljtarsb ljkh cj hprbsa÷`db cj vbrdjd# qub chs hiusgj# pubs thdj `bfjga÷` bs aephtb`tb

gh`trj cj bvadb`gaj# qub trauìj a`bvatjlcbeb`tb phr cj prhpaj iubrzjdb cjs ghsjs. Bs u`j gubsta÷` db tabeph y# b` bstb safch# bc tabephgjea`j j pjsh db fafj`tb ljkh bc aepucsh dbc prhfrbsh.

\bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB <:



<< \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

Cj adbj db qub bc sbr ouej`h bstê ihrejdh shcjeb`tb dbcgubrph iåsagh y qub cj vadj sb tbrea`j dbspuás db cj eubrtb#bstj adbj `h bs jgbptjdj j dåj db ohy phr eugohs b` bc eu`dhgab`tågh. ¸^hr quá `h thdhs chs gab`tåghs jgbptj` bstj vasa÷`

ejtbrajcastj db chs sbrbs ouej`hs8 ^hrqub cj gab`gaj ù`gj pudh

dbehstrjrch. Wa` beljrfh# cj vasa÷` ohcåstagj dbc sbr ouej`h/shehs bspåratu y gubrph iåsagh! sabeprb oj bxastadh b` bc eu`dh

db chs a`tbcbgtujcbs# c÷shihs y gab`tåghs. Dbsgjrtbs dakh qub bc

jcej rbsadåj b` cj fcê`ducj pa`bjc# satujdj b` bc gbrblrh y ^cjt÷`

jrejlj qub bc ohelrb bstê ihrejdh db jcej /bsparatu! y gubrph

iåsagh. R`j prbfu`tj qub sabeprb oj dbkjdh pbrpcbkhs j c÷shihs y

j gab`tåghs bs= ¸Zuá hgurrb gh` bc jcej h bspåratu dbspuás db cj

eubrtb8 ¸Wbfuaehs vavab`dh8 Bstjs prbfu`tjs oj` sadh bstudajdjsdb ihrej gab`tågj phr vjrahs a`vbstafjdhrbs b` bc eu`dh#

gucea`j`dh b` :?26 gh` cj pulcagjga÷` dbc Calrh db chs Bspåratus phr Jccj` Mjrdbg. B` bstj áphgj# chs gab`tåghs gheh bc prhibshr y

iu`djdhr dbc bsparataseh Jccj` Mjrdbg# utacazj daibrb`tbs eádauesb` su a`vbstafjga÷` pjrj dbehstrjr qub sus gheuàgjgah`bs brj`b` rbjcadjd gheuàgjgah`bs db pbrsh`js yj ijccbgadjs. Jcfu`hsjúhs eês tjrdb# War Vaccaje Grhhmbs# bc quåeagh y iåsagh a`fcás#dbgada÷ qub cj gab`gaj dblbråj bstudajr chs ib`÷eb`hs jshgajdhsgh` bc bsparataseh. B`trb chs eádaues qub bstuda÷ bstê`; MjtbIhx# Ichrb`gb Ghhm y Djàbc Du`fcjs Oheb. Chs ib`÷eb`hs

ebdaûeàghs db chs qub iub tbstafh a`gcuyb`; ehvaeab`ths dbhlkbths# cbvatjga÷`# jpjraga÷` db furjs bsparatujcbs# btg. Bc aìhreb

db Grhhmbs shlrb su a`vbstafjga÷` b` :?64# gh`gcuy÷ qub chsib`÷eb`hs hlsbrvjdhs sufabrb` cj jgga÷` db u`j a`tbcafb`gajbxtbr`j. Htrhs gab`tåghs gheh Jcirbd \ussbc Vjccjgb# War Hcavbr

Khsbpo Chdfb# Chrd \jycbafo y Vaccaje Kjebs# gh`rejrh` cj

vbrjgadjd db cj bxastb`gaj db chs bspåratus y qub bsths sh` gjpjgbs

db gheuàgjrsb. Bc Dr. Fustjvb Fbcby# eádagh b a`vbstafjdhr sb

dbstjg÷ b` sus a`vbstafjgah`bs shlrb cj eádaue Bvj Gjrraïrb# b`:1:9. hgh dbspuás# b` :1:1 jlj`dh`÷ cj prêgtagj db cj ebdaga`j

y sb dbdag÷ phr ghepcbth j cj a`vbstafjga÷` ebtjpsåquagjs#gh`vartaá`dhsb b` bc praebr prbsadb`tb dbc A`statuth dbEbtjpsåquagh A`tbr`jgah`jc# dh`db rbjcaz÷ ùbvjs a`vbstafjgah`bsgh` bc eádaue phcjgh Irj`bm Mcusma. B` :1:7# bc prbeah @hlbc dbebdaga`j# Gojrcbs \agobt# pjrtagap÷ db a`vbstafjga÷` ebdaueàgjy iub tbstafh db u`j ejtbrajcazjga÷` db bspåratus# eab`trjs bceádaue tbàj cjs ej`hs jtjdjs b` u`j saccj. \agobt dakh qub brj

aephsalcb aejfa`jr qub sb trjtjrj db u` irjudb h acusah`bs. hdråjgatjr eugohs htrhs a`vbstafjdhrbs qub gh`rejrh` cj bxastb`gaj

db bspåratus b` bstj áphgj# gheh Irabdrago Kórfb`sh`# Mh`stj`ta`

\judavb# bc gurj Irj`æhas Lru`b# btg#pbrh bc hlkbtavh pra`gapjc db ea jrtaguchbs prbsb`tjr cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs jgtujcbsshlrb cj bxastb`gaj bsparatujc.

A`vbstafjgah`bs jgtujcbs qub prublj` cj

rbjcadjd bsparatujc

B` chs Bstjdhs Ràdhs# cj dhgthrj

Kucab Lbasgobc# dbc A`statuth Va`dlradfbccbvj j gjlh cj a`vbstafjga÷` gh` eádauespjrj dbehstrjr qub ojy vadj dbspuás dbcj eubrtb. Lêsagjeb`tb# bccj utacazj trbseáthdhs b` cj a`vbstafjga÷` gab`tågj

ebdaûeàgj; prhhi%ihgusbd rbsbjrgo /a`vbstafjga÷` db prublj! qub sh`prubljs pjrj vbragjr sa chs eádaues

bstê` dj`dh cj aìhrejga÷` vbrjz=

prhgbss%ihgusbd rbsbjrgo /a`vbstafjga÷` dbc

prhgbsh! qub bstudaj cjs bxpbrab`gajs db

chs eádaues durj`tb cjs gheuàgjgah`bs

gh` chs bspåratus y jppcabd rbsbjrgo

/a`vbstafjga÷` jpcagjdj! qub bstudajg÷eh cj aìhrejga÷` pubdb lb`bgajr

j cj shgabdjd b` fb`brjc. Chs eádauesbstudajdhs phr Drj. Kucab dabrhàìhrejga÷` gh`grbtj db pbrsh`js qubyj ojlåj` eubrth y cj aìhrejga÷` iubgh`rejdj eês tjrdb gheh ghrrbgtj.

^hr ch tj`th# chs rbsuctjdhs db su

a`vbstafjga÷` gh`rej` cj oap÷tbsas db

qub cj gh`gab`gaj /bc bspåratu! shlrbvavb jcj eubrtb . Bc eádagh psaquajtrj jebragj`hLraj` Vbass frjdujdh b` cj Ràvbrsadjddb Ghcuelaj y Qjcb b` su calrh –EugojsYadjs Eugohs Ejbstrhs― `hs eubstrj#dbsdb u`j pbrspbgtavj u` tj`thprhibsah`jc /^saquajtråj!# cj bxastb`gaj db cj

rbb`gjr`jga÷` y db chs bspåratus. J trjvásdb rbfrbsah`bs oap`÷tagjs rbjcazjdjs pjrjlusgjr y ghrrbfar trjuejs db cj aìj`gaj#bc juthr dbsgulrb qub j`tbs db cj vadjjgtujc db cj pjgab`tb# bxastabrh` htrjs

vadjs. hstbrahreb`tb rbgala÷ phr ebdah

BCJA@B YABA\J

^ra`gapjcbs a`vbstafjgah`bs

gab`tåigjs shlrb cj bxastb`gaj dbchs bspåratus

Drj. Bcja`b G. Yabarj

Cagb`gajdj b` Gab`gajs dbc dbphrtb y bspbgajcastj b` Grh`hlahchfåj. Ihrej pjrtb db cjWhgabdjd Bsparatastj Jcagj`ta`j.



\bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB <7

db cj pjgab`tb aephrtj`tbs eb`sjkbsprhvbàb`tbs db bspåratus supbrahrbs#ccjejdhs –Ejbstrhs― durj`tb cjs sbsah`bs

oap`÷tagjs.Jdbeês db utacazjr chs eádaues

gheh obrrjeab`tj gab`tågj# chs

a`vbstafjdhrbs tjelaá` bstê` utacazj`dhhtrhs eáthdhs gab`tåghs pjrj prhljr

cj bxastb`gaj db chs bspåratus. Bc dhgthr

Kbiirby Ch`f# utacazj`dh bc eáthdhgab`tågh# oj rbghfadh eês db :.9>>

gjshs db pbrsh`js b` thdh bc eu`dh qubojlåj` pjsjdh phr cj bxpbrab`gaj ccjejdj

@bjr Dbjto Bxpbrab`gb /bxpbrab`gaj db

gjsa%Eubrtb h BGE!. Bstjs bxpbrab`gajs

sh` sb`tadjs phr pbrsh`js gh`sadbrjdjsphr chs eádaghs gheh gcåàgjeb`tbeubrtjs /eubrtb gbrblrjc! qub dbspuásvubcvb` j cj vadj y rbcjtj` sus BGE. B`chs tbstaehàhs ojy u`j frj` ghobrb`gajb` chs bcbeb`ths dbsgraths phr cjejyhråj db cjs pbrsh`js qub oj` tbàdhcjs BGE. Cj ejyhråj db cjs pbrsh`jsdbsgralabrh`; :! cj vasa÷` db su bspåratuiubrj dbc gubrph <! cj bxastb`gaj db

u`j cuz 7! bc phdbr db vbr y ojlcjr gh`bspåratus dbsgh`hgadhs 4! bc phdbr dbvbr y ojlcjr gh` ijeacajrbs yj ijccbgadhs.R`j db cjs prubljs eês gh`va`gb`tbsdb qub rbjceb`tb shehs bspåratusaèhrtjcbs# prhvab`b db cj a`vbstafjga÷`gh` pbrsh`js gabfjs dbsdb bc `jgaeab`th.Chs dhgthrbs Mb``bto \a`f y Wojrh`Ghhpbr ghepcbtjrh` u` bstudah dbdhs júhs shlrb bc BGE b` gabfhs. Bcchspulcagjrh` chs djths db su a`vbstafjga÷`b` bc Calrh tatucjdh –Ea`dsafot― gh`prubljs s÷cadjs db 7: gjshs b` qub chsgabfhs dbsgralb` cj bxpbrab`gaj db vbr

phr cj praebrj vbz b` su vadj# dj`dhdbtjccbs db chs prhgbdaeab`ths eádaghsb` cj ebsj db hpbrjgah`bs.

Bc <7 db hgtulrb dbc <>>># cj LLGbeatb u` rbphr tjkb ccjejdh –Cj bvadb`gajdb cj vadj dbspuás db cj eubrtb―# ljsjdhb` u` bstudah qub ccbv÷ j gjlh bc Dr. Wje

^jràj y htrhs gab`tåghs b` cj Ràvbrsadjddb Whutojepth` /\ba`h Ràdh!# b`bc qub sb prhphrgah`j` bvadb`gajs

gab`tågjs qub sufabrb` cj supbrvavb`gaj db cj gh`gab`gaj dbspuás

db cj eubrtb j trjvás db cj BGE.

B` Lrjsac# bc psaquajtrj Dr. Wbrfah Ibcapb db Hcavbarj db cjRàvbrsadjd db Wjh ^juch# bstê a`vbstafj`dh cj gh`bxa÷` b`trb cj

fcê`ducj pa`bjc y cj ebdaueàdjd. B` su a`vbstafjga÷` usj tágàgjsdb dairjgga÷` db chs rjyhs _# thehfrjiåj gheputbrazjdj y cjrbsh`j`gaj ejf`átagj ùgcbjr. Bc Dr. Hcavbarj oazh cj ghepjrjga÷`b`trb chs grastjcbs db jpjtatj prbsb`tbs b` cj fcê`ducj pa`bjc dbchs ebdaues y chs grastjcbs prbsb`tbs b` pbrsh`js qub `h ojlåj`

dbsjrrhccjdh cj ebdaueàdjd# ccbfj`dh j cj gh`gcusa÷` db qub chseádaues db psgaghih`åj# gcjravadb`gaj y psaghfrjiåj tab`b` eêsgrastjcbs db jpjtatj b` cj fcê`ducj pa`bjc. Jdbeês# oj gheprhljdhqub durj`tb cj gheuàgjga÷` bsparatujc# chs eádaues tab`b` eêsjgtavadjd gbrblrjc y qub su ukh sj`fuå`bh bstê jueb`tjdh b`

cj rbfa÷` db cj fcê`ducj pa`bjc. ^hr ch tj`th# su tbsas bs qub cj

fcê`ducj pa`bjc bs bc ÷rfj`h sb`shrajc db cj ebdaueàdjd# ghehu` tbcáih`h e÷vac# qub gjptj cjs h`djs dbc bspbgtrh ejf`átaghqub vab`b` db cj daeb`sa÷` bsparatujc y qub rblhtj` b` chsgrastjcbs db jpjtatj db cj fcê`ducj ojgab`dh bc sbgubstrh dbcgjeph ejf`átagh y trj`seatab`dh cj aìhrejga÷` j cj ghrtbzjgbrblrjc pjrj cj a`tbrprbtjga÷` dbc eb`sjkb.

^hr ch tj`th# sa ojgbehs u`j rbvasa÷` db thdhs chs

dbsgulraeab`ths gab`tåghs j pjrtar dbc safch _A_ ojstj ùbstrhs

dåjs# yj tb`behs cj rbspubstj pjrj cj frj`db prbfu`tj; ¸Ojy vadj

dbspuás db cj eubrtb8 Cj rbspubstj bs# sa` dudj# qub WÅ.^jrj jepcajr cj aìhrejga÷` shlrb cj BGE pubdb` gh`suctjr

chs bstudahs db chs gab`tåghs qub gath j gh`taùjga÷`. Dr. Lrugb

Frbysh`# bc Dr. Ebcva` Ehrsb# bc Dr. \jyeh`d Ehhdy# bc Dr. Gjrc

Lbgmbr# bc Dr. btbr Ib`wagm# bc Dr. ae vj` Cheebc y Dr.Mb` \a`f.

Bc dhgthr Kbrby Ch`f# utacazj`dh bc eáthdh gab`tå%

igh# oj rbghfadh eês db :.9>> gjshs db pbrsh`jsb` thdh bc eu`dh qub ojlåj` pjsjdh phr u`j BGE#bxpbrab`gaj gbrgj`j j cj eubrtb.



<4 \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

B`trb cjs davbrsjs prbfu`tjs qub bc sbr ouej`h sb rbjcazj j chcjrfh db su vadj guj`dh sb tab`b` a`quabtudbs bsparatujcbs dbstjgjcj gubsta÷` db sa bxastb vadj dbspuás db cj vadj# y b` bc supubsth dbqub jså sbj# db quá ihrej y g÷eh sb ejàbstj.

B` cj oasthraj db cjs rbcafah`bs vbehs gha`gadb`gajs b` bc jxah%ej db cj trj`sgb`db`gaj dbc ohelrb dbspuás db cj eubrtb# pbrhbxastb` prhiu`djs davbrfb`gajs b` guj`th j cj ihrej db jggbdbr jbsb ubvh bstjdh y g÷eh sb vavb b` ác. Tjelaá` cj sbeê`tagj b` bstbtbej# db`b db ihrej daibrb`tb gh`gbpths qub safàgj` ch easehpbrh j chs qub sb db`hea`j` db dasta`tjs ej`brjs.

Dj`dh phr supubsth qub bxastb vadj dbspuás db cj eubrtb# chqub bs bxjgtjeb`tb gabrth bs qub cj easej `h pubdb sbr lahc÷fagjdb à`fu`j ej`brj# pubs cj gab`gaj `hs dbeubstrj qub guj`dh u`jpbrsh`j ijccbgb su gubrph vj dbsa`tbfrê`dhsb ojstj dbsjpjrbgbrphr ghepcbth# dasfrbfê`dhsb sus êthehs ojstj pjsjr j ihrejr pjrtbdb cj `jturjcbzj# jc afujc qub hgurrb gh` gujcquabr sbr vavh# pcj`tj#ea`brjc u hrfjàseh qub jgjlj u` gagch y sb trj`sihrej.

Db bstj rbbxa÷` j`tbrahr sb a`brb qub cj pjrtb dbc sbr ouej%`h qub shlrbvavb j cj eubrtb `h pubdb sbr lahc÷fagj# pbrh så phdråjsbr eb`tjc# psaghc÷fagj# behgah`jc h db htrj å`dhcb. Cj ghepcbkadjddbc gbrblrh ouej`h bs tjc qub b` pcb`h safch __A cj `burhchfåjehdbr`j s÷ch jcgj`zj j gheprb`dbr# y gh` u` b`hreb bsiubrzh= u`:>" db su iu`gah`jeab`th. Bsth `hs a`dagj qub sa cj eb`tb ouej`jtab`b su cufjr db –rbsadb`gaj― b` bc gbrblrh# guj`dh bc gubrph ijccb%gb cj eb`tb dblbråj dbsjpjrbgbr afujceb`tb.

^hr bcch# sa jcfu`j pjrtb dbc sbr ouej`h shlrbvavb j cj eubrtbástj dblbråj sbr u` ghepb`dah psåquagh qub `h s÷ch jljrqub cjsijguctjdbs eb`tjcbs# sa`h cjs behgah`jcbs# y psåquagjs# yj qub dbsdbcj jpjraga÷` db cj psaghchfåj ehdbr`j y bc psaghj`êcasas phstbrahrcj gab`gaj jgbptj gh` rhtu`dadjd qub cj pbrsh`j bstê ihrejdj phr

jspbgths eb`tjcbs# behgah`jcbs y psaghc÷faghs qub `hs daibrb`gaj`db htrhs sbrbs vavhs. Q qub thdhs bsths jspbgths `h tab`b` u` cufjrdb ulagjga÷` b` à`fû` ÷rfj`h lahc÷fagh dbc sbr ouej`h sa`h qubihrej` pjrtb dbc sbr a`tbfrjc# db cj pbrsh`jcadjd dbc a`davaduh y chdaibrb`gaj` phr ghepcbth dbc rbsth db sbrbs ouej`hs.

Dbsdb j`tafuh sb oj db`hea`jdh db davbrsjs ihrejs /jcej# bs%påratu# eb`tb# btg.! j cj pjrtb `h lahc÷fagj qub shlrbvavb j cj eubrtbsbfû` cjs rbcafah`bs. Cj prbhgupjga÷` dbc ohelrb phr sjlbr jgbr%gj dbc jcej vab`b dbsdb chs jclhrbs db cj oasthraj. Db obgoh `hphdråj gheprb`dbrsb cj easej sa` chs jgh`tbgaeab`ths cafjdhs hrbcjgah`jdhs gh` cjs bxpcagjgah`bs db cjs rbcafah`bs y cj chshiåj

b` thdjs cjs áphgjs db cj ouejàdjd# dbsdb bc j`tafuh Bfapth# pj%sj`dh phr Frbgaj# \hej# bc kudjåseh# bc grastajàseh b` hggadb`tb#bc ascje b` ebdah hrab`tb h bc ludaseh b oa`duåseh b` Jsaj. B`

thdjs cjs frj`dbs rbcafah`bs eh`htbåstjs hphcatbåstjs bxastb dbàdh bc –djaeh`― dbcj j`tafuj Frbgaj# qub `h bs htrj ghsj qubbc jcej ouej`j h bspåratu qub shlrbvavbj cj eubrtb. Cjs daibrb`tbs a`tbrprbtjgah%`bs qub dj` cjs rbcafah`bs j su ihrej dba`frbsjr b` cj htrj vadj y g÷eh sb dbsb`%vubcvb b` bccj sh` gubstah`bs db dbljtb

pbrh b` ch sustj`gajc sb gha`gadb db ihrejshrprb`db`tb.

Db`trh db cj vjrabdjd db bxpcagj%gah`bs bxastb` u`js eês rjgah`jcbs# eb%`hs dhfeêtagjs y qub rbsastb` bc j`êcasasdb cj rjz÷` y cj c÷fagj ebkhr qub htrjs#sa` qub bcch safàqub qub ojyj qub grbbrb` bccjs jc :>>". R`j gubsta÷` bs grbbr yhtrj rjzh`jr y gheprb`dbr cj c÷fagj db chspcj`tbjeab`ths qub `hs ccbvj` j dbdugarqub bc sbr ouej`h `h jpjrbgb b` cj Tab%

rrj phr fb`brjga÷` bsph`tê`bj sa`h qubsu dbsjrrhcch bs iruth db su bvhcuga÷` `hs÷ch iåsagj sa`h tjelaá` eb`tjc# psaghc÷fagjy bsparatujc.

B`trb cjs eûctapcbs tbhråjs qub ph%dråjehs dbstjgjr shlrbsjcb` iu`djeb`%tjceb`tb dhs qub bxpcagj` gheh à`fu`jhtrjs cj c÷fagj db cj vadj b` bc eês jccê# dbd÷`db vbàehs y ojgaj d÷`db vjehs# gujcbs bc sb`tadh db ùbstrh pjsh phr cj Tab%rrj y quá hs b`gh`trjrbehs b` bsb –eêsjccê― jc qub ccbfjrbehs.

Cj praebrj db bccjs bs cj \bb`gjr`j%ga÷` h –pjca`fb`bsas –/`jgaeab`th db ùb%vh! frabfj. Gh`gbpth qub b`gh`trjehsdbsdb bc j`tafuh Bfapth# Frbgaj# A`daj# Goa%`j# btg.. Bc sb`tadh db cj rbb`gjr`jga÷` sbbèjrgj db`trh db u` gh`gbpth eês je%pcah qub pbreataråj jc sbr ouej`h /b` supjrtb trj`sgb`db`tb# jqubccj qub shlrbvavbcj eubrtb! u` prhgbsh bvhcutavh db pbr%ibggah`jeab`th dbsdb eu`dhs praeatavhsj eu`dhs bvhcugah`jdhs j trjvás db cjs

bxpbrab`gajs db eugojs vadjs b` cj tabrrj/sabeprb gh` ihrej ouej`j! gh` bc ` ûcta%eh db cj pbribgga÷` y phr b`db cj ibcagadjd.

¸Whehs Bspåratus Aèhrtjcbs8

Cj Aèhrtjcadjd j dbljtbFruph Yaccb`j




Cj rbb`gjr`jga÷` tjelaá` bs jgbp%tjdj `h s÷ch phr eugojs rbcafah`bs sa`hqub bstê b` cj ljsb db eugohs ehvaeab`%

ths bsparatujcbs y sb jgbptj gheûèb`tbgheh u`j cby qub rafb cj bvhcuga÷` dbcbspåratu ouej`h. Cj gab`gaj oj bstudajdhafujceb`tb cj rbb`gjr`jga÷` dbehstrj`dhibojgab`tbeb`tb su bxastb`gaj b` a`àthsgjshs db rbb`gjr`jga÷` gheprhljdj# tb%rjpajs db vadjs pjsjdjs# gjshs db eubrtbgcåàgj y vubctj j cj vadj# btg# y ebdaj`tb bceáthdh gab`tågh eês rafurhsh ccbvjdh jgjlh phr prbstafahshs bur÷chfhs# psaquaj%trjs# eádaghs# b`trb htrhs; chs dhgthrbs\jyeh`d Ehhdy# Bcåsjlbto Mcólbr%\hss#

Obcb` Vjeljgo# Ojeb`drj Lj`jrkbb#Bdato Iahrb# Eª Kucaj db Ehrjbs ^rabth# Gj%rhc Lhwej`# btg

Cjs ejàibstjgah`bs psåquagjs dbc _A_b` Bstjdhs Ràdhs y chs ib`÷eb`hs dbeádaues b` thdj Burhpj dbspbrtjrh` bca`tbrás db u` frj` gab`tågh y pbdjfhfhirj`gás ccjejdh Oap÷cath Dbàzjrt \avjac#qub jdhpt÷ bc sbud÷àeh db Jccj` Mjrdbg.Q# dbspuás db u`j a`vbstafjga÷` db júhsgh` euctatud db eádaues b` daibrb`tbs

pjåsbs# sb prhpush cj tjrbj db djr j gh`h%gbr jc eu`dh bc rbsuctjdh db sus a`vbstafj%gah`bs j trjvás db cj Ghdagjga÷` Bspåratj#ghepb`dah db vjrajs hlrjs qub trjtj` dbchrafb` y `jturjcbzj db chs bspåratus# db surbcjga÷` gh` bc eu`dh iåsagh y cjs gh`sb%gub`gajs chs÷gjs y ehrjcbs qub bstb gh%`hgaeab`th ghephrtj.

Bstj dhgtra`j gh`hgadj gheh Bspara%taseh# bs ku`th j cj \bb`gjr`jga÷`# cj bxpca%gjga÷` eês c÷fagj y ghobrb`tb qub phdb%

ehs b`gh`trjr jgbrgj db cj vadj dbspuásdb cj vadj y db cj ihrej b` g÷eh ùbstrjpbrsh`jcadjd jlj`dh`j db ihrej a`tbfrjccj vadj iåsagj guj`dh sb ijccbgb y sb a`ghr%phrj j u` eu`dh `h tj` daibrb`tb ghehbc qub tb`behs b` cj Tabrrj# pjrj sbfuarbvjcuj`dh ùbstrh prhfrbsh# rbgheph`brjspbgths dbsvajdhs dbc easeh y prbpjrjr%`hs pjrj ùbvhs rbths db bvhcuga÷` y db%sjrrhcch pbrsh`jc.

Bc bsparataseh h sb caeatj ûàgjeb`tbj djr bxpcagjgah`bs sa`h qub j trjvás dbcjs gheuàgjgah`bs gh` jqubcchs qub `hsprbgbdabrh` b` bc eês jccê `hs hirbgb cj

vjcahsj aìhrejga÷` db cjs cbybs qub rafb` cj bvhcuga÷` dbc bspåratuouej`h# y u`j db cjs eês aephrtj`tbs bs prbgasjeb`tb cj rbb`gjr%`jga÷` qub ku`th j cj cby db gjusj y bibgth /saeacjr j cj cby dbc mjrej

db chs hrab`tjcbs! rbfucj `h s÷ch bc prhgbsh bvhcutavh dbc bspåratusa`h cjs gh`sbgub`gajs db cjs jgtujgah`bs dbc easeh b` cj Tabrrj ysu rbpbrgusa÷` b` bc –eês jccê― y b` cjs pr÷xaejs bxastb`gajs b` cjTabrrj.

Jså pubs# ghtbkj`dh ch qub cjs rbcafah`bs hs oj` vbàdh dagab`%dh jgbrgj db cj shlrbvavb`gaj dbc bspåratu dbspuás db cj eubrtb#j`jcazj`dh cjs gh`gcusah`bs db ejtbrajs gheh cj ebtjpsåquagj dbGojrcbs \agobt b` bc _A_# h cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs db Vaccajes Grhhmbs/jelhs prbeahs @hlbc! cj pjrjpsaghchfåj db \oa`b b` bc __ y rbva%sj`dh cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs y eáthdhs gab`tåghs qub dbsdb ojgb eêsdb u` safch sb vab`b` rbjcazj`dh shlrb vadj dbspuás db cj vadj# ccb%

fjehs j u` pu`th b` bc qub cj hlsbrvjga÷` y bc j`êcasas `hs ccbvj` jjgbptjr gheh eugoh eês c÷fagj cj trj`sgb`db`gaj dbc sbr dbspuásdb cj eubrtb qub cj a`bxastb`gaj db cj vadj dbspuás db cj vadj.

Bsth safàgj qub eugohs ib`÷eb`hs johrj `h bxpcagjdhs phrcj gab`gaj tb`dråj` u`j bxpcagjga÷` rjgah`jc# c÷fagj y ghobrb`tb sa sbvjchrjrj bc bstudah db cj pbrsh`jcadjd ouej`j ljkh bc prasej db susupbrvavb`gaj gheh sbr a`tbfrjc dbspuás db cj eubrtb dbc gubrphiåsagh. Jirh`tj`dh bstb ê`fuch db a`vbstafjga÷`# jcfu`hs `bur÷chfhsyj chs oj` ccbvjdh j gjlh b` sus bstudahs shlrb tbrjpajs db vadjspjsjdjs y oj` hltbàdh bxgbcb`tbs rbsuctjdhs pjrj shcugah`jr prh%lcbejs psaghc÷faghs guyh hrafb` sb rbeh`tj j cjs vadjs j`tbrahrbsdb chs a`davaduhs.

Wb `hs hirbgb` pubs chs rjzh`jeab`ths `bgbsjrahs pjrj jr%ejr gh` rhtu`dadjd y dbsdb cj c÷fagj# `h dbsdb cj grbb`gaj qub bcsbr ouej`h shlrbvavb j cj eubrtb ebdaj`tb u` prhgbsh `jturjc.^hdbehs jrejr sa` dudj jcfu`j qub shehs bspåratus aèhrtjcbsaèbrshs b` u` prhgbsh bvhcutavh qub gh`tbepcj btjpjs db dbsj%rrhcch gh` gubrph iåsagh y htrjs sa` ác.

^jrj prhiu`dazjr b` g÷eh sh` bsjs btjpjs# db quá ej`brj `hsvbehs jibgtjdhs phr cjs cbybs qub rafb` bstb prhgbsh y g÷eh ph%dbehs darafar y ihrkjr u` iuturh ebkhr# cbs a`vatjehs j gh`hgbr bcgh`tbàdh dbc bsparataseh db Mjrdbg= b` cj sbfuradjd db qub b`gh`%trjrê` cjs rbspubstjs c÷fagjs y ghobrb`tbs j eugojs db cjs dudjsbxastb`gajcbs qub sb ojyj` pcj`tbjdh jcfu`j vbz# jså gheh bc gh`%subch y cj bspbrj`zj db cj aèhrtjcadjd dbc sbr ouej`h y cj gh`j`%zj b` cj kustagaj dava`j.

Cj jgbptjga÷` db bstjs cbybs bsparatujcbs y cj a`ghrphrjga÷` dbcjs easejs j sus prhpahs pra`gapahs bs jcfh qub shcjeb`tb ghepbtbj ustbdbs b` bc bkbrgagah db su calrb jclbdråh y qub# gheh h phdråjsbr db htrj ihrej# rbspbtjehs prhiu`djeb`tb.

–Bc bsparataseh# ejrgoj`dh gh` bc prhfrbsh ù`gj sb dbslhrdjrê# pubssa cj gab`gaj dbehstrjrj su bquavhgjga÷` shlrb u` pu`th# sb ehdaigjrê

shlrb bsb pu`th# y sa u`j ùbvj vbrdjd sb rbvbcjrj# cj jgbptjråj.― Jccj` Mjrdbg

Bc calrh db chs Bspåratus



<9 \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

Wugbshs dbc ijccbgadh trjs cj tuelj y cjs ghchàjs bsparatujcbs

Ccbfjdj cj ohrj db cj tjrdb# sb jgbrgjlj` jc cufjr db b`gub`trhchs ijeacajrbs y gh`hgadhs# jcfu`hs gh` vbrdjdbrhs jibgths db dh%chr# cj ejyhråj phr gheprheash. Cj pubrtj dbc bdagah `hs rbgalb

gh` su ejkbstuhsh TJ@J\AH# tj` fácadh pjrj bc êàeh y durh pjrjbc sb`taeab`th. @jdj eês b`trjr cjs praebrjs gjrjs gh`hgadjs; –cbjghepjúh b` bc sb`taeab`th―# –cb dhy bc pásjeb―. Guj`dh b` rbjca%

djd ch trastb db cj satujga÷` dbsgh`gabrtj jc vasatj`tb.Jc ccbfjr j cj sjcj ehrtuhraj# bc dhchr sb jgrbgab`tj# y cj shcbe%

àdjd dbc eheb`th sb rbbkj b` cjs gjrjs dbsb`gjkjdjs db chs qub

vbrdjdbrjeb`tb jejrh` jc ijccbgadh.

Dbcj`tb dbc grastjc qub eubstrj bc iárbtrh sb davasj jc daiu`thb` su gjkj# qub eês pjrbgb u`j grasêcadj qub vjyj j vhcjr. B` dbrrb%dhr# sb gheb`tj` cjs ûctaejs ohrjs db cj jfh`åj# b` chs gårguchs eêspr÷xaehs# y sb vb j ch cbkhs jc daiu`th b` bspåratu vjfj`dh db u` cjdh

pjrj htrh db cj sjcj sa` tbrea`jr db gheprb`dbr quá ojgb joå. Wbsab`tb ibcaz b` chs frupacchs dh`db ojlcj` lab` db ác# y sb a`daf`j dbcjs jirb`tjs qub cb dbdagj` cjs pbrsh`js qub h cb iubrh` tj` j`bs.

Bc eádaue vadb`tb# sa bs bspåratj# sjlb ch qub bstê hgurrab`dh#ejs gheh bc bsparataseh bs u`j dhgtra`j db bstudah# y cj ebdaue%àdjd u`j ijguctjd `jturjc# chs ojy qub vb` bc sugbsh y grbb` bstjr shúj`dh# yj qub su dbsgh`hgaeab`th dbc tbej cbs gjusj shrprbsj.¸G÷eh bs qub bstê joå bc daiu`th8 ¸@h bstê daiu`th pubs8

Cj earjdj sb phsj b` bc bspbgtrh# y ástb db sûlath sa`tab`dhùbstrj earjdj# `hs vb. Tbelchr b` quab` dbsgh`hgb bc bsparataseh#ohrrhr y supbrgobråj b` su aejfa`jga÷` qub ouyb db bsb b`gub`trh#b` bc bsparatastj a`struadh# jehr y ghepjsa÷` ojgaj bc qub jgjlj dbjlj`dh`jr ùbstrh pcj`h# y u`j hrjga÷` dbsdb ch oh`dh dbc gh%

rjz÷` bs darafadj ojgaj su pbrsh`j# phrqub bc aepucsh eb`tjc qubdb cj hrjga÷` bej`j bs gheh h`dj b`brfátagj qub ljcsjeazj y rb%

ghìhrtj jc ghìu`dadh daiu`th# qub af`hrjquá cb sugbdb.

Yjrahs bspåratus jeafhs# ijeacajrbs# prh% tbgthrbs qub vbcjlj` phr ác dbsdb bc pcj%`h bsparatujc eab`trjs bstjlj b` su gubrphhrfêàgh# sb cb pubdb` ojgbr vasalcbs b`bsb eheb`th db hrjga÷` sa`gbrj# y bs bstb

bc trjljkh iu`djeb`tjc qub rbjcazjehs b`chs gb`trhs bsparatastjs# cj hrab`tjga÷` y bs%gcjrbgaeab`th j cjs pbrsh`js qub dbkjrh`bstb pcj`h a`gh`sgab`tbs y pbrturljdhsj`tb cj frj`dbzj qub cj vadj aèhrtjc `hshirbgb. R` bstrbebgaeab`th sb jphdbrjb`th`gbs db su sbr# y b` u` jrrhljeab`thb` su gh`gab`gaj# sb cbs eubstrj pjtb`tbcj ejfàtud dbc jsu`th# b` cj gjrj# b` bcfbsth# db bsb bspår atu ijeacajr y jeafh# qubcb gh`dugb ojgaj cj ehrjdj bspar atujc# dh`%

db ojlatj` bc rbsth db jeafhs y ijeacajrbsqub dbkjrh` cj Tabrrj j`tbs qub ác. Joå bcbstudah# joå bc vbrdjdbrh bxjeb` db chs

jgabrths y dbsjgabrths# joå cj rbgjpatucjga÷`db ch jprb`dadh# bc jehr y cj ùbvj hphr%

tuàdjd pjrj bc dbvbàr a` ath. Cj vadj `h

jgjlj joå# ¡cj vadj gh`ta`ûj trjs bc sbpucgrh*

B@ BC TJ@JTH\AH@jrrjga÷` db bstb eheb`th ljkh cj ÷ptagjdb u` eádaue bspåratj

Kbsûs Futaárrbz Cugjs

–Ojy eugojs ehrjdjs b` cj gjsj db ea j%drb= sa jså `h iubrj# yh hs ch oulabrj dagoh=

vhy# pubs# j prbpjrjr cufjr pjrj vhshtrhs―

/Kuj` :4 ; <!

Kbsûs Futaárrbz

^sag÷chfh. Eabelrh dbc Gb`trh Bspåratj cj Cuz

dbc hrvbàr /Grbvaccb`t!




Cj \bjcadjd Bsparatujc dbc Ohelrb

Eafubc Ybrj

Bc prhgbsh db cj vadj bs tj` ghepcbkh# qub

bc ohelrb sabeprb sb oj jpbfjdh jc gh`gbp%

th `bfjtavh db cj eubrtb gheh irustrjga÷` db

thdjs cjs phsalacadjdbs ouej`js. Db joå# cj ij%

ehsj irjsb db Wjrtrb qub sb prhpjf÷ phr thdj

cj gucturj ehdbr`j; –Bc ohelrb bs u`j pjsa÷`

a`ûtac―.

J`tb ch a`bvatjlcb db cj eubrtb# bc ohelrbjgtujc `h oj phdadh sjcar db cj ghrtj vasa÷` db

gh`sadbrjrcj gheh purj y saepcb dbstrugga÷`.

Q bcch# j pbsjr db cjs a`ùebrjlcbs gh`gbp%

gah`bs qub dbsdb cj j`tafóbdjd eês rbehtj

oj` adh gh`furj`dh bc pb`sjeab`th ouej`h.

Wa` beljrfh# cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs gab`tågjs rbs%

pbgth j cj `jturjcbzj ouej`j# pjrtagucjreb`tb

b` bc gjeph db chs ib`÷eb`hs pjrj`hrej%

cbs# oj` jphrtjdh cjs prubljs arrbiutjlcbs db

cj supbrvavb`gaj dbc ohelrb dbspuás db cj

eubrtb. Bsj supbrvavb`gaj aepcagj cj bxastb`%gaj db pcj`hs bsparatujcbs# db oap÷stjsas# dh`db

cj vadj ouej`j gh`ta`ûj# gheh yj gh`sadbr÷

^chta`h b` su tbhråj db cjs jcejs vajkbrjs. Ohy

gh` chs jvj`gbs db dasta`tjs gab`gajs# b` bspb%

gajc cj iåsagj y cj lahchfåj# sb bstê rjsfj`dh bc

vbch qub hs aepadb hlsbrvjr db ej`brj gcjrj

y dasta`tj cj rbjcadjd qub `hs gh`statuyb y `hs

gargu`dj. Cj bxastb`gaj db cjs oap÷stjsas yj `h

bs u`j bspbgucjga÷` chs÷gj# sa`h u`j vbrdjd

gheprhljdj. Bc gubrph bsparatujc dbc ohelrb#

bc pbrabspåratu# sbfû` Jccj` Mjrdbg# oj sadh tbg%`hc÷fagjeb`tb dbehstrjdh. ^hr gh`safuab`tb#

chs eubrths yj `h pubdb` sbr gh`sadbrjdhs

eubrths. Oj sadh dbgcjrjdh gjtbf÷ragjeb`%

tb qub bc ohelrb bs aèhrtjc. Ch qub eubrb

bs s÷ch bc gubrph gjr`jc# bc gubrph iåsagh. ^hr

htrj pjr tb# dbsdb bc pu`th db vastj dbc pb`sj%

eab`th# yj sbråj u` jlsurdh pb`sjr qub b` u`

Ràvbrsh b` qub `jdj sb pabrdb pubs# gheh

b`sbúj cj iåsagj# thdh sb trj`sihrej# bc ohelrb

iubsb cj ûàgj bxgbpga÷`.

Guj`dh hs shrprb`db bc ib`÷eb`h lah%c÷fagh db cj eubrtb `hs trjsibraehs j htrhs

pcj`hs db ejtbraj eês sutac y rjrbijgtj# dh`db

gh`taùjehs vavab`dh gh` eês calbrtjd y phsalacadjdbs db rbjcazjga÷`. Wa

bc Bspåratu b`gjr`jdh# bs dbgar# thdhs `hshtrhs# jgtuj`dh b` bc ih`dh db

u` hgáj`h db jarb pbsjdh chfrj rbjcazjr tj`tjs ghsjs# ¸phr quá dbkjråj

db jgtujr gh` eês prhvbgoh y vasa÷` bcbvjdj b` u` pcj`h dh`db thdh

ghùyb j su ijvhr8 Wb b`fjúj` quab`bs pab`sj` b` chs eubrths gheh

eubrths. Bcchs bstê` eês vavhs qub `hshtrhs# phsbb` u`j vasa÷` eês pb%

`btrj`tb qub cj ùbstrj. Wh` sbrbs eês dbàdhs qub `hshtrhs y pubdb`

vbr`hs# vasatjr`hs y gheuàgjrsb gh` `hshtrhs gh` thdj `jturjcadjd. Bs

prbgash sjlbr# b`th`gbs# qub chs ohelrbs sh` Bspåratus y chs Bspåratus `h

sh` htrj ghsj qub ohelrbs calbrjdhs db cjs aephsagah`bs db cj ejtbraj#

chs ejc ccjejdhs eubrths. Tb`behs qub pb`sjr b` bcchs gheh sbrbs vavhs

y jgtuj`tbs# gheh rbjceb`tb sh`. Bcchs sb j`fustaj` gh` ùbstrjs trastbzjs

y sb sab`tb` ibcagbs gh` ùbstrjs jcbfråjs. @h quabrb` qub pb`sbehs b`

bcchs gh` jagga÷`# phrqub bsh chs b`trastbgb. Wb ojccj` b` u` eu`dh b`

qub cjs valrjgah`bs eb`tjcbs sh` iêgaceb`tb pbrgbptalcbs y dbsbj` qub chs

jyudbehs gh` pb`sjeab`ths db gh`j`zj y jcbfråj.

Dbsdb bc ohelrb praeatavh# chs eubrths sb gheuàgj` gh` chs vavhs

y bsths trjtj` db a`struarsb gh` jqubcchs. Bc a`tbrgjelah bs `hrejc b`trb

chs dhs eu`dhs y sabeprb oj bxastadh. Db bcch dj gub`tj u`j vjståsaejcatbrjturj prhdugadj phr chs sjlahs j`tafuhs y ehdbr`hs qub bstudajrh` bc

prhlcbej y gh`rejrh` cj supbrvavb`gaj. brh# b` cj ebdadj b` qub chs

eáthdhs gab`tåghs sb pbribggah`jrh`# b` cj ljtjccj db cjs gab`gajs gh`trj

cjs supbrstagah`bs dbc pjsjdh eacb`jrah# cj easej jgbptjga÷` fb`brjc db

bsj vbrdjd hrafa`÷ ejyhrbs shspbgojs b` bc ebdah gab`tågh. Cjs prhpajs

rbcafah`bs# pjrjsatjrajs db jqubccj gh`gbpga÷` `bfjtavj db cj eubrtb# prh%

vhgjrh` ejyhrbs a`gh`vbàb`tbs pjrj cj gheprb`sa÷` dbc prhlcbej. Jû`

ohy# dbspuás db prubljs bxojustavjs# gh`rejdjs eacbs db vbgbs phr chs

eês rbspbtjlcbs a`vbstafjdhrbs# ubstrj gucturj rbgojzj prbsu`tuhsjeb`tb

cj jfrj`tb rbjcadjd db thdhs chs tabephs# gheh sa bccj `h pjsjsb db su%

phsagah`bs a`vbrhsåeacbs.¸Guêc bs cj rjz÷` db bsj jgtatud arrjgah`jc j`tb u` prhlcbej tj` frjvb;

bc db ejyhr aephrtj`gaj pjrj cj jdbgujga÷` dbc pb`sjeab`th j cj rbjca%

djd# hlkbtavh suprbeh db cj chshiåj8 Bs cj –jcbrfaj jc iuturh― dbgcjrjdj

phr \bey Gojuva`# darbgthr dbc A`statuth db Jcths Bstudahs db ^jrås# qub

tab`b su hrafb` oast÷ragh b` bc pbråhdh a`quasathrajc. Bsj aùb`gaj gjc÷ b`

bc ebdah gab`tågh y b` cjs adbhchfåjs ejtbrajcastjs gheh bc phsatavaseh#

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Marhv /cj eês aephrtj`tb db \usaj! gubrph lahpcjseêtagh# iub sb`gaccjeb`%

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Eafubc Ybrj

Iac÷shih. Iu`djdhr dbc Gb`trhBspåratj \bga`th db ^jz /Eurgaj!



<? \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

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Trjs cj eubrtb db \agobt# cj prb`sj eu`dajc prbkuzf÷ qub cj Ebtjp%

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tafjgah`bs ebtjpsåquagjs# b` cj Ràvbrsadjd db Dumb# gh` cj db`hea`jga÷`

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gab`tågj db cj tbcbpjtåj# sbfuadj db cjs dbehstrjgah`bs db htrhs ib`÷eb%

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b` bc ohelrb# gh` bc lb`bpcêgath db a`vbstafjdhrbs db cj Ràvbrsadjd db

Ch`drbs# Hxihrd y Gjelradfb. Wafuab`dh bc bsqubej db cjs a`vbstafjgah%

`bs db Mjrdbg# pbrh johrj b`raqubgadh gh` chs ubvhs eáthdhs y bc juxa%

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s÷ch u` hrfjàseh lahc÷fagh. ^hstbrahreb`tb

j cjs dbehstrjgah`bs db cj tbsas db Mjrdbg# sa%fuabrh` cjs bxpbrab`gajs pjrjpsaghc÷fagjs. R`h

j u`h# chs ib`÷eb`hs a`vbstafjdhs phr Mjrdbg

iubrh` rbpbtadhs phr jqubccjs. Wurfa÷# b`th`%

gbs# cj a`vbstafjga÷` eês ghepcbkj y pbcafrhsj;

cj db chs ccjejdhs ib`÷eb`hs tobtj# rbibrb`tbs

j cjs ejàibstjgah`bs db chs Bspåratus db chs

eubrths. Bc prhibshr ^rjtt jsuea÷ cj darbgga÷`

dbc fruph tobtj db a`vbstafjga÷`# chfrj`dh rb%

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cjs jpjragah`bs y gheuàgjgah`bs db Bspåratus.W÷ch ijctjlj cj a`vbstafjga÷` db cj rbb`gjr`j%

ga÷`# eês daiågac jû` phr cj aephsalacadjd db cjs

prubljs ejtbrajcbs rbspbgth j qub u`j pbrsh%

`j iubrj rbjceb`tb htrj b` u`j b`gjr`jga÷`

j`tbrahr. Bc prhibshr Aj` Wtbvb`sh`# db cj Rà%

vbrsadjd db Gjcaihràj# sb b`gjrf÷ db bstb sbg%

thr# pulcagj`dh u` vhcueb` qub# prêgtagjeb`%

tb# gh rej cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs dbc ghrh`bc Jc%

lbrt db \hgojs# b` ^jras. Bstjlj` gh`vb`gadhs

db cj bxastb`gaj db cj rbb`gjr`jga÷`. Iubrh`

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Grhhmbs# \agobt y tj`ths htrhs dbc safch _A_.

\bsurfa÷ jså b` bc sb`h db cjs easejs gab`%

gajs# cj gh`gbpga÷` dbc ohelrb gheh Bspåratu

y bc gh`gbpth db cj eubrtb gheh u`j ijsb dbc

gh`taùue db cj vadj. Bc Bsparataseh uàb`dh

cj gab`gaj gh` cj chshiåj y cj ehrjc# hirbga÷ u`

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db cj ouejàdjd.

Bc dbsjrrhcch db cjs gab`gajs dah bspjgah jcrbstjlcbgaeab`th db cj vbrdjd bsparatujc dbcohelrb# dbvjstjdj phr cjs rbcafah`bs trj%dagah`jcbs. Iub Jccj` Mjrdbg# bc beárathGhdaigjdhr# quab` ghìfur÷ dagoh ruelhgh` bc dbsgulraeab`th db cj ib`heb`hchfåjbspåratj# ghìrejdj y rbpbtadj phstbrahr%eb`tb phr a`saf`bs gab`taigastjs dbc eu`dh

b`tbrh# bstjlcbgaá`dhsb cjs gh`dagah`bs `b%gbsjrajs pjrj u` dbsjrrhcch a`tbfrjc dbc sbrouej`h.




Oêlcj`hs db cj Ibdbrjga÷` Bspåratj; oasthraj#

hlkbtavhs# `ûebrh db jicajdhs# jgtavadjdbs…

Cj Ibdbrjga÷` Bspåratj Bspjúhcj rb`j%gb b` bc júh :1?4 gheh u`j ibdbrjga÷`db jshgajgah`bs y trjs eugohs júhs db sudbsjpjraga÷` dbsdb cj fubrrj gavac. Wus hl%

kbtavhs `h sh` htrhs qub bc bstudah# prêg% tagj y davucfjga÷` db cj chshiåj bspåratj y

pjrj bcch rbjcazj davbrshs gurshs# gh`frb%shs# saephsahs# jså gheh cjlhrbs shgajcbs#db u`j ihrej jlshcutjeb`tb jctruastj.Gub`tj jgtujceb`tb gh` <? jshgajgah`bsb` Bspjúj.

¸Guêcbs sh` chs pu`ths iu`djeb`tjcbs dbc

bsparataseh /cby db gjusj%bibgth# ebdaueà%

djd# rbb`gjr`jga÷`# bxastb`gaj db Dahs y db

chs bspåratus# btg.!8

Bc Bsparataseh s÷ch jdeatb ghehgabrth# b` ch rbcjtavh j cjs aìhrejgah`bsebdaûeàgjs# jqubcch qub db u`j ihrejuàvbrsjc y gh`ghrdj`tb dagb` chs bspåratusj trjvás db eádaues db thdh bc eu`dh#b` eugohs gjshs dbsgh`hgadhs u`hs dbhtrhs# y qub dj` u` pjsh eês d÷`db cjgab`gaj sb pjrj# pbrh sa cj gab`gaj dbsea`%

tabsb b` jcfu`h db sus pu`ths bc Bsparatas%eh ch jlj`dh`jråj b aråj db cj ej`h db cjgab`gaj# pubs su lûsqubdj `h bs htrj qubcj vbrdjd. Q sus pra`gapahs iu`djeb`tjcbssh`;

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pah jdeatadh yj db u`j ihrej jgjdáeagjb` jcfu`js uàvbrsadjdbs db Bstjdhs Rà%dhs j trjvás dbc rbgubrdh gheprhljdh db

htrjs bxastb`gajs# bspbgajceb`tb b` àúhs.

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kbrbs# aúhs h jducths u`j ijguctjd qub cbs pbreatb ph`brsb b` gh%euàgjga÷` gh` jqubcchs sbrbs a`tbcafb`tbs qub yj `h bstê` –vavhs―#

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¸Zuá pjpbc sb cb jtraluyb j Kbsûs8

Kbsûs bs pjrj `hshtrhs bc ehdbch db pbribgga÷` ehrjc jc qubpubdb jsparjr bc ohelrb. R` bspåratu qub yj oj rbghrradh chs da%vbrshs frjdhs db bvhcuga÷` phr cj qub afujceb`tb tb`drbehs qubpjsjr thdhs `hshtrhs shebtadhs j cj cby db prhfrbsh.

¸Zuá hpaà÷` cbs ebrbgb` cjs rbcafah`bs trjdagah`jcbs b` fb`brjc y cj

gjt÷cagj b` pjrtagucjr8

Zub b` su bsb`gaj thdjs sh` saeacjrbs# cj bxastb`gaj db Dahs# cj

aèhrtjcadjd# cj cby db jehr# sa lab` bc ohelrb oj tbrfavbrsjdh suspra`gapahs praeatavhs phr a`tbrbsbs# phr af`hrj`gaj# phr ij`jtasehs.B` pjrtagucjr cj rbcafa÷` gjt÷cagj dastj eugoh db chs adbjcbs praeb%rhs# eês j`gcjdj b` cjs ihrejs qub b` bc ih`dh# pbrh b` cj ebdadjqub sarvb j eugohs pjrj ebkhrjrsb h irb`jr b` jcfû` jspbgth susaepbribggah`bs rbgh`hgbehs y rbspbtjehs j sus sbfuadhrbs# pubsch aephrtj`tb pjrj `hshtrhs `h bs b` ch qub u`h grbb h bc jpbccadhrbcafahsh qub u`h phrtj y så ch qub u`h ojgb b` bstj vadj. âb`sh

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ojgbr jc ouej`h eês ouej`h.

Bc bsparataseh bs ¸u` gh`ku`th db grbb`gajs# u`j átagj# u`j ihrej db

vadj8 Dbiàga÷`.

Bc Bsparataseh phr dbàga÷` bs cj gab`gaj qub trjtj cj jturjcbzj#

hrafb` y dbsta`h db chs bspåratus y db sus rbcjgah`bs gh` bc eu`dhghrphrjc. Bs j cj vbz u`j gab`gaj db hlsbrvjga÷` y u`j dhgtra`j ch%s÷gj. Gheh gab`gaj prêgtagj# gh`sastb b` cjs rbcjgah`bs qub pubdb`

bstjlcbgbrsb gh` chs bspåratus# gheh dhgtra`j chs÷gj gheprb`db

thdjs cjs gh`sbgub`gajs ehrjcbs qub sb dbsprb`db` db sbebkj`tbrbcjga÷`.

Bs phr tj`th u` gh`ku`th db pra`gapahs chs÷ghs qub surfb`db u`j ihrej gab`tågj /cj gab`gaj db hlsbrvjga÷` ch bs!# db chs qub

B`trbvastj BC ER@DH

Wjcvjdhr Ejrtå` ^rbsadb`tb db cj IBB



7> \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

sb dbsprb`db` cjs rbspubstjs j prbfu`tjs bsb`gajcbs qub thdhs tjrdb h tbeprj`h `hs ojgbehs y qub b` ejyhr h eb`hr frjdh dbpb`dab`dhdb gjdj u`h `hs ccbvj` j u` gjelah db jgtatud j`tb cj vadj y j`tb chs

dbeês# rbsueadh b` bc pra`gapah iu`djeb`tjc db ojgbr jc htrh ch qubquasabrjs qub sb oagabrj gh`tafh.

¸Zuá gh`ghrdj`gajs y daibrb`gajs bxastb` b`trb bsparataseh y ebdaueàdjd8

Brr÷`bjeb`tb bc tárea`h bsparataseh sb rbcjgah`j darbgtjeb`tbgh` cj gheuàgjga÷` gh` chs bspåratus# pbrh bs u` `bhchfaseh grbjdhphr Jccj` Mjrdbg guyj dbàga÷` vbåjehs j`tbrahreb`tb gheh gab`gaj

db hlsbrvjga÷` y gheh b`sbúj`zj chs÷gj.

Ebdaueàdjd bs cj ijguctjd qub pbreatb cj gheuàgjga÷` gh` chsbspåratus y qub phdbehs b`gh`trjr b`trb bspåratjs y `h bspåratjs# y jcafujc qub ojy eugojs pbrsh`js qub `h sjlb` `jdj db bsparataseh y

tab`b` bstj ijguctjd# ojy eugohs bspåratjs qub `h cj tab`b`# pubs sbb`gub`trj b` cj easej prhphrga÷` b`trb u`hs y htrhs. ^brh sa` dudj

cj ebdaueàdjd b`gub`trj su ebkhr hrab`tjga÷` b` cjs b`sbúj`zjs bs%påratjs.

B`trb chs bsparatastjs ¸sh` gheu`bs cjs bxpbrab`gajs ebdaûeàgjs8 ¸Guêc

bs bc pjpbc dbc eádaue8

Wa lab` h sh` eês gheu`bs j avbc pbrsh`jc qub b` gujcquabr htrjpbrsh`j# pubs gheh dbgåjehs cj ebdaueàdjd `h sb tab`b phr sbr bspåratj# b` cj ejyhråj db chs gb`trhs bspåratjs sb gub`tj gh` eádauesy fruphs ebdaûeàghs.

Bc eádaue bs jpb`js u` a`tbrebdajrah y dbpb`dab`dh db su taphdb ebdaueàdjd# ojy eês db 9> taphs db ebdaueàdjd gh`hgadhs /bs%

graturj jutheêtagj# psaghih`åj# btg! trjb eb`sjkbs qub sh` phstbrahr%eb`tb j`jcazjdhs phr bc fruph y gh`trjstjdhs gh` htrhs. Bc eádaue bsphr tj`th u` a`strueb`th.

¸^hr quá chs ib`÷eb`hs db ebdaueàdjd `h sb pubdb` rbprhdugar b`

cjlhrjthrahs8

Wa`h rbprhdugarchs sa pubdb` sbr hlsbrvjdhs b` u` cjlhrjthrahrbuàb`dh cjs gh`dagah`bs `bgbsjrajs gheh db obgoh yj sb oj ccbvjdhj gjlh phr ùebrhshs gab`tåghs. ^brh `h sb pubdb` rbprhdugar j vh%cu`tjd pubs b`trb chs bcbeb`ths aeprbsga`dalcbs bstê` chs bspåratus qub

tab`b` vhcu`tjd prhpaj.

¸Wh` ghepjtalcbs cj gab`gaj y bc bsparataseh8 ¸Zuá bvadb`gajs gab`tåigjspubdb jcbfjr bc bsparataseh jgtujc8

Bc iuturh `hs ehstrjrê qub sh`ghepjtalcbs jc frjdh qub bc bsparatas%eh sb bèjrgjrê b` bc gujdrh db cjs

gab`gajs pubs gheh cjs htrjs bstudajbcbeb`ths y cbybs dbc Ràvbrsh# qub`h phr sbr eb`hs gh`hgadhs u hlvaj%dhs phr chs prbkuagahs dbkj` db bxastar.

Cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs gab`tågjs ccb%vjdjs j gjlh gh` eádaues phr bea%`b`tbs gab`tåghs gheprhlj`dh bstj

rbjcadjd; War Vaccaje Grhhmbs# Gojrcbs\agobt# Gásjr Chelrhsh# Jcbxj`dbr

Jmsjmhi h War Jcirbd \usbcc Vjccjgb.

Bc bstudah db gjshs dbc rbgubrdhdb htrjs bxastb`gajs# gheh dbgåjehsbs yj jcfh jgjdáeagh y dbehstrjdhh cjs rbfrbsah`bs db cj ebehraj ghe%prhljdjs.

Chs jgtujcbs bstudahs b` cjlhrj% thrah db cj fcê`ducj pa`bjc# sbdb db cjebdaueàdjd.

¸Zuá tab`b qub hirbgbr bc bsparataseh j

cj shgabdjd db ùbstrhs dåjs8

R`j jctbr`jtavj rjgah`jc y ljsj%

dj b` obgohs j`tb chs phrquás iu`%djeb`tjcbs db cj vadj qub sh` cjsobrrjeab`tjs vatjcbs pjrj ccbvjr jc sbr ouej`h j cj gh`quastj db så easeh y ojgaj u`j shgabdjd d÷`db bc tb`br y bc stjtus sbj` eb`hs aephrtj`tbs qubbc sbr# bc ojgbr y bc sjlbr# u`j shgabdjdrbfb`brjdj b` chs vjchrbs bsb`gajcbs j

trjvás db cj bdugjga÷` ehrjc.

¸Zuá tab`bs qub dbgar j`tb cj prhcaibrj%

ga÷` db irjudbs# bspbgtêguchs y pbrsh`j% kbs gh` êàeh db cugrh qub jirej` sbr

eádaues8

Zub `h bs `jdj ùbvh y yj hgurråjb` chs tabephs db cjs salacjs y b` thdjscjs áphgjs db cj ouejàdjd# pbrh jcafujc qub bc ejc ojgbr db u` gurj`db%rh `h thr`j pbhr j cj ebdaga`j à cjsij`tjsåjs jstrhc÷fagjs ojrê` gjelajr cjsatujga÷` jstrh`÷eagj db chs pcj`btjsbsths psbudh%eádaues `h pbrkudagj`

cj lub`j cjlhr qub pubdj dbsjrrh%ccjr u` lub` eádaue# y bc tabeph chsjrrjstrjrê ghchgê`dhchs b` su dbladh

… bc bsparataseh sb bèjrgjrê b` bc gujdrh db cjsgab`gajs pubs gheh cjs htrjs bstudaj bcbeb`ths ycbybs dbc Ràvbrsh# qub `h phr sbr eb`hs gh`hgadhsu hlvajdhs phr chs prbkuagahs dbkj` db bxastar.



\bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB 7:

cufjr gheh cj quåeagj push b` bc suyh jcj jcquaeaj. R`j lub`j fjrj`tåj b` cj eb%daueàdjd sbrê bc dbsa`tbrás y cj eês jl%

shcutj frjtuadjd db chs eádaues# iubrj dbbsh thdh bs gojrcjtj`bråj.

¸Ojy jcfû` eádaue gh`hgadh /J``b Fbr%

eja` u htrhs! dbc qub pab`sbs qub rbjceb`tb

phsbb bsjs gjpjgadjdbs8

Wh` eugohs chs eádaues qub oj`dbehstrjdh ojstj cj sjgabdjd sus ijguctj%dbs# cj sjgabdjd db cjs durjs prubljs j qubiubrh` shebtadhs phr sus a`vbstafjdhrbs.Dbstjgjråjehs b`trb chs eês aephrtj`tbs

j Djàbc Dhufcjs Oheb# Ichrb`gb Ghhm h Ejdjeb d´Bspbrj`gb phr chs gab`tåghs

qub cbs a`vbstafjrh` y qub dbehstrjrh` cjrbjcadjd db cj ebdaueàdjd.

^brh ojy eugohs eádaues qub j`÷%àejeb`tb bstê` dbehstrê`dh`hs gh`ta%

ùjeb`tb `h s÷ch cj rbjcadjd db cj ebdaueàdjd sa`h bc frj` lab`qub pubdb` ojgbr ju`j`dh cj jyudj bsparatujc jc dbsbh db sbrvar dbsa`tbrbsjdjeb`tb.

Dj`hs aìhrejga÷` shlrb bc pr÷xaeh Gh`frbsh db Yjcb`gaj.

Dbc :> jc :< db hgtulrb pr÷xaehs tb`drê cufjr b` cj Ibraj db

Yjcb gaj bc 9» Gh`frbsh Bspåratj Eu`dajc qub tab`b prbvastj u`j jsas% tb`gaj db <>>> pbrsh`js# bspåratjs y `h bspåratjs db thdh bc eu`dh.

Tb`drê gheh cbej –Whehs Bspåratus Aèhrtjcbs―# y phdrbehsbsgugojr j pbrsh`jcadjdbs `h s÷ch bspåratjs# tjelaá` a`tbcbgtujcbs#jgjdáeaghs y gab`tåghs pjrj ojlcjr db cj aèhrtjcadjd dbc jcej.

B`trb bcchs dbstjgjråjehs j dhs eádaues phr sus rbgh`hgadjs trj%ybgthrajs ebdaûeàgjs y ouejàtjrajs; Bc gjtbdrêtagh db iåsagj \jûcTbaxbarj y Davjcdh ^brbarj. Gheh gab`tåghs dbstjgjråjehs j Gj%

rhc Lhwej` db cj Ràvbrsadjd db Yarfaàj# qub oj gheprhljdh y dbehstrjdh gjshs db vadjs pjsjdjs b` àúhs# y j Wbrfah Ibcapb dbHcavbarj# u` `burhgab`tågh qub oj dbehstrjdh cj ebdaueàdjd b`

cjlhrjthrah.

Calrh \bgheb`djdh^r÷xaejeb`tb cj`zjrbehs bc calrh–Mjtab Ma`f―

Gh` cjs a`vbstafjgah`bs rbjcazjdjs phr War Vaccajes Grhhmbs# bc ijehsh

iåsagh y quåeagh a`fcás# qub# euy bsgáptagh jc pra`gapah# sus a`vbstafjgah`bscb gh`dukbrh` prhfrbsavjeb`tb j cj gh`vagga÷` db qub bsths ib`÷eb`hs

sh` vbrdjdbrhs= y `h tatulb÷ yj à u` eheb`th b` prhgcjejr euy jcth

cj gbrtaduelrb qub rbsuct÷ db su trjljkh. Gh` cj jctavj rebzj qub dj cj

sbfuradjd db ojlbr gheprhljdh gab`tågjeb`tb chs obgohs# gh`vartabsb

b` gjepb÷` db u`j aephpucjr# pbrh a`dasgutalcb vbrdjd. J pjrtar db jqubc

eheb`th# `jdj iub yj gjpjz db dbtb`br bc aepucsh djdh. \ussbcc Vjccjgb#

Chdfb# Eabrs# Ohfdsh`# såfub`cb phr cj sb`dj phr ác jlabrtj. B` Jcbejàj#

bea`b`gajs gheh [ùcc`br# Vblbr# Ibgo`br# Rcraga# bc Dr. Iraázb# Gjrchs du

^rbc qubdj` gh`quastjdhs= b` \usaj# Jmsjmhi y Lhutcbrhw= b` Atjcaj# bc prh%

ibshr Ijcghebr# Goajaj# Lrhiibrah# Ia`za# Wgoajpjrbcca y bc prhpah Chelrhsh#

quab` sb vb hlcafjdh j ghìbsjr cj a`bxjgtatud db sus jprbgajgah`bs jgbrgjdbc ib`÷eb`h bspåratj= b` Irj`gaj# sh` bc dhgthr Falabr# \agobt# Db \hgojs#

Icjeejra÷`# quab`bs gheprublj` cj ebdaueàdjd db Busjpaj jccjda`h. War Vaccaje Grhhmbs



7< \bvastj Bspåratj db cj IBB

Cj Bsparatujcadjd b` bc ga`bEês jccê db cj vadj

Chcj Fjrgåj

Wa`hpsas; @jrrj cj oasthraj db trbs pbrsh`js qub oj` tbàdh jcfû`taph db gh`tjgth gh` cj eubrtb; Ejrab CbCjy /Gágacb db Irj`gb!# u`jijehsj pbrahdastj db cj tbcbvasa÷` irj`gbsj qub bstê j pu`th db ehrarjohfjdj durj`tb bc tsu`jea qub jshc÷ bc sudbstb jsaêtagh b` <>>4=Fbhrfb Ch`bfj` /Ejtt Djeh`!# u` eádaue qub oj jlj`dh`jdh cjprêgtagj ebdaûeàgj gheh ihrej db sulsastb`gaj y Ejrgus /Irj`maby Fbhrfb EgCjrb`!# u` àúh lratêàgh oakh db u`j drhfjdagtj qubpabrdb j su obrej`h fbebch b` u` jggadb`tb db trêigh. Cjs vadjs dbbsths trbs pbrsh`jkbs jgjljrê` gruzê`dhsb# ghepcbeb`tê`dhsb# pjrjb`tb`dbr qub cj vadj safub trjs bc gbsb db cj vadj iåsagj.

^bcågucj; Eês jccê db cj vadj. Tåtuch hrafa`jc; Obrbjitbr.

Darbgga÷`; Gca`t Bjstwhhd.

^jås; RWJ.

Júh; <>:>. Durjga÷`; :<4 ea`. Fá`brh; Drjej.

A`tbrprbtjga÷`; Ejtt Djeh` /Fbhrfb!# Gágacb db Irj`gb /Ejrab Cbcjy!#Fbhrfb y Irj`mab EgCjrb` /Ejrgus(Kjghl!# Kjy Ehor /Laccy!# Lrygb Djccjs Ohwjrd/Ebcjàb!# Ejrtob Mbccbr /Drj. \hussbju!# Toabrry @buvag /Dadabr!.

Fuah`; ^btbr Ehrfj`.

^rhdugga÷`; Gca`t Bjstwhhd# Mjtocbb` Mb``bdy y \hlbrt Chrb`z.

Eûsagj; Gca`t Bjstwhhd. Ihthfrjiåj; The Wtbr`.

Eh`tjkb; Khbc Ghx y Fjry D. \hjgo.

Dasbúh db prhdugga÷`; Kjebs K. Eurjmjea. Ybstujrah; Dblhrjo Ohppbr.

Dastraluadhrj; Vjr`br Lrhs. âgturbs A`tbr`jtah`jc Bspjúj.

Bstrb`h b` RWJ; :2 Hgtulrb <>:>.

Bstrb`h b` Bspjúj; <: B`brh <>::.

@h rbgheb`djdj pjrj eb`hrbs db 6 júhs.

Gca`t Bjstwhhd# j sus ?: júhs# trjs u`j gjrrbrj b` cj qub oj dbehstrj%

dh shlrjdjeb`tb su lub` ojgbr ga`bejthfrêgh# calrb yj db bxêeb`bs# sb

eubstrj gheh u` ohelrb vjcab`tb# sa` eabdh j cj eubrtb à j chs prbkuagahs#

prbsb`tê`dh`hs u` rbth phgh gheû` b` cj a`dustraj db Ohccywhhd j trjvás

db su ûctaej pbcågucj# Eês jccê db cj vadj. Q ch ojgb pjrj prbfu`tjrsb jgbrgj db

cjs gubstah`bs bsb`gajcbs db cj bxastb`gaj; Zuá hgurrb dbspuás db cj eubrtb8

¸Ojy vadj dbspuás db cj vadj8 Wa bs jså b` quá ihrej8 Bstjehs gh`bgtjdhs db

jcfu`j ej`brj gh` sbrbs ouej`hs dastj`tbs b` bc bspjgah y b` tabeph8

Yjrahs tbejs bsparatujcbs vj` sab`dh dbsfrj`jdhs b` cj pbcågucj; cjs bxpb%

rab`gajs gbrgj`js j cj eubrtb /BGE!# cj ebdaueàdjd y bc gh`tjgth gh` sbrbs

qubradhs qub oj` ijccbgadh# cjs gjtêstrhibs `jturjcbs b` cjs qub eubrb` eacbs

db pbrsh`js# btg. B` rbjcadjd# `jdj ùbvh pjrj quab` gh`hzgj bc bsparataseh#

pbrh så u`j pbcågucj jtrjgtavj# db rateh sbrb`h# pjrj jgbrgjr jc frj` pûlcagh j

Chcj Fjrgåj

Oasthrajdhrj dbc jrtb y lalcahtbgjraj. Ihrej pjrtb db cj Jshgajga÷`Bspåratj db Yjcb`gaj.




gubstah`bs eugojs vbgbs sacb`gajdjs# pjtraehàh dbc êelath pravjdh# ihrej`dh

pjrtb db ch qub cj prhtjfhàstj db`hea`j –cj gh`sparjga÷` dbc sacb`gah―.

B` bibgth# cj bxpbrab`gaj gbrgj`j j cj eubrtb db cj pbrahdastj db tbcbva%

sa÷` b` cj guelrb dbc áxath# gjelaj su vadj pjrj sabeprb. Guj`dh bccj dbgadb

a`vbstafjr y dbspuás ojlcjr shlrb bstjs gubstah`bs phcåtagjeb`tb a`ghrrbgtjs b`

u` eu`dh ejtbrajcastj# suirb bc rbgojzh db su b`thr`h cjlhrjc y shgajc. ^brh cjsgubstah`bs qub sb pcj`tbj sh` a`bcudalcbs# grugajcbs# y phr bsh dbgadb jrrabsfjr

su vadj jghehdjdj pjrj sjlbr eês. Jgudb j cj gab`tågj qub a`vbstafj y vavb

db gbrgj bstjs BGE y qub så tab`b rbspubstj j sus prbfu`tjs# `jgab`dh jså su

calrh Obrbjitbr# j gh`sparjgy hi sacb`gb /Dbspuás db cj vadj# cj gh`sparjga÷` dbc

sacb`gah!.

Cj pbcågucj pcj`tbj tjelaá` bc dacbej jgbrgj db sa cj ebdaueàdjd bs u`

dh` h u`j ejcdaga÷`. B` rbjcadjd# bs u` a`strueb`th qub dblb sbr dbladjeb`%

tb bdugjdh y usjdh gh` rbsph`sjlacadjd pjrj sbrvar db jyudj j htrjs pbrsh`js.

Fbhrfb tab`b u`j ebdaueàdjd hstb`salcb db vadb`gaj y db a`tuaga÷`# qub b`

su gjsh cb aepadb ihrkjr rbcjgah`bs durjdbrjs. Tjelaá` sb `hs eubstrj qub cj

ebdaueàdjd bs jcfh `jturjc y qub `h subcb jpjrbgbr cafjdj j quab`bs cj bkbr%gatj` gh` u` a`tbrás bgh`÷eagh. B` bibgth# bc easeh prhtjfhàstj b` su pjsjdh

sb jprhvbgo÷ db su ebdaueàdjd pjrj b`raqubgbrsb y bstj gargu`stj`gaj sb

vhcva÷ b` gh`trj suyj.

\bibrb`gajs j cj catbrjturj gcêsagj y jc eu`dh dbc calrh jrrhpj` u` ce

cjrfh b` ebtrjkb# pbrh a`dudjlcbeb`tb a`tbrbsj`tb y dbsbjlcb qub sb jlhrdb

eês j ebùdh. Bc eádaue shcatjrah y jgah`jdh j chs judahcalrhs db cjs hlrjs

db Gojrcbs Dagmb`s vajkj j cj gjsj dbc juthr db Gub`th db @jvadjd y Bc eastb%

rah db Bdwa` Drhhd b` lusgj db jyudj b a`sparjga÷`. Dbsdb jccå bs gh`dugadh j

cj Ibraj dbc calrh ch`da`b`sb# dh`db sb b`gh`trjrê gh` chs htrhs pbrsh`jkbs. @h

ojy gjsujcadjdbs# sa`h gjusjcadjdbs. Jsastaehs# pubs# j u`j ùbvj prhpubstj db

rbbxa÷` shlrb cj vadj dbspuás db cj vadj# trjs cj gbcblrjdj vbrsa÷` ga`bejth%

frêgj db @hssh cjr /@ubstrh ohfjr!# dbc eádaue Goagh _jvabr# prbsb`tjdj bc

júh pjsjdh gheh cj prhdugga÷` eês aephrtj`tb dbc ga`b lrjsacbúh. Cj eubrtb

bs jpb`js bc gheab`zh db u`j vadj eês pcb`j y gh`sgab`tb…



74

J gjea`h db cj Cuz /@hrejc! 2#>> ₣

J ch Cbkhs b` bc Kjrdå` 9#>> ₣

Jggga÷` y \bjgga÷` 1#>> ₣

Jiàdjd 4#>> ₣

Jfb`dj Grastaj`j 7#>> ₣

Jclhrjdj Grastaj`j 4#>> ₣

Jehr A`vb`galcb Jehr :<#>> ₣Jtb`ga÷` 4#>> ₣

Juthdbsgulraeab`th ?#>> ₣

Lub`j @ubvj /@hrejc! 2#>> ₣

Gjea`h Bspåratj /Lhcsacch! 4#>> ₣

Gjrjgtbrbs db cj \bvbcjga÷` Bspåratj 7#>> ₣

Ghcbgga÷` db hrjgah`bs bspåratjs 4#>> ₣

Ghepjúbrhs /Lhcsacch! 4#>> ₣

Ghrjkb 4#>> ₣

Grastajàseh y Bsparataseh ::#>> ₣Guj`dh \bfrbsb cj ^raejvbrj /@hrejc! 6#>> ₣

Gub`ths Bsparatastjs ?#>> ₣

Gub`ths y Jphchfhs /@hrejc! 2#>> ₣

Dbsdb cj htrj vadj 4#>> ₣

Dbspuás db cj Eubrtb 6#2> ₣

Dbrrhtbrhs 4#>> ₣

Dåjs Fchrahshs :<#>> ₣

Da`brh 2#>> ₣

DYD db Mjrdbg j ùbstrhs dåjs 9#>> ₣Bdugjga÷` jrj cj Eubrtb 1#>> ₣

Bc Jcej bs Aèhrtjc ?#>> ₣

Bc Gjea`h \bgth 7#>> ₣

Bc Gb`trh Bspåratj 1#>> ₣

Bc Gh`shcjdhr qub ^rhebta÷ Kbsûs 1#>> ₣

Bc Bsparataseh b` su Eês saepcb Bxprbsa÷` <#>> ₣

Bc Bspåratu y bc Tabeph :>#>> ₣

Bc Frj` Bàfej 1#>> ₣

Bc Ohelrb A`tbfrjc ?#>> ₣Bc Calrh db chs Bspåratus % BBB 9#>> ₣

Bc Calrh db chs Bspåratus % ADB 9#>> ₣

Bc calrh db chs bsparatus % Jebcaj Lhudbt 1#>> ₣

Bc Calrh db chs Bspåratus Irb`tb j cjGucturj db su Tabeph

7#>> ₣

Bc Calrh db chs Ebdaues % Jebcaj Lhudbt 1#>> ₣

Bc Eu`dh A`vasalcb y cj Fubrrj 1#>> ₣

Bc ^rhlcbej dbc Wbr y dbc Dbsta`h :>#>> ₣

Bc rhlcbej \bcafahshs y bc Bsparataseh 7#>> ₣Bc sbr sulgh`sgab`tb 2#2> ₣

Bc Wbre÷` db cj Eh`tjúj 7#>> ₣

B` bc Lhrdb dbc Aìàth 9#>> ₣

B` bc Eu`dh Ejyhr 9#>> ₣

B` cjs Irh`tbrjs db cj Chgurj :<#>> ₣

B` chs Dheaàhs db cj Ebdaueàdjd 1#>> ₣

B`hqub Bspåratj 6#>> ₣

Bèjùbc % Gab`gaj % Iachshåj % \bcafa÷` 1#>> ₣

B`sjyh rbsvastj Bsparataseh 7#>> ₣B`trb cj Tabrrj y bc Gabch 6#>> ₣

Bpashdahs Dajrahs 6#>> ₣

Bsgcjvatud 9#>> ₣

Bspåratus y Ebdaues 7#>> ₣

Bvhcuga÷` b` Dhs Eu`dhs :>#>> ₣

Ichrjgah`bs Bvj`fácagjs /@hrejc! ?#>> ₣

Fchsjrah bspåratj grastaj`h 9#>> ₣

Fuåj ^rjgtagj dbc Bsparatastj 2#>> ₣

Ojgaj cjs bstrbccjs 6#>> ₣Obgohs qub ^rublj` 1#>> ₣

Obrb`gajs db Jehr 6#>> ₣

A`trhdugga÷` db cj Dhgtra`j Bspåratj 7#>> ₣

A`vatjgah`bs j cj Yadj /Lhcsacch! :>#>> ₣

Kuj`j db Jrgh Ebdaue 1#>> ₣

Cj Jdearjlcb Kuj`j db J`fbcas ?#>> ₣

Cj Bvhcuga÷` J`åeagj 1#>> ₣

Cj Fá`bsas % Jebcaj Lhudbt 1#>> ₣

Cj @ubvj \bvbcjga÷` 1#>> ₣Cj Hlsbsa÷`# Bc jsb y bc Jdhgtra`jeab`th 7#>> ₣

Cj \bb`gjr`jga÷` :<#>> ₣

Ibraj dbc Calrh Bspåratj

^raebrj Ibraj dbc calrh Bspåratj /Bspjúj <>:>!

Ghepcbeb`tj`dh jc 9» Gh`frbsh Bspåratj Eu`dajc# tuvh cufjr cj ^raebrj Ibraj dbc calrh Bspåratj Bspjúj <>:>.

Wb bxpusabrh` calrhs b` daibrb`tbs adahejs. Q bsths sh` chs qub sb bxpusabrh` b` bspjúhc# qub pubdb` jdquararsbj trjvás db cj Ibdbrjga÷` Bspåratj Bspjúhcj# bdathrajc sa` êàeh db cugrh# qub rba`vabrtb b` bc prhpah calrh bspåratj.



72

Cj vadj b` jeacaj 9#>> ₣

Cbfjdh Mjrdbgaj`h 6#>> ₣

Calbrjga÷` 2#>> ₣Chs Jclhrbs db cj Ybrdjd ::#>> ₣

Chs Eubrths Wafub` Yavab`dh 1#>> ₣

ChsJàejcbs tab`b` jcej 1#>> ₣

Ej`hs uàdjs 4#>> ₣

Ebgjàsehs db cj Ebdaueàdjd 1#>> ₣

Ebdatjgah`bs 4#>> ₣

Ebehrajs db Jejcaj Dhea`fh Whcbr /Lhcsacch! 4#>> ₣

Ebehrajs db u` Wuagadj :<#>> ₣

Ebehrajs db u`j eukbr 6#2> ₣Ebehrajs dbc ^jdrb Fbreê` 6#>> ₣

Ehcdbj`dh bc Tbrgbr Eacbàh :>#>> ₣

Eheb`ths db Gh`gab`gaj 6#>> ₣

Eubrtb bs vadj 1#>> ₣

Hlrjs ^÷stuejs % Jebcaj Lhudbt 1#>> ₣

Hlsbsa÷` y Dbshlsbga÷` 7#>> ₣

Hpaà÷` bsparatj /lhcsacch! 4#>> ₣

Hpaà÷` bsparatj /`hrejc! 4#>> ₣

Hrjthraj 4#>> ₣^jlch y Bstblj` :<#>> ₣

^jcjlrjs dbc ghrjz÷` 4#>> ₣

^jrajs b` \bdb`ga÷` /@hrejc! 9#>> ₣

^jsbs j cj cuz dbc bsparataseh ?#>> ₣

^árdadj db Wbrbs Zubradhs /@hrejc! 9#>> ₣

Zuá bs bc Bsparataseh 9#>> ₣

\bgbtjs db ^jz 9#>> ₣

\bgubrdhs db cj Ebdaueàdjd 1#>> ₣

\bspubstjs db cj Yadj 4#>> ₣\buàh`bs Ebdaueàgjs Wbrajs 2#>> ₣

\bvastj bsparatj 9< 9#>> ₣

\bvastj bsparatj 99 9#>> ₣

Wb`dbrhs db Calbrjga÷` :2#>> ₣

Wbújc vbrdb 4#>> ₣

Whgajcaseh y Bsparataseh 1#>> ₣

Wus eês obrehshs bsgraths /Jejcaj! :6#>> ₣

Tb pbrdh`h :6#>> ₣

Trafh db Dahs 6#>> ₣

Yjeparaseh# saquajtråj y Bsparataseh 1#>> ₣

Yadj Dbsjåhs y Whcugah`bs :<#>> ₣

Yadj y hlrj db Davjcdh ^brbarj Irj`gh :>#>> ₣

Jccj` Mjrdbg Bc Bdugjdhr yBc Ghdaigjdhr A % BDAGBA

9#>> ₣

Jccj` Mjrdbg Bc Bdugjdhr yBc GhdaigjdhrAA % BDAGBA

9#>> ₣

Gjea`h Ybrdjd y Yadj % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Gjrtaccj dbc Lab` % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Dbspabrtb y Wbj Ibcaz % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Dhgtra`j Bspåratj pjrj ^ra`gapaj`tbs % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bc Gabch y bc Aìbr`h % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bc Bsparataseh b` su Ejs Waepcb

Bxprbsa÷` % BDAGBA

<#>> ₣

Bc Bsparatu db cj Ybrdjd % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bc Bvj`fácah Wáfu` bc Bsparataseh % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bc Calrh db chs Bsparatus % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bc Calrh db chs Ebdaues % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Bsparataseh y Bghchfåj % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Kbsus b` bc Ohfjr % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Kustagaj Dava`j % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Cj Fá`bsas % BDAGBA :>#>> ₣

Cjs Yadjs ^jsjdjs db chs @aúhs % BDAGBA 9#>> ₣Chs Eb`sjkbrhs % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Eb`sjkb db ue Jdhcbsgb`tb dbsdb bcEu`dh Bsparatujc % BDAGBA

2#>> ₣

Easah`brhs db cj Cuz % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

@ubstrh Ohfjr % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Hlrbrhs db cj Yadj Btbr`j % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

^j` @ubstrh % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

^b`sjeab`th y Yadj % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

\bcafa÷` db chs Bsparatus % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣\bvastj Bspåratj Júh :?2? % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

\bvastj Bspåratj Júh :?21 % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Wbxh y Dbsta`h % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Wabelrj db chs Ebdau`s % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Wulcaeb Bxpajga÷` % BDAGBA ?#>> ₣

Yadj Ibcaz % BDAGBA 6#>> ₣

Yadj y Wbxh % BDAGBA 9#>> ₣

Q cj Yadj Gh`taùj… BDAGBA 6#>> ₣



Gjepjúj davucfjtavj dbc Bsparataseh Jccj` Mjrdbg; –¸Zuá bs bc Bsparataseh8―

^jrj thdhs jqubcchs gh` a`quabtudbs bsparatujcbs y qub bstá` a`tbrbsjdhs b` gh`hgbr bc Bs%

parataseh# bc gb`trh bspåratj –Cj Cuz dbc Gjea`h― cbs hirbgb u`j a`trhdugga÷` jc gh`hgaeab`% th dbc eu`dh a`vasalcb# gh` bc calrh –¸Zuá bs bc Bsparataseh8― db Jccj` Mjrdbg.

Zuab`bs shcagatb` bstb calrh# cbs ccbfjrê j sus ej`hs db ihrej thtjceb`tb frjtuatj.

Whcagatudbs;

Gb`trh Bspåratj –Cj Cuz dbc Gjea`h―

G( Gêdaz `» :7 Las# Rrl. Eh`tbpa`jr# Hraoubcj G.^. >77>> % Jcagj`tb

Jpjrtjdh db ghrrbhs » :66

B%ejac; calrhsNcjcuzdbcgjea`h.ghe

Bc gabch y bc A`ibr`hJccj` Mjrdbg

Cj Fá`bsasJccj` Mjrdbg

Bc calrh db chs BspåratusJccj` Mjrdbg

Bc Bvj`fbcah Wbfû` bc BsparatasehJccj` Mjrdbg

Cjs Yadjs ^jsjdjs db chs @aúhsGjrhc Lhwej`

Wbxh y Dbsta`hIrj`gasgh Gì`dadh _jvabr

Bc calrh db chs EbdauesJccj` Mjrdbg

revista fee - numero 00 - abril 2011

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