revista fee - numero 01 - julio 2011

8/4/2019 Revista FEE - Numero 01 - Julio 2011

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Df hjvdf `d praerdsa karlf `df kê`juk didrcd erlhjhudhcjl sabrd fl clfj`l` ̀ d fls cakuhjclcjahds rdcjbj`lspar su jhtdrkd`ja( Fas Dspërjtus busclh cakuhjclrsd par kê`juks cah qujdhds tjdhdh lhj`l`( Lsë& fls vjrtu`dsltrldh l fas budhas Dspërjtus& kjdhtrls fls jkpdrgdccjahds

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Dscaffas dh fl prìctjcl kd`jùkhjclDhtrd fas dscaffas dh fl prìctjcl kd`jùkhjcl& Df fjbra

`d fas kê`juks rdslftl fl absdsjóh& ds ̀ dcjr& df jkpdrja qudlfeuhas Dspërjtus pud`dh didrcdr sabrd cjdrtls pdrsahls(Kd`jlhtd uh lhìfjsjs dscflrdcdàr& fl abrl prdsdhtl flsclrlctdrëstjcls& fls vlrjd`l`ds y fls clusls `d fl absdsjóh&lsë caka fas kd`jas `d cakbltjrfl(

Df fjbra `d fas kê`juks cahtjdhd dhsdülhzlsjh`jspdhslbfds tlkbjêh sabrd fls kjstjclcjahdspravacl`ls par Dspërjtus& df cmlrfltlhjska y df grlu`d(Dxpfjcl& `ds`d df puhta `d vjstl tlhta karlf cakacjdhtëca& par quê sd `dbd didrcdr fl kd`jukhj`l`

erltujtlkdhtd& sjh hjheùh jhtdrês pdrsahlf(Thl abrl jkpdrdcd`drl

Glcuftl` jhmdrdhtd lf sdr muklha& dh klyar a dhkdhar erlà& fl kd`jukhj`l` tjdhd caka hlfj`l`cahùcjr l fl muklhj`l` mlcjl su praerdsa karlf djhtdfdctulf( Ds hdcdslrja& puds& dstu`jlr sdrjlkdhtd flkd`jukhj`l` y prlctjclrfl sdeùh su habfd hlfj`l`( Fleuël sdeurl plrl dffa ds& jhù`lbfdkdhtd& df Dspjrjtjska y&dspdcëclkdhtd& Df fjbra `d fas kê`juks(

Dxjstdh vlrjls abrls dspërjtls dxcdfdhtds sabrdkd`jukhj`l`& pdra hjheuhl sustjtuyd Df fjbra `d faskê`juks& df kìs erlh`jasa y cakpfdta dstu`ja sabrd dflsuhta( @dbjà tlhta l fl lftl rdfdvlhcjl `df tdkl qud

trltl caka l fl lkpfjtu` y praguh`j̀ l` `d su cahtdhjà&Df fjbra `d fas kê`juks ds uhl abrl jkpdrdcd`drl(

L pdslr `d qud ds uhl abrl qud pdrklhdcdrì plrlfl dtdrhj`l`& ha dspdrdkas plrl dstu`jlrfl y pahdr dhprìctjcl sus dhsdülhzls(

Glcuftl` jhmdrdhtd lf sdr muklha& dh klyar a dhkdhar erlà& fl kd`jukhj`l` tjdhd caka hlfj`l`

cahùcjr l fl muklhj`l` mlcjl su praerdsa karlfd jhtdfdctulf(



= Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

Rdvjstl Dspërjtl -Lfflh Olr`dc*Havjdkbrd `d <=70

Lrtëcufa `d fl Rdvjstl Dspërjtl

@jsdrtlcjahds Dspërjtls

Sabrd fas Dspërjtus qudlùh sd crddh vjvas

Zl as mlbflkas kucmls vdcds ̀ d fls ̀ jvdrsls prudbls

y dxpjlcjahds? pdra& ±ha `dscubrës hudvls `jlrjlkdhtd1Sah jhhjtls& caka fa sah fas vjcjas `d fl Muklhj`l`&y as clbd l vasatras dstlbfdcdr su hakdhcflturl( ^dracaka has rdcflkìjs uh mdcma& vay l jhtdhtlr jhstrujras(

Paà ha sah prudbls dh fl dxjstdhcjl( Fl vj`l `dfDspërjtu cahtjhùl& caka yl sd as ml `jcma& `ds`d qudhlcd mlstl df jhhjta? plrl lfeuhas fl kudrtd ha plsl `dsjkpfd lccj`dhtd& qud dh hl`l jhuyd sabrd df `dstjha`d lqudf qud kudrd( Th lzufdia qud cld& uh ltlqud `dlpapfdiël& uhl kudrtd vjafdhtl& kucmls vdcds lpdhlssdplrlh lf Dspërjtu `d su dhvaftarja kltdrjlf? pdra df

dhvaftarja pdrjdspjrjtulf cahsdrvl& lf kdhas dh plrtd& flsprapjd`l`ds `df cudrpa qud lclbl `d sucukbjr( Sj yapu`jdrl& dh uh `ël `d bltlffl& lbrjr fas aias qud pasdêjs&pdra `d fas culfds ha pa`êjs mlcdr usa& vdrëljs kucmlsfucmls cahtjhulhà& kucmas saf`làs flhzìhàsd lfltlqud& ̀ dgdh`jdhà y ltlclhà fas rdùctas& dscucmlrëljssus murrls y erjtas `d eudrrl& dh kd`ja `df sjfdhcjasay trjstd vdfa qud sjeud l uh `ël `d kltlhzl( Pdrkjhlàdf cakbltd vudfvdh l sus maelrds plrl lbrlzlr l susvjdias pl`rds y l sus lhcjlhls kl`rds qud fas dspdrlh(^lrl lfeuhas dsd dstlà l vdcds ùrl kucma& ds uhlcahtjhuj`l` `d fl vj`l tdrrdstrd& uh dstlà kjxta dhtrd

fl vj`l carparlf y fl vj`l dspjrjtulf( ±âr quê& sj gudrahsjkpfds y mahdstas& sdhtjrëlh df grja `d fl tukbl1 ±âr quê plslrëlh brusclkdhtd `d fl vj`l l fl kudrtd& `d flcflrj`l` `df `ël l fl hacmd1 @jas ha ds jhiusta y `dil lfas pabrds `d dspërjtu dsd pflcdr& dspdrlhà qud vdlh sudstlà par df ̀ dslrraffa ̀ d sus prapjls glcuftl`ds& y qudpud`lh plslr trlhqujflkdhtd ̀ d fl vj`l kltdrjlf l fl vj`lrdlf `df Dspërjtu(

Cahsaflas puds& vasatras& qud tdhêjs pl`rds&kl`rds& mdrklhas a mjias qud sd dxtjheujdrah sjh fucml(Plf vdz sd fds pdrkjtl lpraxjklr sus flbjas l vudstrls

grdhtds( Dhiuel` fls fìerjkls9 df fflhta ds àfarasa plrlvasatras y dffas sd l`kjrlh vjdhà qud ffarìjs? as ra`dlhdf cudffa cah sus brlzas y as pj`dh sahrdër( Sahrdë` puds

l dstas jhvjsjbfds y arl` plrl qud clkbjdh df plpdf `d

cakplüdras par df `d euëls? plrl qud lbrlh sus lflsdspjrjtulfds qud fds pdrkjtlh vaflr mlcjl df jhhjta y trldras sus sulvds dklhlcjahds(

Za ha `jea& absdrvdh bjdh& qud ta`ls fls kudrtdsrdpdhtjhls ffdvdh lf Dspërjtu l cldr dh dsd dstlà( Ha&pdra ha mly uha safa cuyl kltdrjl ha tdhel qud fucmlr cah df Dspërjtu qud vudfvd dh së( Prls df ùdfa fl clrhdsd rlsel& df Dspërjtu sd ascurdcd dh df jhstlhtd `d flsdplrlcjóh& y dh fl drrltjcj`l` rdcahacd fl vdr`l`drlvj`l(

Way l cahtlras& dh pacls plflbrls& sabrd lqudffas

plrl fas culfds dstd dstlà ds uhl prudbl( ¡Am, ¡dsàfarasa, dffas sd crddh vjvas y bjdh vjvas& cah uhcudrpa clplz `d sdhtjr y `jsgrutlr `d fas pflcdrds `d fl

tjdrrl& y culhà sus klhas qujdrdh taclr sd ̀ dsvlhdcdh&y culhà lcdrclh sus flbjas l uh vlsa a uhl grutl dsasflbjas sd lhjqujflh? vdh& qujdrdh taclr& pdra ha pud`dhsdhtjr hj taclr( Df plelhjska agrdcd uhl bdffl jkledh `ddsd supfjcja lf prdsdhtlr l Pìhtlfa cah sd` y cah mlkbrdy ilkìs pa`ël taclr cah sus flbjas fl gudhtd `d leul&qud susurrlbl l sus aëàs& a fl grutl qud plrdcël klùrlplrl êf( ¡Mly klf`jcjahds y lhltdkls dh fas erjtas `ddsas `dserlcjlàs, ±\uê mlh mdcma plrl sapartlr dstdsugrjkjdhta1 ^rdeuhtl` l @jas9 ds fl fdy qud gud dscrjtlpar êf( \ujdh kltl par fl dspl`l karjrì par fl dspl`l?qujdh praglhó lf próijka& l su vdz sdrì praglhlà( Flerlh fdy `df tlfjóh dstlbl dscrjtl dh df fjbra `d Kajsês y lùh dstì dh df erlh fjbra `d fl dxpjlcjóh(

Arl` puds jhcdslhtdkdhtd par fas qud ffdelh l flmarl hlf? sus aias sd cdrrlrìh& àrkjrìh dh df dsplcjacaka ùdrkdh dh fl Pjdrrl y& lf `dspdrtlr& dhcahtrlrìhha uh iudz sdvdra sjha uh pl`rd cakplsjva& qud fdssdülflrì hudvls abrls y hudvas `dstjhas(

Slh Leustëh

-Sacjd`l` `d ^lrjs& 2< `d iufja `d <=70 – Kê`juk9 Sr( Wêzy*



Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD :

@jvlfà ^drdjrl Grlhca& kê`juk brlsjfdüa& hlcjàdh <:25( @ds`d fas prjkdras lüas `d su vj`l& @jvlfàGrlhca cudhtl cah fl clplcj`l` `d cakuhjclrsd cah fasdspërjtus( Dh su jhglhcjl fl prdsdhcjl `df dspërjtu `d uhhjüa jh`ëedhl fa lcakplüó ùrlhtd vlrjas lüas(

Dh su iuvdhtu`& gud slcu`jà par fl kudrtd `d sus trds mdrklhas klyards& fa qud `dió l @jvlfà& kuy cahstdrhlà( L rlëz `d dstas sucdsas& dhgdrkó sugrjdhàuhl lkdhlzl `d plrìfjsjs qud fa lbltjó& jhclplz `ddhcahtrlr uhl dxpfjclcjóh l tlhtas sugrjkjdhtas( Fasprapjas dspdcjlfjstls ha qudrëlh dhelülrfd cah culfqujdr rdsuftlà sltjsglctarja pdra ha vdëlh safucjóh(

Dh dsl bùsqud`l par dhcahtrlr rdspudstls& lplrdcjódh su vj`l Lhl Rjbdjra Bareds& kê`juk psjcóerlgl y `djhtujcjóh& qujdh fa cahùcd l fl @actrjhl Dspërjtl( Dstdcahacjkjdhta fa lyu`ó l fjbdrlrsd `df trlukl y ffdvócahsudfa plrl êf y plrl ta`l su glkjfjl(

Gud dhtahcds culhà `dcj`jó `d`jclrsd l dstu`jlr df Dspjrjtjska( ^rahta cahstltó caka kdiarlbl susglcuftl`ds kd`jùkhjcls y& plrl rdlfjzlr uh didrcjcjacarrdcta& sjeujó dstu`jlhà(

@jvlfà ds kê`juk `ds`d su iuvdhtu` y prdsdhtl`jvdrsls glcuftl`ds& tlhta `d dgdctas gësjcas caka `ddgdctas jhtdfdctulfds Dhtrd dffas& sd `jstjheud par flpsjcaerlgël( Sus kdhslids pracd`dh ̀ d `jvdrsas dspërjtus&`dstlclhà& dhtrd dffas& Ialhhl `d Ìhedfjs& qud ùrlhtdkucma tjdkpa sd prdsdhtó caka uh ‖Dspërjtu Lkjea‖&mlstl qud sd kastró caka su arjdhtlàrl dspjrjtulf(@jcml kdhtarl fd dscrjbël jhhukdrlbfds kdhslids dhuh dstjfa lerl`lbfd& plslhà `d fl slbjùrël praguh`llf lkar jhhjta( Dstas kdhslids may dh `ël cahsudflhl fas fdctards kìs `jvdrsas y sd mlh cahvdrtjà dh uhjkpartlhtd lpaya dh df clkjha dspjrjtulf(

Dh <:70& sd pubfjcó df prjkdr fjbra `d @jvlfà

^drdjrl Grlhca& qud ffdvlbl caka tëtufa Kdhslids ̀ d Lkar &àh`d sd rdcaedh fas kdhslids `jctlàs par Ialhhl`d Ìhedfjs( Ml psjcaerllà uh tatlf `d 2<> tëtufas&eujlà par hukdrasas lutards dspjrjtulfds( Luhqud flklyarël `d dffas sah `d su arjdhtlàrl dspjrjtulf Ialhhl`d Ìhedfjs& pa`dkas hakbrlr l atras lutards cakaKlhudf ^mjfakdha `d Kjrlh`l& Wjctar Muea& LkdfjlRa`rjeuds dtc(((

@jvlfà cakdhzó l jkplrtjr cahgdrdhcjls dh <:05&dxtdh`jdhà fl @actrjhl Dspërjtl par taà df kuhày prdsdhtl uhl trlydctarjl mjstórjcl qud ffdel l bltjr rdcar`s dh taà df kuhà& ltrlydhà kuftjtu`ds& cah su

plflbrl jhspjrl`l d jfustrlhà lcdrcl `d tdkls ̀ jgdrdhtdssabrd fas prabfdkls muklhas y dspjrjtulfds(

Wjlil uh prakd`ja `d 23> `ëls lf lüa& plrl jkplrtjr cahgdrdhcjls y sdkjhlrjas par taà df kuhà( ^lrl tdhdr uhl plharìkjcl `d sus lctjvj`l`ds pa`dkas `dcjr qud9mlh sjà kìs ̀ d <3 kjf cahgdrdhcjls prahuhcjl`ls dh 70plësds? sus abrls mlh sjà trlùcj`ls l <4 j`jakls cahkìs `d 4 kjffahds `d didkpflrds y ml cahcd`jà <(4>>dhtrdvjstls plrl rl`ja y tdfdvjsjóh(

Ds uh jkpartlhtd arlàr y dscrjtar dspërjtl& cahkìs `d cjhcudhtl lüas `d`jclàs lf cuj`là `d faskucmlcmas `d fl clffd dh Slfvlàr `d Blmël& dh Brlsjf(

Dh leasta ̀ d <:42& guh`ó iuhta l su prjka Hjfsah ̀ dSauzl ^drdjrl& fl clsl `d lyu`l ‖fl Klhsjóh `df Clkjha‛&uh cdhtra `d lcaej`l qud ml `là fl arjdhtlcjóh y dùclcjóh hdcdslrjl l kìs ̀ d 33 kjf hjüas y làfdscdhtds`dspravjstas `df sustdhta hdcdslrja plrl su `dslrraffa(May fl Klhsjóh `df Clkjha ds uh cakpfdia l`kjrlbfd&dùcltjva `d`jcl`l lf cuj`là l kìs `d 3(>>> hjüas `dfl clffd& cah uhl supdrcjd `d =3(>>> k2 y 4> d`jcjas(

Mlstl fl gdcml ml rdcjbjà kìs `d 7>> makdhlids&sjdhà @actar Maharjs Clusl `d vlrjls uhjvdrsj`l`dshartdlkdrjclhls& y cah kìs `d => tëtufas `d cju`l`lhëlmaharlrjl(

Df 3> ̀ d @jcjdkbrd ̀ d 2>>4 sd fd cahcd`jó df Pëtufa`d Dkblilàr `d fl ^lz dh df Kuhà(

Bjaerlgël@jvlfà ^drdjrl Grlhca



<> Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

Dhtrdvjstl lf Kê`juk @jvlfà Grlhca

J( Cuêhtdhas cóka ̀ dscubrjó qud drl kê`juky dh quê kakdhta acurrjó dsa(

Culhà cukpfë cultra lüas y kd`ja& kd dhcahtrlbldh fl slfl ̀ d fl dhtrl`l ̀ d hudstrl clsl -dh fl cju`l` ̀ d Gdj+

rl `d Slhtlhl+Blmël+Brlsjf*& culhà vj dhtrlr l uhl sdüarlqud kd pj`jó qud fflklrl l kj kl`rd( Za lsë fa mjcd( ^dra&culhà kj klkì ffdeó +puds dstlbl dh fl cacjhl+ ha vja lhl`jd y kd fflkó fl ltdhcjóh( Dh dsd kakdhta& culhà kjkl`rd mlbël vudfta l sus tlrdls& fl sdüarl kd `jia9 + Za say

tu lbudfl& Klrël Sdhmarjhml( Fflkl l Lhl atrl vdz(

Za rdpdtë fl fflkl`l y fd `jid l kj klkì fa qud dstlblsucd`jdhà( Dffl sd qud`ó kuy sarprdh`j`l& parqud ya hamlbël cahacjà l hjheuha `d kjs cultra lbudfas& qud ml+bëlh kudrta lhtds `d qud ya hlcjdrl(

Caka kj klkì tlkpaca cahacjó l su kl`rd& qudsd kurjó `d jhgdccjóh pudrpdrlf `dspuês `d su plrta y gud

dùcl`l par uhl mdrklhl& sd qud`ó sarprdh`j`ësjkl `dqud ya supjdrl df hakbrd `d kj lbudfl& kd prdeuhtó quêdstlbl acurrjdhà(

Fd dxpfjquê qud fl sdüarl qud dstlbl lffë kd fa mlbël`jcma(

Dkblrel`l par uhl erlh dkacjóh& dffl kd cahùia l

fl clsl `d kj tël –su kl`rd làptjvl– y fd dxpfjcó fa quddstlbl acurrjdhà(

Kj tël kd jhtdrraeó lf rdspdta `d fa qud plslbl y sdfa dxpfjquê(

Dh dsd kakdhta& vj l fl `lkl qud sd kd lcdrcó& ya fl`dscrjbë& y ha sê qud kìs plsó…

L plrtjr `d dhtahcds plsê l vdr l fas Dspërjtus(

^dra l plrtjr ̀ d culhà tdhël <5 lüas& ̀ dspuês ̀ d uhlflrel dhgdrkd`l`& lf rdcjbjr fl vjsjtl `d uhl sdüarl kê`jukqud kd rdcupdró fl slfu`& par jhtdrkd`ja `d fl lpfjclcjóh`d plsds& ds culhà guj l uhl sdsjóh kd`jùkhjcl y dkpd+cê l fddr fls abrls `d Lfflh Olr`dc( Parhìhàkd dspërjtl lplrtjr `d dsl aclsjóh& `jctê uhl cahgdrdhcjl dh fl Thjóh Ds+përjtl Sdrejplhl -dh Lrlcliu& clpjtlf `df Dstlà `d Sdrejpd*&df `ël 25 `d klrza `d <:05& jhjcjìhàkd lsë dh fl vjvdhcjl`df Dspjrjtjska(

2( ±Has pa`rël rdfltlr lfeuhls `d fls prudblsqud mlylh cahrklà su kd`jukhj`l`1

Cdhtdhlrds `d vdcds dh `jgdrdhtds plrtds `df kuhà&fas Dspërjtus kd prapahdh jhgarklr l sus glkjfjlrds `d susprdsdhcjls& y& lf mlcdrfa& fls pdrsahls cahrklh tatlfkdhtdfls jhgarklcjahds qud fds sah `l`ls( L`dkìs& par psjca+erlgël& fas Dspërjtus mlh dscrjta& par jhtdrkd`ja këa& kìs`d cultracjdhtls clrtls `df Kìs Lffì `lhà hatjcjls qudsah lcdptl`ls caka vdr`l`drls par fas kjdkbras `d susglkjfjls(

Zl md psjcaerllà pùbfjclkdhtd dh jhefês& grlhcês&jtlfjlha& dsplüaf& ìrlbd& kucmls vdcds cah têchjcl dspdcu+

flr –qud `dbd fddrsd cah fl cafaclcjóh `d uh dspdia– y dxcdfdhtds cahtdhjàs fjtdrlrjas& fasócas& cjdhtëcas& ka+rlfds…

Cdhtdhlrds `d vdcds dh `jdrdhtds plrtds `df kuh+à& fas Dspërjtus kd prapahdh jharklr l sus lkj+fjlrds `d sus prdsdhcjls& y& lf mlcdrfa& fls pdrsahlscahrklh tatlfkdhtd fls jharklcjahds qud fdssah `l`ls(



Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD <<

3( ±Cuìf crdd qud sdl fl kdiar dxprdsjóh y lc+cjóh `d uh kê`juk dh dstd kuhà1

Ds culhà êf sd jfukjhl y sd `d`jcl l sdrvjr l fl mu+

klhj`l` sjh atra jhtdrês& dxcdpta& df `d prlctjclr fl clrj`l`cahgarkd gud rdcakdh`là par Lfflh Olr`dc(

0( ±Mlbrì dh uh gutura kìs kê`juks& y sj dslsë `d quê tjpa1

Fas Dspërjtus kd `jcdh qud së& qud kucmësjkas kê+`juks sd mlrìh prdsdhtds dh dstd kakdhta `d trlhsjcjóhpflhdtlrjl& plrl lprdsurlr fl trlhsgarklcjóh karlf `d flPjdrrl& qud `dilrì `d sdr uh kuhà `d prudbls y `d dx +pjlcjahds plrl trlsgarklrsd dh uh kuhà `d rdedhdrlcjóh(

^jdhsa qud sdrìh kê`juks plrflhtds& dscrjbjdhtds y ̀ dcurlcjóh plrl `jskjhujr df àfar `d fls crjlturls muklhls(

4( Mly yl kucmls prudbls d jhvdstjelcjahds

qud carrabarlh fl kd`jukhj`l`& l trlvês `dhukdrasas cjdhtëcas& ha abstlhtd& fl kd+`jukhj`l` ha ds lùh lcdptl`l par plrtd `dfl Cjdhcjl Acjlf( ±^jdhsl qud fl prudbl jh+hdelbfd `d fl jhkartlfj`l` plrl fl Cjdhcjl y df kuhà dh edhdrlf& dh uh gutura& pravdhel`d fl kd`jukhj`l`& a qujzì par atras kd`jascjdhtëcas caka par didkpfa fas dstu`jas kìslvlhzlàs `d fl gësjcl1

Crda& pdrsahlfkdhtd qud& ha abstlhtd fl habfdzl `dfl kd`jukhj`l`& fas cjdhtëcas& par vlhj`l` y prdsuhcjóh&sjdkprd dhcahtrlrìh kd`jas `d rdgutlr fas gdhókdhaskd`jùkhjcas& `ìhàfds dxpfjclcjahds lbsur`ls y hdeltjvls&

culf sucd`jó cah lfeuhas jhvdstjelàrds `df plslà(@d dsd kaà& fl gësjcl cuìhtjcl a hucfdlr& fl jhedhjdrël

edhêtjcl& fls dvj`dhcjls `d fl rddhclrhlcjóh& dspdcjlfkdhtdpar jhtdrkd`ja `d rdcudràs dxlctas& lsë caka fls dxpd+rjdhcjls cdrclhls l fl kudrtd -DCK*& lbrjrìh kìs lkpfjasdsplcjas plrl fl lcdptlcjóh lcl`êkjcl `d fl jhkartlfj`l``df lfkl(

7( Su lctjvj`l` lftrujstl y muklhjstl ha mlqud`là rdstrjhej`l l fl kd`jukhj`l`& par flqud ml rdcjbjà 2<> fjbras kd`jùkhjcas& ds `d`dstlclr su erlh flbar caka cahgdrdhcjlhtd`jvufelhà fls j`dls dspërjtls dh taà df kuh+à y fl jkpartlhtd lccjóh safj`lrjl qud vjdhd

`dsdkpdülhà dh fl Klhsjóh `df Clkjha( Fdlerl`dcdrëlkas lfeuhls plflbrls sabrd dstastrds grdhtds `d lccjóh qud mlh `dhjà ta`luhl vj`l(

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Clrfas Clkpdttj

Clrfas Clkpdttj

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tjdkpa(

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Ìfvlra Wêfdz ^lrdil

Lfvlra Wêfdz ^lrdil

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Carrdspah`jó lf pd`leaea rlhcês Mjpaffytd Fdóh @d+

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Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD <4

Dkklhudf Swd`dhbare -<7==+<552*

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qud mlbël dstlfflà uh jhcdh`ja dh `jrdccjóh `d su kjskl clsl( L fls 2>m(& `dkastróuhl erlh pdrturblcjóh par fas `lüas praùcjàs? ¡^dra dh dsd kakdhta sd clfkó y dxcflkó cah lfderël qud df jhcdh`ja sd `dtuva trds pudrtls lhtds qud fl suyl, @as `ëls`dspuês sd cahrkó fl hatjcjl ffdel`l `d Dstacafka(

«Fas Dspërjtus ha sjdhà atrl casl qud fls lfkls `d fas makbrds& df vdr`l`dra puhta `d plrtj`lds fl dxjstdhcjl `df lfkl( ±^dra cóka pud`d l`kjtjr df kltdrjlfjstl qud mlyl sdrds qud vjvlhgudrl `df kuhà kltdrjlf& culhà crdd qud êf kjska ha ds sjha kltdrjl1 ±Cóka pud`d crddr dhDspërjtus gudrl `d êf& culhà ha crdd tdhdr uha1 Dh vlha sd lcukuflrëlh l sus aias fls prudblskìs plfplbfds& puds fls hdelrël ta`ls& parqud ha l`kjtd df prjhcjpja( Pa`l dhsdülhzl kdtó`jcl`dbd pracd`dr `d fa cahacjà l fa `dscahacjà? plrl df kltdrjlfjstl fa cahacjà ds fl kltdrjl&plrtj`& puds& `d fl kltdrjl y pracurl` lhtd taà& mlcjêhàsdfl absdrvlr& `d cahvdhcdrfd qud dh êfmly lfeuhl casl qud dsclpl l fls fdyds `d fl kltdrjl…¿

Grlekdhta `df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks

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Kavjkjdhtas y suspdhsjóh `d abidtas +Kdsls ejrltarjlsy `lhzlhtds

Prlspar td y flhzlkjdhta `d abidtas& rujàs y eafpds + âf+ tdredjst

Kdsls plrflhtds – Kdhslids par có`jea `d eafpds

Fdvjtlcjahds

Lpartds + Lplrjcjóh `d abidtas dh rdcjhtas cdrrlàs

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Waz `jrdctl + ^hdukltagahël

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y sucjdhtd `d dctapflskl? `* `dtdrkjhl`ls cah`jcjahds lk+

bjdhtlfds rdqudrj`ls plrl fl praùccjóh `d fas gdhókdhas(

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BJAERLGëL

Jhvdstjelcjahds sabrd dstas dhókdhas& cahùid+rah l dstlbfdcdr fl dxjstdhcjl `d uh `dtdrkjhlàgujà a dhdreël vjtlf cahtdhj`l dh df arelhjska`df sdr muklha(



<7 Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD



Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD <5Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD <5

Kd`jukhj`l` `d Dgdctas Jhtdfdctulfds

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Lfflh Olr`dc F(K(

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trlhskjtd(

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tarjas(

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Fls prjhcjplfds cflsds `d Kd`jukhj`l` y vlrjd`l`ds

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Fl Kd`jukhj`l` `d dgdctas jhtdfdctulfds ds prapjl`d fas kê`juks qud sah kìs lptas plrl rdcjbjr y trlhs+kjtjr cakuhjclcjahds jhtdfjedhtds(

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Clrkdh Clràhl

Clrkdh Clràhl

Aàhtófael& prdsj`dhtl `d flLsacjlcjóh Dspërjtl ‖Sdh`dra`d ^lz‛& dh Blrrlhqujffl -Ca+

fakbjl*( Cahgdrdhcjlhtd dspë+rjtl y dxprdsj`dhtd `d fl Gd+`drlcjóh Dspërjtl `d fl CastlLtfìhtjcl(



<= Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD<= Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

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• Kê`juks plrflhtds a psjcagóhjcas9 ml+bflh blia df jhuia `d fas Dspërjtus( Dh dffas fas dspërjtus`dsdhclrhlàs lctùlh sabrd fas órelhas ̀ d gahlcjóh( Fldhtj`l` qud `dsdl cakuhjclrsd sd sjrvd `d fas órelhas`df kê`juk qud dhcudhtrl kìs prd`jspudsta9 dh uha dsfl klha& dh atra fls cudr`ls vaclfds y dh uh tdrcdra dfaëà( Df kê`juk plrflhtd par fa edhdrlf sd dxprdsl sjh

tdhdr cahcjdhcjl `d fa qud `jcd& l vdcds dxprdsl j`dls

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• Kê`juks vj`dhtds9 sd dhcudhtrlh àtlàs`d fl glcuftl` ̀ d vdr l fas Dspërjtus& vdh l fas Dspërjtus dhdstlà `d vjejfjl& cahsdrvlhà df rdcudrà dxlcta `d faqud mlh vjsta( Atras fl pasddh culhà dstìh dh dstlà`d trlhcd a cdrclhas lf sahlkbufjska( Sd pud`dh jhcfujr lquë l taàs lqudffas àtlàs `d ‖àbfd vjstl‛( Df kê+

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has dspërjtus qud dh su ùftjkl dhclrhlcjóh mlbëlh sjàcjdeas& mlh dxprdslà qud kjdhtrls vjvëlh dh fl Pjdrrl

tdhëlh fl pdrcdpcjóh lhëkjcl `d `dtdrkjhlàs abidtas y ha sd mlfflblh sukdrejàs dh fl hderl ascurj`l` (

Fl glcuftl` `d fl vj`dhcjl cahsjstd dh fl pasjbjfj`l`

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• Kê`juks jhspjrlàs9 rdcjbdh pdhslkjdhtassuedrjàs par fas Dspërjtus -edhdrlfkdhtd sah arlàrds*?clsj sjdkprd sjh slbdrfa df kê`juk kjska& yl sdl plrlfls lccjahds `d fl vj`l `jlrjl& a bjdh plrl fls tlrdls jh+

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tl`ls `d uhl dxcdpcjahlf jhtdfjedhcjl& tjdhdh rdfìkpleas`d fucj`dz jhtdfdctulf qud fds atarel uhl dfacudhcjl halcastukbrl`l fa kjska qud df prdsdhtjkjdhta `d md+cmas guturas( Sah fas `dhakjhlàs kakdhtas `d jhs+pjrlcjóh(

• Kê`juks `d prdsdhtjkjdhtas a `dprdscjdhcjl9 df prdsdhtjkjdhta ds uhl vlel jhtujcjóh

`d fas lcahtdcjkjdhtas guturas( Dstl glcuftl` pud`d dstlr `dslrraffl`l dh klyar a kdhar erlà( ûd`d `dbdrfll uhl dspdcjd `d fl àbfd vjstl qud fds pdrkjtd vjsfuk+



2> Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

Prlhscakuhjclcjóh Jhstrukdhtlf

Drhst Sdhoawsoj& cltd`rìtjca `d gësjcl `d Kljhz&Lfdklhjl& ds df crdlàr `df têrkjha trlhscakuhjclcjóhjhstrukdhtlf& qud par `dhjcjóh ds fl têchjcl dfdctróhjcl`d cakuhjclcjóh cah fas dspërjtus(

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Ha tdklkas kjrlr par df tdfdscapja dspjrjtulf y dstu`jlr

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Idsùs ±Ds Kê`juk1

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Ilvjdr Ra`rëeudz

Ilvjdr Ra`rëeudz

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`d pasjbfds grlu`ds* y lutarj`l`ds rdfjejasls& cjvjfds y kjfjtlrds(

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Wdkas puds qud taàs fas gdhókdhas ltrjbujàs

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… Sjelkas sus plsas(

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dh su dstlà harklf& ha par dffa `dil `d pasddr lfeuhls `d fls prapjd`l`ds `d fl kltdrjl(¿Grlekdhta `df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks



Fls Wj`ls ^lsl`ls`d fas HjüasClraf Bawklh

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Lghj`l`@jvlfà Grlhca ! Ialhhl `d Lhedfjs

@ëls Efarjasas@jvlfà Grlhca ! Ialhhl `d Lhedfjs

Kakdhtas `d Cahcjdhcjl@jvlfà Grlhca ! Ialhhl `d Lhedfjs

Prjea `d @jas@jvlfà Grlhca ! Lkêfjl Ra`rjeuds

Fdelà Olr`dcjlha@jvlfà Grlhca ! Klrca ^rjsca

Sdh`dras `d Fjbdrlcjóh@jvlfà Grlhca ! Klhudf (̂ `d Kjrlh`l



2= Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

Dspjrjtjska dh fl Fjtdrlturl

Dspjrjtjska dh fl fjtdrlturl

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- Pdógfa Elutjdr( Dspërjtl( Wlfdhcjl 9 ̂ lsculf Leujflr& c( <==>& p( ::*

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Lüas kìs tlr`d& garklhà plrtd `d fl Rdvud Spjrjtd `d leasta `d <=7:& sd d`jtó uh apùscufa `dhakjhlàCltlfaeud rljsahhê `ds auvrleds pauvlht sdrvjr î gah`dr uhd bjbfjatmíqud spjrjtd& abrl póstukl `d Olr`dc qud

rdvdfl su jkpartlhtd cakprakjsa pd`leóejca y sdülflhudvlkdhtd lf fjbra caka vdmëcufa dsdhcjlf ̀ d garklcjóh`df jh`jvjùa plrl su praerdsa jhtdfdctulf y karlf(

Dh dstd cltìfaea bjbfjaerìca& Olr`dc prapahël uhlsdrjd `d tëtufas plrl cahgarklr df gahà jhjcjlf `d flbjbfjatdcl qud `dbdrël tdhdr taà cdhtra `d dstu`ja`d fl àctrjhl dspërjtl( @jcma rdpdrtarja ds par tlhtauh àcukdhta qud& l`dkìs `d sdfdccjahlr abrls dh`jstjhtas clkpas `df slbdr& fasagël& mjstarjl& cjdhcjls& dtc(&rdcaed hukdrasls rdgdrdhcjls `d fl fjtdrlturl praùcj`ldh gdcml cahtdkparìhdl l fas jhjcjas `d fl `jvufelcjóh`df Dspjrjtjska( Dhtrd dffls dhcahtrlkas abrls `d

Maharê `d Blfzlc -Sdrlpmjtus Sdrlpmjtl y Trsud Kjraudt& mdrd`drls `df cahacjkjdhta `d Swd`dhbare*& Cmlrfds@jcodhs -Crjsmtkls Clraf*& Lfdxlh`rd @ukls - Kl`lkd`d Cmlkbfly *& Lrklh` @urlhtjh -Fl fdedh`d `d f‚makkdêtdrhdf& <=73*& Pmdapmjfd Elutjdr - Lvltlr <=45& y sabrd

taà su ùftjkl havdfl& Spjrjtd& <=77& qud hlrrl fl mjstarjl`df lkar kìs lffì `d fl vj`l*& Edared Slh` -Cahsudfa&Fl caktdssd `d Ruàfstl`t & Spjrj`jah& Kl`dkajsdffd `dfl \ujhtjhd& dtc(*( Caka ds fóejca& dh dstd rdpdrtarjabjbfjaerìca prdàkjhl fl fjtdrlturl grlhcdsl dh dstdkakdhta jhjcjlf& sjh dkblrea& df Dspjrjtjska sd `jguh`jókuy rìpj`lkdhtd par ta`l Durapl y l cahtjhulcjóh par Lkêrjcl& l trlvês `d Dsplül y ârtuelf(

Sd ̀ dbdrìh suklr fls abrls ̀ d atras lutards pastdrjardsqud `dcflrlrah su l`mdsjóh lf Dspjrjtjska caka Wjctar

Fafl Elrcël

Fafl Elrcël

Mjstarjlàrl `df lrtd y bj+bfjatdclrjl( Garkl plrtd `d flLsacjlcjóh Dspërjtl ̀ d WlfdhcjlMaelr Grltdrha(

2= Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD



Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD 2:

Muea& dh Grlhcjl& a Sjr Lrtmur Cahlh @ayfd dh Jhefltdrrl(Plkbjêh dhcahtrlkas rdgdrdhcjls ̀ d jhtdrês dh abrls ̀ dFdóh Pafstaj y dh cahgdrdhcjls y lrtëcufas `d Wlffd+Jhcfìh&dh fls Rjkls y Fdydh`ls `d Eustlva Làfga Bêcqudr y

dh fl padsël `d Lklfjl @akjhea Safdr& Slfvlàr Sdffêsy Kîrjus Parrds dh Dsplül& par pahdr sófa lfeuhasdidkpfas(

Dh Jhefltdrrl fl fjtdrlturl rdflcjahl`l cah fas dspërjtusds prafëcl( Dh êpacl vjctarjlhl drl castukbrd cakùhplslr fl vdfl`l `d Hacmdbudhl sdhtlàs lf clfar `d flfukbrd dscucmlhà y cahtlhà mjstarjls `d lplrdcjàs&sjeujdhà fl trl`jcjóh arlf( Cmlrfds @jcodhs -<=<2+<=5>* gud df lutar kìs papuflr `d su tjdkpa& cahhavdfls jhafvj`lbfds pdrtdhdcjdhtds lf rdlfjska sacjlfy dspdcjlfkdhtd `dstlclbfds sus cudhtas `d Hlvj`l`(Sarprdh`dh fl safturl y hlturlfj`l` lf mlbflr `d fas

dspërjtus& dh abrls kdkarlbfds caka L CrjsmtklsClraf& àh`d lplrdcdh fas dspërjtus `df plslà& `dfprdsdhtd y `df gutura plrl `lr uhl fdccjóh `d êtjcl `dfcakpartlkjdhta dh sdhtjkjdhtas grltdrhas y uhjvdrslfds(

Sjh dkblrea& @jcodhs klhtdhël uhl pasturl lkbjvlfdhtdy mlstl cahtrlrjl dh abrls caka Pmd mluhtd` mausd&qud`lhà `d klhjdsta& tlhta dh @jcodhs caka dhatras lutards& qud fl jhspjrlcjóh) sudfd dstlr par dhcjkl`d fl prapjl apjhjóh `df lutar( @d suka jhtdrês ds dfclsa `d su ùftjkl havdfl Pmd kjstdry ag D`wjh @raa` &qud `dbël sdr pubfjcl`l dh <2 dhtrdels kdhsulfds(@jcodhs sd dhcahtrlbl dscrjbjêhàfl culhà kurjó dh

<=5<& qud`lhà jhlclbl`l( Th lüa kìs tlr`d& df iavdh

tjpóerlga hartdlkdrjclha Pmakls (̂ Ilkds& kê`juk `ddsclsl garklcjóh& dscrjbjó lf `jctlà fl cahtjhulcjóh y hlfjzlcjóh `d fl abrl& cah df dstjfa jhcahguh`jbfd `d@jcodhs& cahrklà par hukdrasas crëtjcas fjtdrlrjas(

Atra lutar jhefês l `dstlclr ds Sjr Lrtmur Cahlh@ayfd -<=4:+<:3>*& df crdlàr `df pdrsahlid `dSmdrfaco Mafkds& uh makbrd rddxjva qud gud l`dkìsprdsj`dhtd `df Cafdeja Brjtìhjca `d Cjdhcjl ^sëqujcl y prdsj`dhtd `d fl Lfjlhzl Dspjrjtjstl `d Fah`rds( ^dsd lqud dh hukdrasls bjaerlgëls `d dstd lutar sd sjfdhcjl&gud df lutar `d Pmd Mjstary ag Spjrjtulfjsk -<:27*& uh

trlblia `d jhvdstjelcjóh qud rdcaed dstu`jas lcdrcl`d Swd`dhbare& Jrvjhe& @lvjs& df clsa `d My`dsvjffd& flsmdrklhls Gax& sjr Ujffjlk Craaods dtc( Dh df prdglcja`d dstl jkpartlhtd abrl `d rdcapjflcjóh mjstórjcl`df Dspjrjtjska `jcd ‖dsd kavjkjdhta qud kucmas

cahsj`drlkas caka df kìs jkpartlhtd ̀ d fl mjstarjl `dfkuhà `ds`d df dpjsa`ja `d Idsucrjsta‛ -Lrtmur Cahlh@ayfd& Mjstarjl `df Dspjrjtjska( Sus mdcmas y sus àctrjhls(Kl`rj` 9 Dyrls& <:=3& p( 4*& pudsta qud dh fl blsd `dfDspjrjtjska sd dhcudhtrl fl karlf `d cakpartlkjdhta

trlhskjtj`l par Idsùs mlcd yl às kjfdhjas(

Dh Rusjl& dh fls abrls `d Fdah Pafstaj -<=2=+<:<>*dhcahtrlkas rdgdrdhcjls l sdsjahds kd`jùkhjcls caka

‖Dsd kavjkjdhta qud kucmas cahsj`drlkas caka dfkìs jkpartlhtd ̀ d fl mjstarjl `df kuhà ̀ ds`d df dpjsa+

`ja ̀ d Idsucrjsta‛ -Lrtmur Cahlh @ayfd*

) ‖Th lutar& uh pjhtar& uh kùsjca& par didkpfa& dh fas kakdhtas `d jhspjrlcjóh& ±pa`rëlh sdr cahsj`drlàs caka kê`juks1 Së& parqud dh dsaskakdhtas su lfkl ds kìs fjbrd y dstì caka sdplrl`l `d fl kltdrjl? rdcabrl uhl plrtd `d sus glcuftl`ds `d Dspër jtu y rdcjbd kìs gìcjfkdhtd flscakuhjclcjahds `d fas atras Dspërjtus qud fd jhspjrlh‛ -Fjbra `d fas kê`juks*




`jvdrtjkdhta `d fls cflsds cuftls& dh Lhhl Olrdhjhl y dhRdsurrdccjóh( ^lrdcd qud dh rdlfj`l` Pafstaj ha mlbëlcahacjà df praguhà kdhslid `d fl dspjrjtulfj`l` l

trlvês ̀ d fls abrls `d Lfflh Olr`dc& sjha qud sd fjkjtlbl lcahstltlr df gdhókdha ̀ d fls kdsls ejrltarjls& ̀ jvufelàdh df sjefa ]J] sjkpfdkdhtd plrl fflklr fl ltdhcjóh `dfl dxjstdhcjl `d fl vj`l dspjrjtulf( Cah taà& dh Pafstaj së dhcahtrlkas uh praguhà kjstjcjska y fl lsjkjflcjóh ̀ dfkdhslid ̀ d lkar jhcah`jcjahlf ̀ d Idsùs `d Hlzlrdt(

Dh Dsplül& fl carrjdhtd dspjrjtulfjstl sd pdrcjbd dh fl

klyar plrtd `d fls fdydh`ls `d Eustlva Làfga Bêcqudr&àh`d df kuhà ha vjsjbfd tjdhd uhl jkpartlhtdprdsdhcjl( Dh lrtëcufas `d Wlffd+Jhcfìh tlkbjêh( Dh fl

padsël ds àh`d dhcahtrlkas fls kdiards kudstrls`d fjtdrlturl cflrlkdhtd dspërjtl( L`dkìs `d Rlkas `dWjafdtls y Cudhtas Dspjrjtjstls& `d Lklfjl @akjhea Safdr&fl erlh `lkl `df Dspjrjtjska dsplüaf& `dstlclkas l àspadtls9 Kîrjus Parrds& kê`jca y padtl rdpubfjclha& hjdtad mjia `d dspjrjtjstls& qud kurjó prdklturlkdhtd dh<:02& y Slfvlàr Sdffês& df padtl lfjclhtjha qud dscrjbël‖Df makbrd ha vjvd saflkdhtd dh fl Pjdrrl( Sus j`dls& sussdhtjkjdhtas& sd pjdr`dh caka fl dsdhcjl `d fls ards& dhdf Cjdfa( Fl vdr`l` `d fl dxjstdhcjl `d uh @jas jhhjta&dtdrha& fl dhcudhtrl df makbrd fa kjska dh fls klrlvjffls`d su lfkl& qud dh fls klrlvjffls `d su hlturlfdzl‛

«^drsul`jà `d qud su glcuftl` ds uh àh qud sd fd ml atarelà plrl df bjdh& ha jhtdhtlrì dhkaà lfeuha vlfdrsd `d dffl plrl prapósjtas pdrsahlfds hj fl tdh`rì par uh kêrjta suya( Df budhkê`juk lcdptl fls cakuhjclcjahds pasjtjvls qud sd fd brjh`lh caka uhl erlcjl qud fa abfjel ldsgarzlrsd plrl mlcdrsd `jeha `d dffls kd`jlhtd su bah`l`& bdhdvafdhcjl y ka`dstjl( Df kê`jukareuffasa sd dhvlhdcd par sus rdflcjahds cah fas Dspërjtus supdrjards& dh tlhta lquêf sd mukjffl&par crddr sjdkprd qud ha kdrdcd tlf glvar( ¿

Grlekdhta `df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks



Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD 3<

• Gd`drlcjóh Dspërjtl DsplüaflUdb9 www(dspjrjtjska(dsGlcdBaao9 www(dspjrjtjska(cc!glcdbaaoCarrda Dfdctróhjca9 jhgaNdspjrjtjska(cc

Pdfg(9 /30 727 3<< ==<

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Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 ilvjrf2Nekljf(cak Pdfg(9 /30 7=7 :>2 0<>

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Fl Fuz `df Clkjha@jrdccjóh9 Lplrtlà ̀ d Carrdas h¹ <55

>33>> • Arjmudfl -LFJCLHPD*Udb9 www(flfuz`dfclkjha(cakCarrda Dfdctróhjca9 erupadspjrjtlNflfuz`dfclkjha(cak Pdfg(9 >>30 :74 37: 4<4 – /30 747 =0: 75=

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Fl Fuz `df ârvdhjr @jrdccjóh9 C!( Kê`jca Ffd`ó& =( Blia + Lplrtlà 4>=

>333> • Crdvjffdhtd -LFJCLHPD*Udb9 www(flfuz`dfparvdhjr(olr`dc(ds

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 ilh(lkas(oakdhsoy<4:2(<75>Nekljf(cak

Pdfg(9 /30 7<4 477 :==

• Lsacjlcjóh `d Dstu`jas DspërjtlsBdzdrrl `d Kdhdzds@jrdccjóh9 C!( Kahtd ^dflà& 30& Trblhjzlcjah Clfjgarhjl(

>3<=4 • Parrdvjdil -LFJCLHPD*Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 asclrklrtjhdz=:74Nylmaa(ds Pdfg(9 /30 7<> 70> 27:

• Cdhtra ̀ d Dstu`jas Dspërjtls ̀ d Bdhjàrk@jrdccjóh9 >34>< • Bdhjàrk -LFJCLHPD*Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 maelrdspjrjtlNv4234(`rlea(hdt

Pdfêgaha9 /30 75: :3= :45

Blrcdfahl

• Lsacjlcjóh `d Dstu`jas Dspërjtls `d Jeulfl`l@jrdccjóh9 C!( `df Clrkdh H( <3+ <¹+ 2ª

>=5>> • Jeulfl`l -BLRCDFAHL*Udb9 www(olr`dc(ds!jeulfl`l

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 dstu`jasdspjrjtlsjeulfl`lNmatkljf(ds

Pdfg(9 >>30 :3= >43 0<> – /30 7:> >4< 207

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Lklfjl @akjhea Safdr @jrdccjóh9 C!( ^lvjl& faclf pudrtl erjs dhtrd& 5> y 52+50

>=>>> • BlrcdfahlUdb9 www(cdl`s(olr`dc(ds! Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cdl`sNaha(cak

Pdfg(9 /30 774 3<2 7=5

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Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cdhtradspjrjtllkargrltdrhaNekljf(cak

Pdfêgaha9 >>30 :27 <<> 537

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Clkjha `d Fuz@jrdccjóh9 C!( Rujz Karatd& 20

<32>> • Klhzlhlrds -CJT@L@ RDLF*Udb9 www(cdclkjha`dfuz(`jvufelcjah(are! Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cdclkjha`dfuzNtdfdgahjcl(hdt

Pdfg(9 >>30 :27 72> 2=5 – /30 727 3<< ==<

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl ‖Idsùs `d Hlzlrdt‛ @jrdccjóh9 C!( Sacudfflkas& 54

<35>> • Pakdffasa -CJT@L@ RDLF*Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 klrjlfujsl:27Nmatkljf(cak

Pdfg( /30 7:> 75> 453

• Lsacjlcjóh Dspërjtl `d Slh Clrfas `df Wlffd@jrdccjóh9 C!( Rlkóh y Clilf& <5 <3205 • Slh Clrfas `df Wlffd -CJT@L@ RDLF*Udb9 mttp9!!www(olr`dc(ds!ldscvl

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 xulhyxasdNtdrrl(ds Pdfg(9 >>30 :27 73> >>=

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<044> • Kahtjffl -CÓR@ABL* Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 lkarypraerdsaNekljf(cak Pdfg(9 >>30 :45 740 35< – /30 7<7 <2> 0>2

• Grltdrhj`l` Dspërjtl ‖Iasê Erassa‛ @jrdccjóh9 C!Lhtahja Klurl& 2> 3¹ @

<0>>4 • Córàbl Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cltupjrjNmatkljf(cak

Udb9 mttp9!!olr`dc(ds!gdie Pdfg(9 >>30 :45 237 023 – >>30 :45 >=2 >4>

Jsfls Blfdlrds• Cdhtra Dspjrjtl Dkklhudf@jrdccjóh9 Pakìs Leujfó Gartdzl& 32 >5><<• ^lfkl `d Klffarcl -JSFLS BLFDLRDS*Udb9 mttp9!!www(cdhtradspjrjtldkklhudf(`jvufelcjah(are!

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cdhtradspjrjtldkklhudfNmatkljf(cak

Pdfêgaha9 >>30 :5< 2=7 <=: – /30 73: 2<7 004

Cdhtras Dspërjtls `d fl GDD




• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Jsfls Blfdlrds -C(D(J(B*@jrdccjóh9 C!( Fl Prabl`l& 0= l+b&

>5><<• ^lfkl `d Klffarcl -JSFLS BLFDLRDS* Carrda dfdctróhjca9 cdjbNcdjb(ds Udb9 mttp9!!www(cdjb(ds

Pdfg(9 /30 75> :=> 4=0

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Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 atusjhdrlkNtdrrl(ds Udb9 mttp9!!www(olr`dc(ds!atusjhdrlk Pdfg(9 >>30 :53 3<< 25:

Kl`rj`• Lsacjlcjóh `d Dstu`jas Dspërjtls `d Kl`rj`@jrdccjóh9 C!( @d fl Bafsl& <0 + <¹ `cml(

2=><2 • Kl`rjÙdb9 www(dspjrjtlskl`rj`(cak

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 dspjrjtlskl`rj`Ntdfdgahjcl(ds

• Lsacjlcjóh Dspërjtl Grlhcjsca `d Lsës `d fl Sjdrrl

@jrdccjóh9 C!( Cafkdhlrdia& <<& 2¹ B 2=><2 • Elflplelr -KL@RJ@*Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 cflu`dtdefldsdrNmatkljf(cak

tarrdsfaflNfjvd(cak Pdfg(9 /30 737 33: 4:2 – /30 75= <74 ::<

• Cdhtra Dspjrjtl Dhtrd df Cjdfa y flPjdrrl

@jrdccjóh9 Lv`l `d Kl`rj`& 2: faclf 2=7=> • Slh Klrtëh `d Wlf`djefdsjls -KL@RJ@*Udb9 www(olr`dc(ds!dhtrddfcjdfayfltjdrrl

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 alefjaNlrrlojs(ds Pdfg(9 /30 75= 775 2<3 – /30 75= 775 2<2

• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Kdhslidras `d fl Fuz@jrdccjóh9 C!( Kl`drl& < + Blia 2=>>0 • Kl`rj`

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• Cdhtras `d Dstu`jas y @jvufelcjóhDspërjtl C(D(y(@(D(

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• Cdhtra `d Dstu`ja Dspërjtl Fdóh @dhjs@jrdccjóh9 Bahdtdra& 3& kdtra ^ja ]JJ

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2:>>2 • KìflelUdb9 www(d`jtarldspjrjtllfflholr`dc(cak

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• Cdhtra Dspërjtl Klhudf y @jvlfà@jrdccjóh9 C!( `df Wjdhta

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07>>: • WlfdhcjlUdb9 www(lsdsvl(are

Carrda Dfdctróhjca9 maelr(grltdrhaNekljf(cak

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RdvjstlDspërjtl`dflGDD 33

L Clkjha `d fl Fuz -Harklf* 4&>> ₦

L fa Fdias dh df Ilr`ëh 7&>> ₦

Lcccjóh y Rdlccjóh :&>> ₦

Lghj`l` 0&>> ₦

Ledh`l Crjstjlhl 3&>> ₦

Lfbarl`l Crjstjlhl 0&>> ₦

Lkar Jhvdhcjbfd Lkar <2&>> ₦

Ltdhcjóh 0&>> ₦

Luta`dscubrjkjdhta =&>> ₦

Budhl Hudvl -Harklf* 4&>> ₦

Clkjha Dspërjtl -Bafsjffa* 0&>> ₦

Clrlctdrds `d fl Rdvdflcjóh Dspërjtl 3&>> ₦

Cafdccjóh ̀ d Arlcjahds Dspërjtls 0&>> ₦

Cakplüdras -Bafsjffa* 0&>> ₦

Carlid 0&>> ₦

Crjstjlhjska y Dspjrjtjska <<&>> ₦

Culhà Rderdsd fl ^rjklvdrl -Harklf* 5&>> ₦

Cudhtas Dspjrjtjstls =&>> ₦

Cudhtas y Lpafaeas -Harklf* 4&>> ₦

@ds`d fl Atrl Wj`l 0&>> ₦

@dspuês `d fl Kudrtd 5&4> ₦

@drratdra 0&>> ₦

@ëls Efarjasas <2&>> ₦

@jhdra 4&>> ₦

@W@ `d Olr`dc l Hudstras @ëls 7&>> ₦

Dùclcjóh ̂ lrl fl Kudrtd :&>> ₦

Df Lfkl ds Jhkartlf =&>> ₦

Df Clkjha Rdcta 3&>> ₦

Df Cdhtra Dspërjtl :&>> ₦

Df Cahsaflàr qud ^rakdtjó Idsùs :&>> ₦

Df Dspjrjtjska dh su kìs sjkpfd Dxprdsjóh 2&>> ₦

Df Dspërjtu y df Pjdkpa <>&>> ₦

Df Erlh Dhjekl :&>> ₦

Df Makbrd Jhtderlf =&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Dspërjtus + DDD 7&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Dspërjtus + J@D 7&>> ₦

Df fjbra `d fas Dspërjtus + Lkdfjl Bau`dt :&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Dspërjtus Grdhtd l flCufturl `d su Pjdkpa

3&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks + Lkdfjl Bau`dt :&>> ₦

Df Kuhà Jhvjsjbfd y fl Eudrrl :&>> ₦

Df ^rabfdkl `df Sdr y `df @dstjha <>&>> ₦

Df ̂ rabfdkl Rdfjejasa y df Dspjrjtjska 3&>> ₦

Df sdr Subcahscjdhtd 4&4> ₦

Df Sdrkóh `d fl Kahtlül 3&>> ₦

Dh df Bar`d `df Jhghjta 7&>> ₦

Dh df Kuhà Klyar 7&>> ₦

Dh fls Grahtdrls `d fl Facurl <2&>> ₦

Dh fas @akjhjas `d fl Kd`jukhj`l` :&>> ₦

Dhaqud Dspërjtl 5&>> ₦

Dhklhudf + Cjdhcjl + Gjfasaël + Rdfjejóh :&>> ₦

Dhslya Rdvjstl Dspjrjtjska 3&>> ₦

Dhtrd fl Pjdrrl y df Cjdfa 5&>> ₦

Dpjsa`jas @jlrjas 5&>> ₦

Dscflvjtu` 7&>> ₦

Dspërjtus y Kd`juks 3&>> ₦

Dvafucjóh dh @as Kuhàs <>&>> ₦

Gfarlcjahds Dvlheêfjcls -Harklf* =&>> ₦

Efaslrja Dspërjtl Crjstjlha 7&>> ₦

Euël ̂ rìctjcl ̀ df Dspjrjtjstl 4&>> ₦

Mlcjl fls dstrdffls 5&>> ₦

Mdcmas qud ^rudblh :&>> ₦

Mdrdhcjls `d Lkar 5&>> ₦

Jhtraùccjóh `d fl @actrjhl Dspërjtl 3&>> ₦

Jhvjtlcjahds l fl Wj`l -Bafsjffa* <>&>> ₦

Iulhl `d Lrca& Kê`juk :&>> ₦

Fl L`kjrlbfd Iulhl `d Lhedfjs =&>> ₦

Fl Dvafucjóh Lhëkjcl :&>> ₦

Fl Eêhdsjs + Lkdfjl Bau`dt :&>> ₦

Fl Hudvl Rdvdflcjóh :&>> ₦

Fl Absdsjóh& Df ̂ lsd y df Làctrjhlkjdhta 3&>> ₦

Fl Rddhclrhlcjóh <2&>> ₦

Fjbrdrël Dspërjtl `d fl GDD

Órelha d`jtarjlf `d fl Gd`drlcjóh Dspërjtl Dsplüafl& sjh ìhjka `d fucra& qud rdjhvjdrtd dh df prapja fjbradspërjtl( Sd mlcdh dhvëas cahtrlrddkbafsa( Mlel su pd`jà prdgdrjbfdkdhtd par kljf l jhgaNdspjrjtjska(cc a par

tdfêgaha9 727 3<< ==<



30 Rdvjstl Dspërjtl `d fl GDD30

Fl Wj`l dh Glkjfjl 7&>> ₦

Fdelà Olr`dcjlha 5&>> ₦

Fjbdrlcjóh 4&>> ₦Fas Lfbards `d fl Wdr`l` <<&>> ₦

Fas Kudrtas Sjeudh Wjvjdhà :&>> ₦

Fas Lhjklfds Pjdhdh Lfkl :&>> ₦

Klhas Thj`ls 0&>> ₦

Kdclhjskas `d fl Kd`jukhj`l` :&>> ₦

Kd`jtlcjahds 0&>> ₦

Kdkarjls `d Lklfjl @akjhea Safdr -Bafsjffa* 0&>> ₦

Kdkarjls ̀ d uh Sujcj`l <2&>> ₦

Kdkarjls ̀ d uhl Kuidr 5&4> ₦Kdkarjls ̀ df ̂ l`rd Edrkìh 5&>> ₦

Kaf`dlhà df Pdrcdr Kjfdhja <>&>> ₦

Kakdhtas `d Cahcjdhcjl 5&>> ₦

Kudrtd ds Wj`l :&>> ₦

Abrls ^óstukls + Lkdfjl Bau`dt :&>> ₦

Absdsjóh y @dsabsdcjóh 3&>> ₦

Apjhjóh Dspërjtl -bafsjffa* 0&>> ₦

Apjhjóh Dspërjtl -harklf* 0&>> ₦

Arltarjl 0&>> ₦^lbfa y Dstdblh <2&>> ₦

^lflbrls `df Carlzóh 0&>> ₦

^lrjls dh Rd`dhcjóh -Harklf* 7&>> ₦

^lsds l fl Fuz `df Dspjrjtjska =&>> ₦

^êr`j`l `d Sdrds \udrjàs -Harklf* 7&>> ₦

\uê ds df Dspjrjtjska 7&>> ₦

Rdcdtls `d ^lz 7&>> ₦

Rdcudràs `d fl Kd`jukhj`l` :&>> ₦

Rdspudstls `d fl Wj`l 0&>> ₦Rduhjahds Kd`jùkhjcls Sdrjls 4&>> ₦

Rdvjstl Dspërjtl& 72 7&>> ₦

Rdvjstl Dspërjtl& 77 7&>> ₦

Sdh`dras `d Fjbdrlcjóh <4&>> ₦

Sdülf Wdr`d 0&>> ₦

Sacjlfjska y Dspjrjtjska :&>> ₦

Sus kìs Mdrkasas Dscrjtas -Lklfjl* <5&>> ₦

Pd ^dràha <5&>> ₦

Prjea `d @jas 5&>> ₦

Wlkpjrjska& ̂ sjqujltrël y Dspjrjtjska :&>> ₦

Wj`l @dslëas y Safucjahds <2&>> ₦

Wj`l y Abrl `d @jvlfà ^drdjrl Grlhca <>&>> ₦

Lfflh Olr`dc Df Dùclàr yDf Ca`jgclàr J + D@JCDJ

7&>> ₦

Lfflh Olr`dc Df Dùclàr yDf Ca`jgclàrJJ + D@JCDJ

7&>> ₦

Clkjha Wdr`l` y Wj`l + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Clrtjffl `df Bjdh + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

@dspjdrtd y Sdl Gdfjz + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

@actrjhl Dspërjtl plrl ^rjhcjpjlhtds + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Df Cjdfa y df Jhgdrha + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Df Dspjrjtjska dh su Kìs Sjkpfd

Dxprdsjóh + D@JCDJ

2&>> ₦

Df Dspjrjtu `d fl Wdr`l` + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Df Dvlhedfja Sêeuh df Dspjrjtjska + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Dspjrjtus + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Dspjrjtjska y Dcafaeël + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Idsùs dh df Maelr + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Iustjcjl @jvjhl + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Fl Eêhdsjs + D@JCDJ <>&>> ₦

Fls Wj`ls ^lsl`ls `d fas Hjüas + D@JCDJ 7&>> ₦Fas Kdhslidras + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Kdhslid `d uk Làfdscdhtd `ds`d dfKuhà Dspjrjtulf + D@JCDJ

4&>> ₦

Kjsjahdras `d fl Fuz + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Hudstra Maelr + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Abrdras `d fl Wj`l Dtdrhl + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

^lh Hudstra + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

^dhslkjdhta y Wj`l + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Rdfjejóh ̀ d fas Dspjrjtus + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦Rdvjstl Dspërjtl Lüa <=4= + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Rdvjstl Dspërjtl Lüa <=4: + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Sdxa y @dstjha + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Sjdkbrl `d fas Kê`juhs + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Subfjkd Dxpjlcjóh + D@JCDJ =&>> ₦

Wj`l Gdfjz + D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦

Wj`l y Sdxa + D@JCDJ 7&>> ₦

Z fl Wj`l Cahtjhul… D@JCDJ 5&>> ₦



Kìs Lffì `d fl Wj`l

Pdf ( 727 3<< ==<wdb9 www(dspjrjtjska(cc

d+kljf9 jhgaNdspjrjtjska(cc

]WJJJ Caherdsa Dspërjtl Hlcjahlf@jcjdkbrd 0& 4 y 7 Clfpd 2><<

Dspdcjlf <4> lüas `d‖Df Fjbra `d fas Kê`juks‛

^RAERLKLCJÓH@AKJHEA& `ël 0>:(>> m(9 Dhtrdel `d crd`dhcjlfds y ̀ acukdh+tlcjóh Ùftjkls jhscrjpcjahds sdeùh `jspahjbjfj+

`l` `df lgara<>(>> m(9 Lpdrturl âr df ^rdsj`dhtd `d fl Gd`drlcjóh Dspë+

rjtl Dsplüafl<>(3> m(9 Cahdrdhcjl jhlueurlf âr @jvlfà ^drdjrl Grlhca<2(>> m(9 Df kìs lffì dh fl mjstarjl Iulh Kjeudf Gdrhìh`dz -ka`( Lurarl

Wlz Clblffdra*<3(>> m(9 Wjlid l fl vj`l jhghjtl( Df trìhsjta Kjeudf Wdrl -ka`drlàr Fujs Klrcmlh+

td*<0(>> m(9 @dsclhsa plrl df lfkudrza<5(>> m(9 ^rablhà qud rderdslkas

Ejhês Wlfdrl -ka`drlàr Iasê Kardha*<=(>> m(9 Dh df kìs lffì Edhavdvl Klffa -ka`drlàr Iasê Elr+

cël Lbl`jffa*<:(>> m(9 @dsclhsa& kdsls rdàh`ls& cahvjvdhcjl2>(3> m(9 Dhtrl`l lf cakdàr plrl fl cdhl22(>> m(9 Cafaquja lbjdrta cah prdeuhtls par

plrtd `df pùbfjca l fas cahdrdhcjlh+tds `df `ël

FTHDS& `ël 4<>(>> m(9 ±\uê ds sdr kê`juk1 Idsùs Eutjêrrdz -ka`drlàrl Klrël

Fujsl Clha*<<(>> m(9 <4> lüas ̀ d Df fjbra `d fas kê`juks Sdkjhlrja par Rlùf Pdjxdjrl

<2(3> m(9 @dsclhsa<2(04 m(9 Cahtjhulcjóh `df sdkjhlrja

âr Rlùf Pdjxdjrl<0(>> m(9 @dsclhsa plrl df lfkudrza<5(>> m(9 Dsplcja lrtëstjca

Arelhjzlà par erupa `d iavdhds ds+përjtls

<=(>> m(9 Dùclcjóh dspërjtlIulh Klhudf Rujz -ka`drlàrl WlffdElrcël*

<:(>> m(9 Sjhtahël cahscjdhtdIlhljhl Kjhdffj -ka`drlàrl DfljhdFdttjdrj*

2>(3> m(9 @dsclhsa plrl fl cdhl22(>> m(9 Cafaquja lbjdrta

Cah prdeuhtls par plrtd `df pùbfjca lfas cahdrdhcjlhtds `df `ël

KLRPDS& `ël 7<>(>> m(9 Pdrdsl `d Idsùs& kê`juk Fafl Elrcël -ka`drlàr Clrfas Ra`rë+

eudz Kjrlh`l*<<(>> m(9 Thl vj`l `d jhtdrclkbja cah df kìs lffì Sdkjhlrja par @jvlfà ^drdjrl Grlhca<3(>> m(9 @dspd`j`l `d fas rdprdsdhtlhtds ̀ d

Cdhtras Dspërjtls y cflusurl `df cah+erdsa

<0(>> m(9 Lfkudrza `d `dspd`j`l) ) ) ) )

Lctjvj`l`ds lftdrhltjvls& erltujtls pdra ̀ d lgara fjkjtlà qud sd ffdvlrìh l clba l fa flrea ̀ df caherdsa -jhgarklr lf mlcdr fl jhscrjpcjóh*(Plffdr+cursa ̀ d dùclcjóh dspërjtl jhglhta+iuvdhjf@jrjejà l hjüas dhtrd 4 y <0 lüas( -fas pl`rds y dùclàrds qud fa `dsddh pud`dh plrtjcjplr caka absdrvlàrds*(Abidtjvas9 @lr l cahacdr l hjüas& pl`rds d jhtdrdslàs fl dùclcjóh dspërjtl `d lpfjclcjóh dh df cdhtra dspërjtl(Marlrja9 @ëls 0 y4!<2 `d <2 l <0m( y `d <= l 2>m( @ël 7 `d <> l <<&3>m(

) ) ) ) )@urlhtd df trlhscursa ̀ df caherdsa sd pa`rì safjcjtlr dhtrdvjstl plrtjcuflr a par erupas cah df prdsj`dhtd ̀ d fl Gd`drlcjóh DspërjtlDsplüafl lhtd ù`ls a lsdsarlkjdhta dh fl arklcjóh `d cdhtras dspërjtls(

Matdf @JLKLHPD BDLCM ))))Lvdhj`l Iulh Clrfas J 0= + >35<> Clfpd

JHGARKLCJÓH Z RDSDRWLS9

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revista fee - numero 01 - julio 2011

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