revolutionary thinkers tintoretto the creation of the animals 1550 doctrine
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TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550DOCTRINEDOCTRINE
Evolution: History Western View Around 1759
No change in organisms Inhabitants were divinely created Species did not change over time
Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Ediacaran
Precambrian,
Proterozoic,
&
Archarozoic
An
aero
bic
Bac
teri
a
Inse
cts
Rep
tile
s
Din
os
aurs
Mam
ma
ls
Bir
ds
Lan
d P
lan
ts
See
d P
lan
ts
Pla
nts
Art
hro
po
ds
Ch
ord
ates
Jaw
les
s F
ish
Tel
eo
st F
ish
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Ph
oto
syn
thet
ic B
acte
ria
Gre
en A
lga
e
Mu
ltic
ellu
lar
An
ima
ls
Mo
llu
scs
1.5
4500
700
63
135
180
225
280
350
400
430
500
570
Flo
wer
ing
MYA
Cuvier
First to to document extinction Violent and sudden catastrophes Explains why the fossil record
shows abrupt changes in species living in the area
Plants and animals were created for their role in the environment, and were unchanged
LaMarck Believed organisms evolve gradually
and progressively into more complex forms through striving for perfection Believed the ultimate goal of perfection
was the human Traits were acquired through use and
disuse Traits were passed on to offspring
Lyell Wrote a book called Principles of
Geology Darwin read the book while aboard the
HMS Beagle Showed evidence that the forces of
geological change that have been shaping Earth for millennia is observable today
Suggested the Earth had been around for a long time
Malthus Population growth theory
Population was growing exponentially (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.)
Whereas the food supply grows at an steady rate (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.)
This difference in growth influenced both Darwin and Wallace
Charles Darwin 1809-1882 British naturalist Proposed the idea of evolution by
natural selection Collected clear evidence to support his
ideas
Voyage of the HMS Beagle Darwin was invited to travel around the
world on the HMS Beagle 1831-1836 (22 years old!) makes many observations of nature
HMS Beagle stopped at the Galapagos Islands
Galapagos IslandsMost of the animal species on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they resemble species living on South American mainland.
500 miles west of mainland
Armadillos are native to the Armadillos are native to the Americas, with most species Americas, with most species found in South America.found in South America.
Glyptodont fossils are also Glyptodont fossils are also unique to South America.unique to South America.
Succession of Types
Why should extinct armadillo-like species& living armadillos be
found on the samecontinent?
Darwin found… birds
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Collected many Collected many different birds on the different birds on the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Islands.
Thought he found Thought he found very different kinds…very different kinds…
Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches…
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
But Darwin found… a lot of finches
Large Ground Finch
Small Ground Finch
Warbler Finch Veg. Tree Finch
But there is only one species of finch on the mainland!
How didone species
of finches becomeso many different
species now?
Correlation of species to food source
Adaptive radiation
SeedSeedeaterseaters
FlowerFlowereaterseaters
InsectInsecteaterseaters
Rapid speciation:new species filling new niches,
because they inheritedsuccessful adaptations.
Warbler finch
Woodpecker finch
Small insectivoroustree finch
Largeinsectivorous
tree finch
Vegetariantree finch
Cactus finch
Sharp-beaked finch
Small groundfinch
Mediumground finch
Large ground finch
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactuseater
Warbler
finch
Tree
finc
hes G
round finches
Darwin’s Finches Differences in beaks
Associated with eating different foods Survival & reproduction of beneficial
adaptations to foods available on islands
Darwin’s Finches Darwin’s Conclusions
Small populations landed on islands Variation enabled individuals differential success Over many generations, populations changed Accumulation of advantageous traits Emergence of different species
Many islands also show distinct local variations in tortoise morphology…
…perhaps these are the first steps in the
splitting of one speciesinto several?
A Reluctant Revolutionary Returned to England in 1836 with all of
the information he gathered Wrote a draft in 1844 Left instructions to publish upon death
as he was reluctant to publish with regards towards beliefs at the time
And then came the letter….
Alfred Russel Wallace a young naturalist working in the East Indies, had written a short paper with a new idea. He asked Darwin to evaluate his ideas and pass it along for publication.
Alfred Russel Wallace a young naturalist working in the East Indies, had written a short paper with a new idea. He asked Darwin to evaluate his ideas and pass it along for publication.
Then, in 1858, Darwin received a letter that changed everything…
The time was ripe for the idea!
Your words have come true
with a vengeance… I never saw a more striking
coincidence…so all my originality, whatever it may amount to,
will be smashed.
To Lyell—
Voyage: 1831-1836
November 24, 1859, Darwin published
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
Essence of Darwin’s ideas Natural selection
variation exists in populations over-production of offspring
more offspring than the environment can support competition
for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators differential survival
Those with better suited traits survive and produce more offspring
differential reproduction adaptations become more common in population
Variation is heritable