revolutions american french industrial. the american revolution
TRANSCRIPT
Revolutions
American
French
Industrial
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Britain at Mid-CenturyRise to Global PowerMany colonies all over the worldWon many European conflictsGood for businessesFew trade restrictionsMerged with ScotlandKing George III
Growth of Constitutional Government
Constitutional Monarchy – government whose power is defined and limited by law
British constitution is many documents Magna Carta & Bill of Rights
Political Parties Tories – landed aristocrats, wanted old ways Whigs – supported Glorious Revolution,
tolerance
Cabinet System Cabinet – parliamentary
advisors to the King Gained status as leaders
Prime Minister Head of Cabinet Leader of the majority party
in parliament
Politics and SocietyPeaceful timeOligarchy – Government in which the ruling
power belongs to a few peopleNobles: “natural” ruling classMost poorMiddle class grew as merchants or
manufacturers
King George III Reasserts Royal Power
1760 began 60 year reignWanted to be a real King – no parliamentPut his friends in ParliamentThought that Americans should have to pay
for defenseBritain losing the colonies discredited the kingWent crazyCabinet power was restored
The 13 ColoniesBy 1750, 13
prosperous colonies
Britain regulated trade but not enforced
Smuggling was common
Seen as place free of persecution
Growing Discontent
1763- Relationship between colonies and Britain strained
Brits were running out of money (war)
Saw colonies as way to make money
Taxation without representation
Early ClashesBoston Massacre – 5 killedBoston Tea Party – protest tea taxColonial reps gathered in PhiladelphiaCalled: Continental Congress “The Founding Fathers”
Declaring IndependenceWashington and Continental ArmyApril 1775 – War startsBrits did well at first2nd Continental Congress voted to be freeJefferson wrote Declaration of
IndependencePopular Sovereignty – all gov.
power comes from the peopleList of grievancesJuly 4th, 1776 – adopted Declaration
The American RevolutionLoyalists – people in the colonies who
supported BritainCC had little money to pay soldiersUS advantage = fighting on own landBrits allied with IndiansFreedom to any slave willing to fight for
Britain
French AllianceFrance was impressed with AmericansSend supplies: ships and soldiers
Treaty of ParisBritish army was surrounded at YorktownCornwallis surrenders to Washington1783 – recognized independence of the
United States
A New ConstitutionNew Gov: Articles of ConfederationToo weakPhiladelphia 1787 – FF got together againWrote ConstitutionFederal Republic – power divided between
federal and state governmentsFirst 10 Amendments – Bill of Rights1789 – became lawNot all were included in “We the People”
The French Revolution
The Old Regime
The Clergy Known as the first estate Held a lot of privilege and
power Owned much land, collected
taxes, paid nothing Provided some social services
The NoblesKnown as the second estateNobility had gone down but still existedDidn’t have as much money as most
thoughtHated absolutism and royal
bureaucracyFeared the loss of their status
The Third Estate27 Million people – Middle class and
poorBourgeoisie – Middle classVery diverse groupResented other two estatesDiscontent and wanted change
Economic TroublesDeficit Spending – A government
spending more money than it takes inKing Louis XIV left France in deep debt
from wars and personal spendingPoor harvests left people hungry and
poor
Failure of ReformHeirs of Louis XIV weren’t good at
reformAdvisors tried to get king to tax 1st and
2nd estatesEstates General Called
First time in 175 years Nobles wanted to bring monarch under
control
Estates General – The CahiersLouis had each estate prepare a list of
their grievancesEach group of people had very specific
dislikes
Tennis Court OathMost from 3rd Estate were middle classWanted reform for their levelVoting system was biggest concern3rd estate broke off and created own
assemblyFound meeting hall locked and guarded –
moved to Tennis courtsReformers from 1st and 2nd estates joined
Storming the BastilleJuly 14th, 1789 Paris
streets were full of people
Went to Bastille to get guns and ammo
Gate didn’t open, riot started
Many killedBeginning of French
Revolution
Revolts in Paris The Great Fear – rumors of attacksFear and famine caused violent attacksParis in constant turmoilFactions – small groupsFactions roamed streets trying to gain
power
Moderate ReformsFeudalism was abolished – equality for
citizensMade declaration of rights of manMen were free and had natural rights “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Women Storm VersaillesOctober 5th – Women march to
Versailles yelling “Bread”Angry at Marie Antoinette for
extravaganceWanted King in Paris, wouldn’t leave till
he agreedKing, Marie, son taken to Paris next day
and held prisoner for 3 years
Reorganization and ReformAssembly put French Catholic Church
under state controlMany clergy refused to recognize thisConstitution of 1791 set up limited
monarchyGovernment made more efficient
Political ReformsAll male citizens equalLimited power of monarchEstablish legislative assembly to make
lawsGranted all tax paying males right to
elect representatives
Social and Economic ReformsAbolished privileges of
nobilityEnded feudalismTaxed according to ability
to payForbade guilds and unionsCompensated nobles for
land taken by peasants
Religious ReformsFreedom of ReligionTook over and sold church landsPlaced church under state controlClergy must be elected and government
employees
Louis’ Failed FlightKing, Queen, and son
tried to escapeDressed as servant,
governess, and the childCaught and returned to
Paris
Reaction Outside of FranceWidespread fear from stories told by
émigrés Émigrés – people who fled FranceOther Rulers condemned, vowed to
protect FranceFrench began fighting themselvesRadical moved fight to battlefields
Radical DaysViolent outbreaks Radicals took controlSuffrage – Right to voteSuffrage for all male citizensNew constitution set up a RepublicKing put on trial as traitor, convictedBeheaded January 1793Marie Antoinette beheaded in October
Convention Defends the Republic At War on all fronts Committee of Public Safety made to save
the Revolution All citizens required to help the war effort
Robespierre Lawyer and Politician “Incorruptible” and a tyrant Chief leader of Reign of Terror
Reign of TerrorJuly 1793 to July 1794Hasty trials and many death sentences40,000 people died, mostly peasantsFalse accusations or mistaken identityConvention turned on CommitteeRobespierre was beheaded
Reaction and the DirectorySet up a new, more moderate
ConstitutionFive man directory, two house legislatorDirectory in power for four yearsPeople grew discontent againLooking for someone to lead
Napoleon Bonaparte Born in Corsica Trained early in
military Rose as an officer in
the military Had several
successes, fueled his ambition
Moved from general to political leader
NapoleonOverthrew the government and took title
of Consul for lifeTwo years later became EmperorEvery time moved up, held a votePlebiscite – ballot in which voters say
yes or no
France Under NapoleonReforms
Controlled prices, encouraged industry Made peace with Catholic Church All classes of people liked him
Napoleonic Code New code of laws Based on law, tolerance, advancement
based on merit
Building an Empire
The Grand Empire Annexed – Added Took over and ruled by force Put friends and relatives on thrones
of Europe Made allies with other rulers
France vs. BritainHeld off Napoleon with sea powerSet up blockadeBlockade – shutting off ports or supplies
from movingScarcity of goods made prices in
France risePeople got upset
NationalismPeople saw
him as foreign oppressors
Nationalism lead to revolts
Resistence in SpainBrother, Joseph
Bonaparte was King of Spain
People were loyal to former king
Guerrilla warfare – hit and run raids
Kept lots of French soldiers occupied.
War with AustriaSpanish resistance
encouraged Austrians
Beat them several times
Divorced his wife to marry Austrian princess to claim lands
Defeat in RussiaRussians were not happy with Napoleon1812- 40,000 French invade RussiaRussians retreated, burning everything
“Scorched Earth”Napoleon couldn’t
feed troops, turned around
1000 mile retreat killed many
Downfall of NapoleonExile and Return
Abdicated – Stepped down from power Exiled to Elba – island in Mediterranean Louis XVIII became King Accepted some of things from Revolution Many people got upset and wanted revenge Napoleon escaped and returned to France March 1815 – Napoleon returns and Louis
flees
Battle of WaterlooOnly in power for 100 daysBritish and Prussian forces crushed the
FrenchDefeated – forced to abdicate and
exiled again
Legacy of NapoleonRevolutionist or Terrorist?Consolidated governmentCitizens had more rightsSpread the idea of RevolutionSparked Nationalist feelings across
EuropeSold Louisiana Territory to America
Congress of ViennaGathering of Leaders
Met for 10 months Leaders of Europe
Austria, Russia, Britain, France
Goals of the CongressGoal to create lasting peaceEach person wanted own goals too
Balance of PowerRedrew map of EuropeTried to contain France
Restoration of MonarchyLegitimacy – restoring hereditary
monarchies that had been unseatedRestored Portugal, Spain, and Italy
Problems with PeaceQuadruple AllianceNations pledged to act together to
maintain peaceDidn’t take in to account nationalism
or cultures
Looking AheadMostly peaceful for next 100 yearsFrench Revolution would inspire people
for years to comeNationalism is a powerful force
Industrial Revolution
A Turning Point in History1750 – Land worked by handmade toolsSimple living Industrial revolution changed the way
work was doneMany scientific firsts and inventionsMachine made goods
Methods of FarmingBetter use of land, bigger fields, fertilizerCrop rotationJethro Tull created seed drillKing George III – “Farmer George”
Enclosure MethodRich landowners fenced off their landCreated pastures for sheep and
livestockLarger fields = less workers and more
outputJobless farm workers moved to the cityBecame labor for machinery
Population ExplosionMore food = more people5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800
An Energy RevolutionOld way – most energy came from
peopleWater mills and wind millsCoal used to make steam energyEngines developed
Improved IronCoal used to smelt ironSmelt – separate iron from its oreBetter quality and less expensive iron
Why Britain??Resources
Small nation but large natural resources Plentiful iron Large labor population
New Technology Many skilled mechanics High demand for technology
Economic Conditions Trade from overseas helped economy
prosper Started from slave trade – business class
grew Capital – wealth to invest in enterprise Population explosion created demand for
goods
Political and Social Conditions
Stable government supported economic growth
Strong navy protected trade and empire
People concerned about worldly rather than afterlife
Changes in the Textile IndustryMajor Inventions
Production was slow Demand for cloth grew John Kay’s flying shuttle Spinning Jenny – spun many threads at
same time
First Factories
Machines couldn’t be used at home Developed to house machines and workers Machines powered by steam engines
Revolution in Transportation
On Land Turnpikes – privately built roads Steam locomotives First major rail line in England Didn’t have to follow rivers
On Sea Used steam to power boats 1st steam boat broke speed record – 5mph Big steam power freighters with iron hulls
New Industrial CityUrbanization – movement of people to
citiesSoaring populations and demand for
workers led to bigger citiesRich and middle class lived in pleasant
neighborhoodsTenements – multistory buildings
divided into crowded apartmentsPoor sanitation lead to disease
Factory SystemRigid Discipline
Rigid schedules set by whistles Shifts were 12 to 16 hours Exhausted people suffered accidents Machines didn’t have safety devices Lost fingers, limbs, lives If sick, lost job
Women workersWomen were hired more than menAdaptable to machines and easier to
manageCould pay women lessWomen were taken out of the homeWent home to clean, cook and raise
kids
Child labor
Small fingers and quick moving children
Child made money for the family
Orphans often hired, slaves to machinesBeaten if not workingHurt their growth, ruined limbsLaws made to regulate child labor
Working ClassProtests
Workers resisted machines Riots against places that fired them Protesters met harsh repression Riots broken up by soldiers Strikes were outlawed
Spread of Methodism Comfort found in new religion John Wesley’s Methodist church Stressed personal faith Channeled anger from revolution to reform
The New Middle ClassThose who benefited most
were those who put it in motion
Merchants, inventors and artisans
“Rags to Riches”Valued hard work and
determination
Benefits and ProblemsSaw revolution as blessing and curseWorkers organized in to Labor UnionWon the right to bargainMass produced goods grew wealth Industrialization spread around the
world
Laissez-Faire EconomicsLegacy of Adam Smith
“Hands off” approach Wealth of Nations Free market helps everyone Government didn’t interfere
Malthus on PopulationPredicted the population would outgrow
food supplyPoor would sufferHowever population grew, food supply
grew tooPeople had fewer children
Ricardo on WagesPoor had too many childrenHigh wages = more childrenMore laborers = lower wagesBest cure for poverty was free marketPeople could pull themselves up
The Utilitarian'sUtilitarianism – goal of society should be
greatest happiness for greatest numberAction are right if they promote
happiness, wrong if they cause pain Middle class didn’t likeDemocratic governments use these
ideas to make laws
Emergence of SocialismSome wanted society focused onCondemned evils of capitalismSocialism – society rather than an
individual would own the means of production (farms, factories, railways)
Wanted Society to operate to benefit itself
The Utopians Early socialist tried to build self-
sufficient communitiesAll work and property was owned by allRich and poor was gone Impractical dreamers
The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx
Condemned Utopians but built new theory
Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
Communism – form of socialist that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable
MarxismEconomics is the driving force of historyThe “Haves” always control society and
its wealthThe “have-nots” were the proletariatProletariat – Working ClassWould always be a struggle Proletariat would triumph and create a
class-less system
Looking aheadFailures
Marxism fell often Government improved conditions for workers
so they didn’t revolt People were more nationalist than tied to
classRevolutions
Russia embraced Marxism Revolutionist set up communist government Many nations started in communism went to
capitalism Now almost all governments are free-market