reward 2.5 user manual[2]

8/10/2019 ReWaRD 2.5 User Manual[2]

1/80

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

ReWaRDVersion 2.5

User Manual


2/80

2 ReWaRD 2.5 User Manual

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does notrepresent a commitment on the part of Geocentrix Ltd. The software described inthis document is furnished under a licence agreement or non-disclosureagreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of thatagreement. It is against the law to copy the software except as specificallyallowed in the licence or non-disclosure agreement. No part of this manual may

be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose, without theexpress written permission of Geocentrix Ltd.

1992-2007 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geocentrix and ReWaRD are registered trademarks of Geocentrix Ltd.

Frodingham and Larssen are registered trademarks of Corus plc in the UnitedKingdom.

Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. IBMis a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Other brandor product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respectiveholders

Set in Optimum using Corel WordPerfect 12.

Update 19 (04/07).

Printed in the UK.


3/80

Acknowledgements 3

AcknowledgmentsReWaRD 2.5 was designed and written by Dr Andrew Bond and Ian Spencer ofGeocentrix Ltd. The program was originally commissioned by British Steel Ltd.

The ReWaRD User Manualwas written by Dr Andrew Bond.

Parts of ReWaRD were developed with the assistance of Professor David Potts ofImperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine and Dr Hugh St John ofthe Geotechnical Consulting Group.

The following people assisted with the testing of this and previous versions of theprogram: Vassilis Poulopoulos (Geocentrix); Romain Arnould (GeotechnicalConsulting Group); Andy Fenlon (Nonsuch Videographics); Joe Emmerson (BritishSteel); and Kieran Dineen (Imperial College).


4/80


Table of contentsAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

About this book 7Conventions 8Where to go for help 8User manual 8Reference manual 8ReWaRDs help system 8Tooltips 9Technical support 9

Sales and marketing information 9

Chapter 2Installing and starting ReWaRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Whats in the ReWaRD package 11Hardware and software requirements 11Upgrading from an earlier version of ReWaRD 11To install ReWaRD 11To run ReWaRD 12To uninstall ReWaRD 12

Chapter 3Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Key features 13The Desktop 13Title Bar 13Menu Bar 13Toolbar 14Main work area 14Status Bar 14The Stockyard 14Workbooks 15Tools 16Startup-Wizard 16Construction Wizard 17On-line help 17To open ReWaRDs on-line help 18

Chapter 4Tutorial 1 cantilever wall in sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Worked example 19Using the Construction Wizard to create a new project 19Step 1 19Step 2 20

Step 3 20Step 4 21Step 5 21Step 6 21What the Construction Wizard has done for you 22


5/80

Table of contents 5

Choosing a design standard 23Designing to BS 8002 23Calculating structural forces 24Checking the required embedment 27Designing to CIRIA 104 27Calculating structural forces 28

Checking the required embedment 30Conclusion 30What next? 31

Chapter 5Tutorial 2 propped wall in stiff clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Worked example 33Creating a new project from scratch 33Creating a construction stage 33Creating the ground geometry 34

Creating the wall 36Creating a soil column 36Adding the remaining objects 38Designing to CIRIA 104 39Calculating the required embedment 40Calculating structural forces 40Printing your results 41What next? 43

Chapter 6Tutorial 3 cofferdam in mixed soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Worked example 45

Using the Construction Wizard to create a new project 46Step 1 specify the finished geometry 46Step 2 enter the depths of the props 46Step 3 enter the properties of the predominant soil type 46Step 4 choose the type of retaining wall 46Step 5 where do you want water tables? 46Step 6 go! 46Modifying the project 47Changing the depths of the excavations 47Adding the missing soils 48Adding the missing layers 49Amending the borehole 49Extending the wall and moving the top prop 50Changing and adding water tables 51Adding a surcharge 52Designing the cofferdam: Stage 2 53Selecting the design standard 53Calculating earth pressures 53Calculating required embedment 56Calculating structural forces 56Calculating displacements 57Reviewing messages 58Designing the cofferdam: other stages 58

What next? 59

Chapter 7The Stockyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61


6/80


Object types 61To create a new object 61Existing objects 62To choose which objects appear in the Existing Objects pane 62To edit an existing object 62Properties pane 63

Property boxes 63Identifying icons 64Objects names 64Defaults 64Context-sensitive help 65Data validation 65

Chapter 8Workbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

The Drawing Board 67Drag n drop design 68

To select an object 68To add an object to a Drawing Board 68To remove an object from a Drawing Board 69Editing an object 69Changing the scale 69Results pages 70Customizing a page 70Choosing a layout 71The Messages Page 71

Chapter 9Producing reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Selecting what appears in a report 73Stockyard page 73Workbooks page 73Pictures page 74Results page 74Layout page 75Print preview 75Printing 75

Chapter 10Customizing the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Windows Registry 77

Program-wide settings 77Defaults for engineering objects 77Factory defaults 78

Chapter 11Upgrading from previous versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Whats new or improved in ReWaRD 2.5 79Whats new or improved in ReWaRD 2.0 79


7/80

Chapter 1: Introduction 7

Chapter 1

IntroductionWelcome to ReWaRD, the advanced retaining wall design program. ReWaRDgives you the power to design a wide range of embedded retaining walls in a

variety of soil types, under an assortment of loading conditions.

ReWaRD is easy to learn and even easier to use. Youll find all the things youneed to design a retaining wall are only a few mouse clicks away and can be puttogether in moments. ReWaRDs calculations are fast and its visual display is richin detail and comprehensive in coverage.

This chapter of the ReWaRD User Manual outlines the contents of this book,explains the conventions that are used herein, and tells you what to do if youneed help using the program.

About this bookThis User Manualis divided into the following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Installing and starting ReWaRD Chapter 3 Overview Chapter 4 Tutorial 1 cantilever wall in sand Chapter 5 Tutorial 2 propped wall in stiff clay Chapter 6 Tutorial 3 cofferdam in mixed soils Chapter 7 The Stockyard Chapter 8 Workbooks

Chapter 9 Producing reports Chapter 10 Customizing the program Chapter 11 Upgrading from previous versions


8/80


ConventionsTo help you locate and interpret information easily, the ReWaRD User Manualuses the following typographical conventions.

This Represents

Bold Items on a menu or in a list-box; the text on a button or next to anedit control; or the label of a group box

Item1 Item2 An item on a cascading menu. Item1 is the name of an option on themain menu bar (such as Fileor Window); and Item2 is the name ofan option on the cascading menu that appears when you selectItem1 (such as Newor Open). Thus, File Newrepresents the Newcommand from the File menu.

italic Place holders for information you must provide. For example, if youare asked to type filename, you should type the actual name for a fileinstead of the word shown in italics

Italic type also signals a new term. An explanation immediatelyfollows the italicized term

monospaced Anything you must type on the keyboard

CAPITALS Directory names, filenames, and acronyms

KEY1+KEY2 An instruction to press and hold down key 1 before pressing key 2.For example, "ALT+ESC" means press and hold down the ALT keybefore pressing the ESC key. Then release both keys

KEY1, KEY2 An instruction to press and release key 1 before pressing key 2. For

example, "ALT, F" means press and release the ALT key beforepressing and releasing the F key

Where to go for helpYour first source of help and information should be the ReWaRD manuals andthe on-line help system.

User manualThe ReWaRD User Manual(this book) explains how to install and use ReWaRD.It includes a n overview of the program, a tutorial, and separate chapters givingdetailed information about ReWaRDs Stockyard and Workbooks.

Reference manualThe ReWaRD Reference Manualgives detailed information about the calculationsReWaRD performs. The manual assumes you have a working knowledge of thegeotechnical design of embedded retaining walls.

ReWaRDs help systemReWaRDs help system contains detailed information about the program. Helpappears in a separate window with its own controls. Help topics that explain howto accomplish a task appear in windows that you can leave displayed while youfollow the procedure.

To open the help system:

Press F1


9/80

Chapter 1: Introduction 9

Click the Help button in any dialogue box Choose a command from the Helpmenu

If you need assistance with using on-line help, choose the How To Use Helpcommand from the Helpmenu.

TooltipsIf you pause while passing the mouse pointer over an object, such as a toolbarbutton, ReWaRD displays the name of that object. This feature, called tooltips,makes it easier for you to identify what you see and to find what you need.

Technical supportTechnical support for ReWaRD is available direct from Geocentrix or throughyour local distributor. If you require technical support, please contact Geocentrixby any of these means:

Voice: +44 (0)1737 373963

Fax: +44 (0)1737 373980E-mail: [email protected]: www.geocentrix.co.uk

Please be at your computer and have your licence number ready when you call.

Alternatively, you can write to the following address:

ReWaRD Technical SupportGeocentrix LtdScenic House

54 Wilmot WayBansteadSurreySM7 2PYUnited Kingdom

Please quote your licence number on all correspondence.

Sales and marketing informationFor sales and marketing information about ReWaRD, please contact ReWaRDSales on the same numbers as above.


10/80



11/80

Chapter 2: Installing and starting ReWaRD 11

Chapter 2

Installing and starting ReWaRDReWaRD can be installed to run on Windows 95 or Windows NT. Although youcan install the software on as many computers as you like, you will only be able

to run the program on those computers to which you attach the supplied securitykey.

Before you begin installing your copy of ReWaRD, there are a few things youshould check:

Examine the contents of your ReWaRD package to check we have sent youeverything listed below

Make sure you have the necessary hardware and software to run ReWaRD

Whats in the ReWaRD packageThe ReWaRD package includes the following items:

ReWaRD User Manual(this document) ReWaRD Reference Manual Geocentrix Software CD One security key (dongle) for each copy of the program you have purchased Instructions for installing and running your copy of ReWaRD

Hardware and software requirementsIn order to run ReWaRD, you will need the following hardware and software:

IBM-compatible PC with an 80386- (or higher) processor Microsoft Windows 95 (or later) or Microsoft Windows NT 4 (or later) At least 30Mb free space on your hard disk for a complete installation CD-ROM drive Any printer supported by Windows A mouse or other pointing device supported by Windows

Upgrading from an earlier version of ReWaRDIf you are upgrading your copy of ReWaRD from an earlier version, you shouldnote the following:

ReWaRDs setup program installs Version 2.5 in a different directory toVersions 1.x and 2.0 and hence will not overwrite your existing copy ofReWaRD

JOB files created in ReWaRD 1.x can be imported into ReWaRD 2.5, wherethey will be converted into ReWaRDs new RWD format

RWD files created in ReWaRD 2.0 can be opened in ReWaRD 2.5, where theywill be updated without loss of information

Documents created in ReWaRD 2.5 can be exported into ReWaRD 1.xs JOBformat, although some information may be lost. The program will inform youwhen this happens

Documents created in ReWaRD 2.5 cannot be read by ReWaRD 2.0

To install ReWaRD


12/80


1. Place the Geocentrix Software CDin your CD-ROM drive. TheBrowser (right) shouldautomatically appear (if not, runSETUP.EXEfrom the CDs rootfolder).

2. Click on the text Click here toinstall ReWaRD or the arrowalongside it to run the ReWaRDSetup program. When asked Doyou want to run or save this file?click Run. If a security warningappears, click Run.

3. When the ReWaRD Setupwelcome screen appears, clickNext.

4. Read and accept the License

Agreement and click Next. Thenreview the Release Notes and clickNext.

5. Select the features you want to install, choose a product install path, and clickNext.

6. When you are ready to update your system, click Next. The ReWaRD Setupprogram will install the necessary files on your system.

7. When setup is complete, click Finish. The HASP Device Driver setup programwill then start, allowing you to install the drivers necessary for ReWaRD tocommunicate with its security key. Follow the on-screen instructions.

8. When the HASP setup iscomplete, click Finish. If

you ticked the RunReWaRDbutton, ReWaRDwill start automatically anddisplay its LicenceRegistration Wizard.

9. Enter your userinformation exactly asgiven on the programspackaging, make sure thesupplied security key isattached to your

computer, andclickRegisterto run ReWaRD.

To run ReWaRD1. From Windows Start menu, click All Programs | Geocentrix | ReWaRD 2.5.

To uninstall ReWaRD1. Exit ReWaRD.2. From Windows Start menu, click All Programs | Geocentrix | Uninstall |

Uninstall ReWaRD 2.5.3. Follow the instructions on-screen.


13/80

Chapter 3: Overview 13

Chapter 3

OverviewThis chapter gives you an overview of ReWaRDs main features.

Key featuresReWaRDs user interface revolves around two main views:

The Stockyard, where you create, edit, and delete engineering objects Workbooks, where you define stages in the construction sequence and

perform engineering calculations

In addition, ReWaRD has a number of tools and features which assist you ingetting the best out of the Stockyard/Workbook interface:

Wizards are provided to speed up frequently-performed tasks, such as creating

a multi-propped construction sequence Context-sensitive dialogue boxes and property sheets help to simplify data-

entry Data-validation prevents you from entering invalid parameters or choosing

invalid options On-line help is provided at the click of a button

The DesktopReWaRDs Desktop comprises the programs title bar, menu bar, toolbar, mainwork area, and status bar.

Title BarThe Title Bar displays the name and version number of the program. The Controlmenu at the left-hand edge of the Title Bar provides commands for sizing,moving, or closing ReWaRDs main window. The row of buttons at the right-handedge of the Title Bar provide quick ways of maximizing or minimizing and closingReWaRDs main window.

Menu BarThe Menu Bar provides groups of commands for manipulating files, editing andviewing objects, setting properties, choosing a design standard, performingcalculations, running tools, arranging windows, and accessing on-line help.


14/80


Some items (File, Edit, View, Design, Tools, Window, and Help) appear on theMenu Bar at all times. Others (such as Create, Properties, and Calculate) appearwhen needed, depending on which view is active.

Toolbar

The Toolbar provides buttons that help you perform certain tasks quickly, withoutusing the menus. The Toolbar changes when you change the active view.

If you pause while passing the mouse pointer over a toolbar button, ReWaRDdisplays the name of that button. This makes it easier for you to recall what eachbutton does.

Main work areaThe Desktops main work area acts as a container for ReWaRDs Stockyard andWorkbook views. When you create a new document or open an existingdocument, ReWaRD creates a Stockyard view for that document. You may thendisplay as many Workbook views as you wish, subject only to the limits of your

computers memory.

Status BarThe Status Bar displays summary information about the current document. TheStatus Bar changes when you change the active view. For example, when aWorkbooks Drawing Board is selected, the Status Bar displays the (x, y) co-ordinate of the mouse pointer, which allows you to determine the location of anyobject on the Drawing Board.

When you select a menu command, the Status Bar displays a brief description ofthat command.

The StockyardReWaRDs Stockyard is where you create and manage the engineering objectsyou will need to define your retaining wall project. This is at the heart ofReWaRDs data entry system.


15/80

Chapter 3: Overview 15

The Stockyard is divided into three panes which list the engineering objects youcan create, the engineering objects you have already created, and the propertiesof those objects. Context-sensitive pop-up menus allow you to manipulate each

object at the click of a button.

Chapter 7 describes the features of the Stockyard in detail and explains how youcan use it to maximum effect in your design work.

WorkbooksAlthough the Stockyard is where you create the engineering objects you need,ReWaRDs Workbooks are where you use them to create designs. EachWorkbook encapsulates all the information that is relevant to a particularconstruction stage, whether it is part of a sequence of stages or one of severalwhat-if scenarios.


16/80


ReWaRDs Workbooks are multi-paged windows containing a Drawing Board,several results and graph pages, and a messages page. The Drawing Boardprovides continuous visual feedback as you build each construction stage. Bypresenting the results of its calculations on separate pages, ReWaRD ensures thatall the information you might want is readily available without you beingoverwhelmed with numbers.

Chapter 8 describes the capabilities of ReWaRDs Workbooks in detail andexplains how you can use them to optimize your designs.

ToolsReWaRD provides a number of tools to increase your efficiency in using theprogram. You can see what tools are available to you by clicking on the Toolsitem on the menu bar.

Startup-WizardThe Start-up Wizard is designed to speed up your use of ReWaRD, by listing the

four most common tasks that users perform when they first start the program.

Select which option you want from those provided and click the Go button(alternatively, double-click on the desired option to select and go in one action).


17/80


18/80


To open ReWaRDs on-line helpTo open ReWaRDs on-line help:

Press F1 Click the Help button in a dialogue box

Choose a command from the Helpmenu


19/80

Chapter 4: Tutorial 1 cantilever wall in sand 19

1(= unsaturated unit weight; N= angle of shearing resistance; and cN= effective

cohesion of the sand

Chapter 4

Tutorial 1 cantilever wall in sandThis tutorial helps you to get started with ReWaRD, by designing a simplecantilever wall in sand. The tutorial shows you how to:

Use ReWaRDs Construction Wizard Choose between the available design standards View the results of your calculations

Worked exampleThe worked example involves the design of a wall to support a 4m excavation insand.

The ground conditions at the site comprise 15m of dense sand ((= 17 kN/m; N= 35; cN= 0)

1. The groundwater table is 15m below excavation level and hence

the sand can be considered dry throughout.

A diaphragm wall 0.6m thick will be used to support the excavation in the longterm. No props can be used.

You are required to calculate the walls minimum depth of embedment and themaximum bending moment and shear force it must resist.

Using the Construction Wizard to create a new projectIf ReWaRD is not already running, double-click on the ReWaRD icon to load theprogram into your computers memory. Once the splash screen has

disappeared, ReWaRD displays its Start-up Wizard.

Select the option Run the Construction Wizardand click the Gobutton.ReWaRDs Construction Wizard appears on your screen.

The Construction Wizard asks you a number of questions about the retaining wallproject you want to create and then generates a project according to youranswers.

Step 1In Step 1, the Construction Wizard asks you to specify the finished geometry of


20/80


the retaining structure.

If not already selected, click on the Cantileveroption. The number of propschanges to 0 and the picture shows a cantilever wall.

Change the retained height to 4m and click Nextto continue.

Step 2In Step 2, the Construction Wizard asks you to enter the depths of the props.Since there are no props in this worked example, click Nextto continue.

Step 3In Step 3, the Construction Wizard asks you to enter the properties of thepredominant soil type.

Select Sand from the Soil Typebox; leave the wet density at its default value; andenter a dry density of 1733 kg/m (which is equivalent to 17 kN/m) and an angleof friction of 35.


21/80


Although not shown, the Construction Wizard automatically sets the soilseffective cohesion to zero. (It doesnt matter what value you enter for the wetdensity, since this will not be used in this example.)

Click Nextto continue.

Step 4In Step 4, the Construction Wizard asks you to choose the type of retaining wallyou want to use.

If it is not already selected, select Diaphragm from the Wall Typebox and 600mm in the Widthbox. Click Nextto continue.

Step 5In Step 5, the Construction Wizard asks you on which side of the wall you wantwater tables.

Select Neither Sideand click Nextto continue.

Step 6Step 6 is where you instruct the Construction Wizard to generate your project. Ifyou want to review the information you have entered in Steps 1-5, you can do soby clicking on the Previousand Nextbuttons in succession.


22/80


When you are ready, click on Goto generate the project.

The Construction Wizard creates the engineering objects needed to define theproject, fills its Stockyard with these objects, and then displays the Workbook

associated with Construction Stage 1. At this moment, your screen should looksomething like this:

What the Construction Wizard has done for youReWaRDs Construction Wizard has automated a lot of the tasks you wouldnormally have to perform to setup a retaining wall project from scratch. It hascreated a total of seven engineering objects, which you can view by clicking onAll Objectsin the Stockyards Objects Typepane:

Horizontal ground surface Diaphragm wall 0.6m thick Sand with appropriate properties Drained layer containing the sand Borehole containing the layer Construction stage containing all the other objects

Horizontal excavation at 4m depth

You can review the properties of these objects by clicking on them in turn andlooking at the pane labelled Properties of Selected Object.


23/80


At this point, it is a good idea to save your work, which you can do by choosingthe Save Ascommand from the Filemenu (or by clicking on the Save button onthe Toolbar). When the Save As dialogue box appears, choose the folder whereyou want to save the document, enter its filename asTUTORI AL1, and click OK(ReWaRD will automatically add the extension . RWDfor you).

Provided you installed ReWaRD in its default folder, you will find a copy of thisworked example in its current state in the folder PROGRAM

FI LES\ GEOCENTRI X\ REWARD\ 2. 5\ PROJ ECTS\ TUTORI AL 1, under the

name STEP1. RWD.

Choosing a design standardReWaRD provides support for several UK and international

design standards, as listed on the Designmenu. When you select one ofthese standards, ReWaRD changes its configuration so thatthe calculations you perform are in accordance with it.

In this Tutorial, you will prepare calculations using two Britishdesign standards:

BS 8002 CIRIA 104

Designing to BS 8002If it is not already selected, select BS 8002from ReWaRDs Designmenu. (Theselected standard is shown ticked and greyed on this menu.)

You can review the settings for the selected standard by choosing the

Properties...command from the Designmenu. The following box appears for BS8002:

Click on each of the tabs in turn to see what rules the program follows when itperforms its calculations. In particular, note the partial factors that are applied tothe soils drained parameters.


24/80


On the Equilibrium page, note that equilibrium conditions are set to At minimumsafe embedment (see the ReWaRD Reference Manualfor further informationabout what this means). The significance of this will become apparent later in the

tutorial.

Click Cancelto close this box when you have finished.

Calculating structural forcesOnce you have defined a valid construction stage and have selected the designstandard you wish to use, you are ready to calculate structural forces in the wall:

If necessary, click on the Workbook to make it active Choose the Structural Forcescommand on the

Workbooks Calculatemenu

(Or) Click on the Calculate Structural Forces button onthe Workbooks Toolbar

ReWaRD calculates earth pressures against the wall thatare in equilibrium and match the condition given on theEquilibrium page of the Design Standards property box.In this case, earth pressures are calculated at theminimum safe embedment of the wall (i.e. in equilibriumwith safety factors applied).

ReWaRD then uses these earth pressures to calculate thestructural forces in the wall (see the ReWaRD Reference

Manualfor further details) and displays the structural forces on a picture of theconstruction stage.


25/80


Bending moments are shown by a dark blue solid line and shear forces by a lightblue dashed line. Maximum values of each are noted on the diagram (these aredesign values i.e. they already include appropriate safety factors, which in thecase of BS 8002 are 1.0). The dashed red line on the right hand side of thepicture indicates the unplanned excavation that ReWaRD has applied in

accordance with BS 8002.

You can view the earth pressures used to calculate these structural forces bychoosing the appropriate command from the Workbooks View Earth Pressuresmenu. You should choose the At Minimum Safe Embedmentcommand (sincethese are the earth pressures used in this case).

The following diagram show the earth pressures obtained at the minimum safeembedment.


26/80


Note that the earth pressures on the excavated side of the wall do not begin atformation level this is because BS 8002 requires a minimum unplannedexcavation of 0.5m to be included in the calculations. (One of ReWaRDs keybenefits is that important details like this are automatically applied.)

ReWaRD also provides the results of the earth pressure calculations in a table orspreadsheet. To view the earth pressures in this format, choose Tablefrom theWorkbooks Viewmenu. By default, ReWaRD displays the design pressures, asshown below.


27/80


Checking the required embedmentTo calculate the required embedment of the wall, choose the RequiredEmbedmentcommand from the Workbooks Calculatemenu. The results aredisplayed in a hierarchical tree view. By expanding some of the nodes (by clickingon the + signs), you can easily obtain whatever information you require from the

calculations. For example, in the picture below, you can see that:

The wall (whose unplanned retained height is 4.5m) requires a minimum toedepth of 8.1m

Partial factors of 1.2 have been applied to the soils coefficient of shearingresistance (tan N) and effective cohesion (cN)

An unplanned excavation of 10% of the retained height or 0.5m (whichever isthe greater) has been applied

The overturning and restoring moments (402 kNm/m) are in balance andhence the wall is in moment equilibrium

Designing to CIRIA 104You can obtain corresponding results using CIRIA 104 simply by changing the

design standard and re-running the calculations:

Select CIRIA 104 Gross Pressure MethodfromReWaRDs Designmenu

Note that ReWaRD has cleared the previous resultsand invites you to calculate the required embedmentagain

Review the settings for this standard by choosing the Properties...commandfrom the Designmenu

On the Equilibrium page, note that the equilibrium conditions are set to AtFailure (see the ReWaRD Reference Manualfor further information aboutwhat this means)

On the CIRIA 104 page, make sure that the design approach is set toModerately Conservative and the Works to Permanent (again, see theReWaRD Reference Manualfor further information about these settings)


28/80


Choose OKto save the design standard settings



name STEP2. RWD.

Calculating structural forcesTo calculate the structural forces in the wall:

If necessary, click on the Workbook to make it active Choose the Structural Forcescommand on the Workbooks Calculatemenu (Or) Click on the Calculate Structural Forces button on the Workbooks

Toolbar

ReWaRD then calculates the embedment of the wall at failure (i.e. in equilibriumwith nosafety factors applied) and uses the earth pressures at this embedment tocalculate the structural forces in the wall. (See the ReWaRD Reference Manualforfurther information.)

ReWaRD displays the structural forces pictorially:


29/80


The maximum bending moment in this case is 93 kNm/m and the maximumshear force is 210 kN/m. These are design values i.e. they already include theappropriate safety factors (which in the case of CIRIA 104 are 1.5).

You can view the earth pressures used to calculate these structural forces by

choosing the appropriate command from the Workbooks View Earth Pressuresmenu. You should choose the At Failure command (since these are the earthpressures that CIRIA 104 recommends for calculating structural forces).

The following diagram shows the earth pressures obtained at failure.


30/80


Note that the earth pressures on the excavated side of the wall dobegin atformation level this is because CIRIA 104 does not require a minimumunplanned excavation to be considered.

Checking the required embedment

To calculate the required embedment of the wall, choose the RequiredEmbedmentcommand from the Workbooks Calculatemenu. The results aredisplayed in a hierarchical tree view. By expanding the appropriate nodes, youcan see that:

The wall (whose retained height is 4.0m) requires a minimum toe depth of7.9m

Partial factors of 1.5-2.0 have been applied to the resisting effective pressures(i.e. passive pressures)

Partial factors of 1.5 have been applied to the resulting bending moments andshear forces

The overturning and restoring moments (317 kNm/m) are in balance and

hence the wall is in moment equilibrium

ConclusionThe results obtained using two different design standards are summarized below:

Result BS 8002 CIRIA 104

Required embedment (m) 8.1 7.9

Maximum bending moment(kNm/m)

166 129

Maximum shear force (kN/m) 255 262

BS 8002 is more conservative than CIRIA 104 for this worked example,particularly in terms of bending moments. This is due mainly to the provision inBS 8002 of an unplanned excavation of 0.5m.


31/80


What next?Chapter 5 shows you how to build a project from scratch, using ReWaRDs drag-and-drop design features, and how to produce a printed report.

Chapter 6 takes you through the design of a more complicated structure a

multi-propped cofferdam in mixed soils using the techniques introduced inTutorials 1 and 2.


32/80



33/80

Chapter 5: Tutorial 2 propped wall in stiff clay 33

2(and (

s= unsaturated and saturated unit weights, respectively; N= angle of shearing

resistance; and cN= effective cohesion of the clay

Chapter 5

Tutorial 2 propped wall in stiff clayThis tutorial helps you to extend your knowledge of ReWaRD, by designing apropped wall in stiff clay. The tutorial shows you how to:

Build a project from scratch, without using the Construction Wizard Drag engineering objects from the Stockyard and drop them onto a

Workbooks Drawing Board Switch between short- and long-term stages (and hence drained and undrained

calculations) Obtain a printout of your input and output data

Worked exampleThe worked example is taken from CIRIA Report 104, Design of retaining wallsembedded in stiff clays, by Padfield and Mair (1984). Appendix C of that

document includes calculations for propped walls in stiff clay with and withoutseepage around the wall. Example C.2 involves the design of a wall to support an8m excavation in stiff clay.

The ground conditions at the site comprise an unspecified thickness of stiff clay ((= (

s= 20 kN/m; N= 25; cN= 0)

2. Groundwater is at 1m below ground level on

the retained side of the wall and at 1m below formation level on the excavatedside.

The wall (type unspecified, but assumed herein to be secant piled) will form partof the temporary works and is supported by a prop at 2m below ground level.

You are required to calculate the walls minimum depth of embedment; themaximum bending moment and shear force in the wall; and the force in the prop.

Creating a new project from scratchIf ReWaRD is not already running, double-click on the ReWaRD icon to load theprogram into your computers memory. Once the splash screen hasdisappeared, ReWaRD displays its Start-up Wizard. Select the option Create aNew Projectand click the Gobutton. ReWaRDs Stockyard appears on yourscreen.

Many of the following tasks can be performed in any order you choose.

Creating a construction stageStart the new project by creating a Construction Stage. Choose ConstructionStageon the Stockyards Createmenu and click the OKbutton in the dialoguebox that appears.

ReWaRD creates a new Construction Stage and displays its property box. Changethe name of the stage to Example C2and click OK.

ReWaRD saves the stage and then opens a new Workbook for you to addengineering objects to. At this point, your screen should look something like this:


34/80




name STEP1. RWD.

Creating the ground geometryNow define the geometry of the problem by creating a ground profile and anexcavation. Click on the Stockyard to make it active.

Although you could create a ground profile via the Stockyards Createmenu as

before, instead use one of the buttons on theStockyards Toolbar to do the same thing. You canlocate which button to use by moving your mousepointer over each button in turn until you find onewhose tool-tip reads Create ground profile(seepicture alongside).

When you click this button, the following box appears.

Choose Horizontal and click OK.

ReWaRD creates a new Horizontal Ground Profile and displays its property box.Since there are no properties to set for this object, just click OKto save it in theStockyard.


35/80


36/80




name STEP2. RWD.

Creating the wall

Although you could create the wall via the Stockyards Createmenu or Toolbaras before, instead try double-clicking on the words Retaining Wallin theStockyards Object Types pane. In the dialogue box that appears, select SecantPile and choose OK.

ReWaRD creates a new Secant Pile Wall and displays its property box. Changethe walls toe depth to 20m and click OKto save the new wall. Then drag thewall onto the Workbooks Drawing Board.

Provided you installed ReWaRD in its default folder, you will find a copy of thisworked example in its current state in the folder PROGRAMFI LES\ GEOCENTRI X\ REWARD\ 2. 5\ PROJ ECTS\ TUTORI AL 2, under thename STEP3. RWD.

Creating a soil columnNow it is time to define the soil column at the site. This involves

creating three different objects:

A soil, to represent the properties of the stiff clay A layer, to represent the geometry and drainage conditions

of that soil A borehole, to represent the elevation and ordering of the

layers

Although you could create the soil by using any of the methodsdescribed above, you can speed up the creation of objects still further by using

one of the Stockyards context menus, as follows:


37/80


Right-click on the word Soilin the Stockyards Object Types pane Choose the command New Clayfrom the pop-up menu that appears

ReWaRD creates a new Clay Soil and displays its property box. Then set thefollowing properties:

On the General page, change the soils name to Stiff clay On the Classification page, change the soils classification to Unclassified/Stiff On the Density/Weight page, click on the Unit Weightbutton (if not already

selected) and then change the soils saturated and unsaturated weights to 20kN/m

3

On the Effective Stress page, change the soils angle of shearing resistance to25 and its effective cohesion to zero (leave the Peak flag set and Poissonsratio unchanged)

On the total stress page, change the soils undrained strength to 60 kPa. Whenyou attempt to go to the Notes page, a warning message will appear tellingyou that the soil parameter is out of range (this being a stiff clay, ReWaRD

expected you to enter a strength between 75 and 150 kPa). Answer Yes toconfirm the value you have entered

On the Notes page, enter any notes about this soil that you want to keep forfuture reference

Finally, click on the OKbutton to confirm the soils properties

Now create an undrained layer in which to put the soil:

Right-click on the word Layerin the Stockyards Object Types pane andchoose New Undrainedon the menu that appears

ReWaRD creates a new Undrained Layer and displays its property box On the Properties page, change the soil to Stiff clay and the thickness to

30m

Click on the OKbutton to confirm the layers properties

Now create a borehole in which to put the layer:

Right-click on the word Boreholein the Stockyards Object Types pane andchoose New Boreholeon the menu that appears

ReWaRD creates a new Borehole and displays its property box On the Layers page, select Layer 1" in the Availablebox and click on the

button with a single arrow pointing to the right (>). The layer moves from theAvailablebox to the Chosenbox

Click on the OKbutton to confirm the boreholes properties

Finally, drag the borehole onto the Workbooks Drawing Board, where itautomatically appears on both sides of the wall.

The Drawing Board now looks something like this:


38/80


Note the appearance of the soil column:

The colour/pattern of the main part of the soil column represents the soil (inthis case a clay)

The colour/pattern of the corner piece represents the layer (in this caseundrained)



name STEP4. RWD.

Adding the remaining objectsThe remaining objects for you to create are two water tables (on either side ofthe wall) and a prop.

To add the first water table:

Right-click on the words Water Tablein the Stockyards Object Types paneand choose New Linear Seepageon the menu that appears

ReWaRD creates a new Linear Seepage Water Table and displays its propertybox

On the Properties page, change the depth to 1m Click on the OKbutton to confirm the water tables properties Drag the water table onto the Workbooks Drawing Board, making sure that

you drop in on the retainedside of the wall (if you get this wrong, just drag thewater table off the Drawing Board and drop it back into the Stockyard)

To add the second water table, repeat the instructions given above but change

the depth to 9m and drop the water table on the excavatedside of the wall.

To add the prop:

Right-click on the word Propin the Stockyards Object Types pane and choose


39/80


40/80


menu (Or) Click on the Calculate Required Embedment button on the Workbooks

Toolbar

ReWaRD calculates the embedment of the wall with the appropriate safetyfactors taken from CIRIA 104 and displays the results in a tree view:

The minimum safe embedment for this wall is 15.5m, based on a safety factor of1.35 applied to the effective earth resistance (the 1.35 is obtained byinterpolation between a value of 1.2 for N= 20 and 1.5 for N= 30 the stiffclay in this example has N= 25).

CIRIA 104, on page 136, gives a depth of embedment of approximately 7.5m forF

p= 1.35, making the toe depth 15.5m (as given by ReWaRD).

Calculating structural forcesTo calculate structural forces in the wall:

Choose the Structural Forces command on the Workbooks Calculatemenu (Or) Click on the Calculate Structural Forces button on the Workbooks

Toolbar

ReWaRD calculates the embedment of the wall at failure (i.e. in equilibrium withnosafety factors applied) and uses the earth pressures for this embedment tocalculate the structural forces in the wall. (See the ReWaRD Reference Manualforfurther information.)


41/80


42/80


Tick the engineering objects whose properties you want to print Un-tick those object you dont want to print

Next, click on the Workbooks tab:

Tick the stages for which you want to print results Un-tick those for which you dont want results Next, click on the Pictures tab:

Tick the pictures you want to print Un-tick those you dont want to print Next, click on the Results tab:


43/80


Tick the results you want to print Un-tick those you dont want to print

Finally, click the OKbutton to save your settings

To print the data:

Choose the Print...command from ReWaRDs Filemenu or the Print buttonon ReWaRDs Toolbar

Select whatever print options you require and click the OKbutton to beginprinting

To can obtain a preview of the printed output:

Choose the Print Preview...command from ReWaRDs Filemenu or the Printbutton on ReWaRDs Toolbar

A window similar to this appears:

What next?Chapter 6 takes you through the design of a more complicated structure amulti-propped cofferdam in mixed soils using the techniques introduced inTutorials 1 and 2.


44/80



45/80

Chapter 6: Tutorial 3 cofferdam in mixed soils 45

3(and (

s= unsaturated and saturated unit weights, respectively;N= angle of friction;

cN= effective cohesion; and Cu= undrained strength

Chapter 6

Tutorial 3 cofferdam in mixed soilsThis tutorial helps you to get to grips with ReWaRDs more advanced features, bybuilding a multi-propped cofferdam in a mixed soil profile. The tutorial shows you

how to:

Change the engineering objects generated by ReWaRDs Construction Wizard Add new engineering objects as needed Choose between the available design standards Check the results of your calculations Customize the printed output

Worked exampleThe worked example is taken from CIRIAs Special Publication 95, The design andconstruction of sheet-piled cofferdams, by Williams and Waite (1993). Appendix

B of that document describes the design of a sheet pile cofferdam used tosupport a sub-surface tank in a mixed soil profile.

The ground conditions at the site comprise:3

4m of sand and gravel ((= 18 and (s= 20.3kN/m; N= 35; cN= 0)

2.5m of firm clay ((s= 21kN/m; C

u= 60kPa)

3m of silty sand ((s= 20.3kN/m; N= 30; cN= 0)

2m of soft/firm clay ((s= 20kN/m; C

u= 40kPa)

Medium coarse sand ((s= 20.3kN/m; N= 35; cN= 0)

The cofferdam will be open for less than 3 months and open to full excavationdepth for no more than two weeks (hence a total stress analysis is appropriate).

Ground water level is 2.5m below ground surface. Water pressures in themedium coarse sand are sub-artesian, with a pressure head of 80kPa at thesurface of the sand. A pumping system will be installed to lower the waterpressures in the medium coarse sand by 80kPa throughout the depth of interest.

The permanent works are to be constructed on top of a base slab at a depth of8m. A 0.5m thick drainage layer is to be placed beneath the base slab, so that thefinal formation is at a depth of 8.5m. The sheet piles will have an upstand of 1m.

The first frame will be installed at 0.5m above ground level and the excavationtaken down to 5m before installing the second frame.

The second frame will be installed at a depth of 4m and the excavation takendown to 7.5m before installing the third frame.

The third frame will be installed at a depth of 6.5m.

The plan dimensions of the cofferdam are 17m by 12m.


46/80


Using the Construction Wizard to create a new projectIf ReWaRD is not already running, double-click on the ReWaRD icon to load theprogram into your computers memory. Once the splash screen hasdisappeared, ReWaRD displays its Start-up Wizard. Select the option Run theConstruction Wizardand click the Gobutton. ReWaRDs Construction Wizard

appears on your screen.

The Construction Wizard asks you a number of questions about the retaining wallproject you want to create and then generates a project according to youranswers.

Step 1 specify the finished geometryClick on the Multi-proppedoption. The number of props changes to 3 and thepicture of the wall changes to a multi-propped wall.

Change the retained height to 8.5m and click Nextto continue.

Step 2 enter the depths of the propsYou want to place the first prop at 0.5m aboveground level, but (as you will findif you attempt to do it) the Construction Wizard does not allow you to enternegative depths. Therefore, we will have to leave Prop 1 at ground level andchange its depth later.

Select Prop 2 and change its depth to 4m, by entering 4 in the Depthbox andclicking the Applybutton. Then select Prop 3 and change its depth to 6.5m. ClickNextto continue.

Step 3 enter the properties of the predominant soil typeIn this example, the sand and gravel and the medium coarse sand have identicalproperties and hence it is appropriate to choose them as the predominant soiltype. You will add the other soils later.

Select Sand from the Soil Typebox and enter a wet density of 2069kg/m (whichis equivalent to 20.3kN/m), a dry density of 1766kg/m (18kN/m), and an angleof friction of 35. (Although not shown, the Construction Wizard automaticallysets the soils effective cohesion to zero.) Click Nextto continue.

Step 4 choose the type of retaining wallIf it is not already selected, select Sheet Pile from the Wall Typebox; select

Larssen from the Rangebox; and 16W from the Sectionbox. Click Nexttocontinue.

Step 5 where do you want water tables?If it is not already selected, select the Both Sidesoption and click Nexttocontinue.

Step 6 go!When you are ready, click on Goto generate the project. The ConstructionWizard creates a new document, fills its Stockyard with the objects needed tocreate your project, and then generates four construction stages and displays

their associated Workbooks on the right hand side of the Stockyard.

At this point, your screen should look something like this:


47/80


48/80


enter a length of 17m and breadth of 12m Click OKto confirm the excavations properties

Now select Excavation 3 from the Existing Objects pane and repeat theinstructions given above, but change this excavations depth to 7.5m.

Finally, select Excavation 4 from the Existing Objects pane and repeat theinstructions given above (in this case there is no need to change the excavationsdepth, since it is already 8.5m).



name STEP2. RWD.

Adding the missing soilsTo model the ground conditions at the site, we must first create a number of soils.

To display the soil that the Construction Wizard has already created for you, clickon Soilin the Stockyards Object Types pane. Double-clickon the soil to displayits property sheet, then:

On the General page, change the soils name to Sand and gravel On the Classification page, leave the soils classification as

Unclassified/Unspecified On the Density/Weight page, click on the Unit Weightbutton (if not already

selected) and then change the soils saturated weight to 20.3 kN/m3and its

unsaturated weight to 18 kN/m3. Answer Yesto any warning messages asking

you to confirm the values entered On the Effective Stress page, leave this soils angle of friction as 35 and itseffective cohesion as zero

On the Notes page, enter any notes about this soil that you want to keep forfuture reference

Finally, click OKto confirm the soils properties

To create a new soil:

Right-click on Soilin the Objects Types pane Choose New Clayon the pop-up menu that appears ReWaRD displays a property sheet for the newly created soil

On the General page, change the soils name to Firm clay On the Classification page, change its Stateto Firm On the Density/Weight page, change both weights to 21 kN/m

3. Answer Yes

to any warning messages asking you to confirm the values entered On the Total Stress page, change the Undrained Strengthto 60 kPa Finally, click OKto confirm the soils properties

Now create two other soils with the following properties:

Sand: name = Silty sand; class = Silty; saturated and unsaturated unit weights= 20.3 kN/m

3; angle of shearing resistance = 30

Clay: name = Soft/firm clay; state = Soft; both weights = 20 kN/m3; angle of

shearing resistance = 30; undrained strength = 40 kPa

Finally, since the medium coarse sand has the same properties as the sand andgravel, create this soil by duplicating the latter:


49/80


50/80


Stockyards Existing Objects pane, hold the mouse button down and then movethe mouse pointer across to the Workbook. The cursor will change shape from

to as you do this.) When you let go of the mouse button, the layer

being dropped is added at the bottom of the borehole (so it is important that you

do this in the right order!).

Be careful not to drop the layer onto or above either of the soil columns, sincethat will insertthe layer into the appropriate borehole rather than append thelayer at the bottom of the borehole. If you drop the layers on the middle of theDrawing Board, they automatically appear at the bottom of the borehole.

If you make a mistake, you can drag a layer out of the borehole and return it tothe Stockyard in the same way.

When you have finished this, bring the Workbook for Stage 2 to the front of thescreen by clicking on it or by choosing Workbook: Stage 2 (Generated)fromReWaRDs Windowmenu. Note that the soil columns for Stage 2 have beenupdated to correspond with those for Stage 4.

Provided you installed ReWaRD in its default folder, you will find a copy of this

worked example in its current state in the folder PROGRAMFI LES\ GEOCENTRI X\ REWARD\ 2. 5\ PROJ ECTS\ TUTORI AL 3, under the

name STEP5. RWD.

Extending the wall and moving the top propThe next task is to provide the retaining wall with an upstand so that the top propcan be placed at 0.5m above ground level.

To display the wall that the Construction Wizard has created for you, click onRetaining Wall in the Stockyards Object Types pane. Double-clickon the wall todisplay its property sheet, then:

On the Dimensions page, change the walls height to 13.5m (this is the heightassumed in CIRIA SP95) and its upstand to 0.5m (so its total height is 14m)

Click OKto confirm the walls properties. The Drawing Boards change toreflect the new wall dimensions


51/80


To display the props that the Construction Wizard has created for you, click onPropin the Stockyards Object Types pane. Double-clickon Prop 1 to display itsproperty sheet, then:

On the Dimensions page, change the propss depth to 0.5m

Click OKto confirm the props properties. The Drawing Boards change toreflect the new prop position



name STEP6. RWD.

Changing and adding water tablesThe next task is to model groundwater conditions at the site.

To display the water tables that the Construction Wizard has created for you,click on Water Table in the Stockyards Object Types pane.

Double-clickon Water Table 1" to display its property sheet, then:

On the Properties page, change the depth to 2.5m Click OKto confirm the water tables properties

Double-clickon Water Table 3" to display its property sheet, then:

On the Properties page, change the depth to 5.0m (to bring it back into line

with the changed excavation depth) Click OKto confirm the water tables properties

To create a new water table:

Right-click on Water tablein the Stockyards Objects Types pane Choose New Hydrostaticon the pop-up menu that appears ReWaRD displays a property sheet for the newly created water table On the General page, change the water tables name to Sub-artesian water

table On the Properties page, change the depth to 11.5m On the Connectivity page, un-check the option Connected to Overlying

Water Tablesand set the Ambient Pressureto 80kPa Click OKto confirm the water tables properties

Check that the Workbook for Stage 2 is still at the front of all the otherWorkbooks. Then select the sub-artesian water table in the Stockyards ObjectsPane and drag it onto the Stage 2's Drawing Board. (The cursor will change shape

from to as you do this.) When you let go of the mouse button, the

water table appears on whichever side of the wall you let go of the mousebutton. Repeat the exercise again, but drop the water table on the otherside ofthe wall.

Now duplicate the sub-artesian water table, by selecting it from the StockyardsObjects Pane and choosing the Duplicatecommand from the Editmenu. Thendouble-click on the duplicate (which ReWaRD has named Water Table 1) to


52/80


display its property sheet:

On the General page, change the water tabless name to Pumped watertable (this water table will be used to replace the sub-artesian water tablefrom Stage 3 onwards)

On the Connectivity page, set the Ambient Pressureto 0kPa

Click OKto confirm the water tables properties

Bring the Workbook for Stage 3 to the front of the other Workbooks (by recourseto the Windowsmenu, if necessary) and drag the pumped water table onto bothsides of the wall. Change the depth of Water Table 4 to 7.5m. Repeat for Stage 4.



name STEP7. RWD.

Adding a surchargeThe final task is to add a surcharge at the top of the wall.

To create a new surcharge:

Right-click on Surchargein the Stockyards Objects Types pane Choose New Uniformon the pop-up menu that appears ReWaRD displays a property sheet for the newly created surcharge (If necessary) On the Loading page, change the surcharge type to HA

Loading Click OKto confirm the surcharges properties

Now add the new surcharge to Stages 2-4 by choosing Tilefrom ReWaRDsWindowsmenu and then dragging the surcharge from the Stockyards ExistingObjects Pane and dropping it on the Drawing Board for each stage in turn. (The

cursor will change shape from to as you do this.) Be sure to drop

the surcharge on the retainedside of the wall.

Provided you installed ReWaRD in its default folder, you will find a copy of this


53/80


worked example in its current state in the folder PROGRAM


name STEP8. RWD.

Designing the cofferdam: Stage 2

At this point, you are ready to start the design of the cofferdam. You may find iteasier to close all the open workbooks and then re-open that for Stage 2 only.(This will leave your screen less cluttered.) To do this:

Choose the Close All Workbookscommand from ReWaRDs Windowmenu Choose Construction Stagefrom the Stockyards Viewmenu Right-clickon Stage 2 in the Stockyards Objects Pane and choose Open

Workbook

Selecting the design standardIn this Tutorial, you will work to the recommendations given in CIRIA Report 104,using the Gross Pressure Method. To select this standard, choose the CIRIA 104

Gross Pressure Methodcommand from the Designmenu.

You can review the settings for the selected standard by choosing theProperties...command from ReWaRDs Designmenu. Click on each of the tabs

in turn to see what rules the program follows when performing its calculations.When you reach the CIRIA 104 page, select the Moderately Conservativedesignapproach and Temporary Workscondition. When you have finished, click OKtoclose the dialogue box.

Provided you installed ReWaRD in its default folder, you will find a copy of thisworked example in its current state in the folder PROGRAMFI LES\ GEOCENTRI X\ REWARD\ 2. 5\ PROJ ECTS\ TUTORI AL 3, under thename STEP9. RWD.

Calculating earth pressures

The term Earth pressures, used in its generic sense, includes:

Pressures in the ground (vertical and horizontal effective stresses and porewater pressures)

Pressures due to surcharges (vertical and horizontal)


54/80


Other pressures acting on the retaining wall (such as the pressure from awater-filled tension crack)

ReWaRD calculates each of these earth pressures according to well-establishedsoil mechanics theory and automatically applies any safety factors required by theselected design standard. Full details of these calculations are given in the

ReWaRD Reference Manual.

To perform the calculations, select the Earth Pressurespop-out menu from theWorkbooks Calculatemenu (if necessary, click on the Workbook first to activateit). ReWaRD lists the various earth pressure conditions that it can calculate:

As built At minimum safe embedment With enhanced safety factors At failure

Choose the Allcommand to calculate all four flavours of earth pressure.

ReWaRD displays the as built earth (red) and water (blue) pressures acting onboth sides of the wall, superimposed on a picture of the construction stage.

Note how the earth and water pressures change with the various layers in theground. Note also how the passive earth pressures drop to zero at formationlevel on the excavated side, owing to CIRIA 104's required for a 1m softenedzone.

You can view the earth pressures calculated for the other conditions by choosingthe appropriate command from the Workbooks View Earth Pressuresmenu.The following diagram show the earth pressures obtained at the minimum safeembedment.


55/80


ReWaRD also provides the results of the earth pressure calculations in a table orspreadsheet. To view the results in this format, choose the Tablecommand fromthe Workbooks Viewmenu. ReWaRD displays the design pressures, as shownbelow.

By default, ReWaRD displays the design pressures on the wall (see the ReWaRDReference Manualfor further information.) You can change what ReWaRD

displays in the table by choosing one of the commands on the bottom half of theView Earth Pressuresfly-out menu:

All


56/80


Coefficients Soils Stresses Surcharge Pressures Design Pressures Custom...

Calculating required embedmentTo determine whether the ground offers sufficient passive resistance to preventthe retaining wall from overturning, choose the Required Embedmentcommandfrom the Workbooks Calculatemenu. ReWaRD displays detailed informationpertaining to the walls stability, in a hierarchical tree view. If you expand variousnodes (by clicking on the + signs) you get additional information about the wallsembedment, the safety factors used in the calculations, the calculated overturningand restoring moments, etc. The key piece of information in this view is the depthof the wall toe at the minimum safe embedment, which in this case is 8.4m (asshown below).

See the ReWaRD Reference Manualfor an explanation of what the terms as built,at minimum safe embedment, with maximum safety factors, and at failuremean.

Calculating structural forcesStructural forces include bending moments and shear forces acting in theretaining wall and forces in any props or anchors used to support it. Structuralforces can only be calculated if the wall is in a condition of stable equilibrium.ReWaRD automatically adjusts the earth pressures acting on the wall in order toachieve equilibrium before calculating the structural forces. Full details of thesecalculations are given in the ReWaRD Reference Manual.

To calculate structural forces, choose the Structural Forcescommand from theWorkbooks Calculatemenu. ReWaRD displays the structural forces diagram,which shows the bending moments and shear forces acting on the wall. Themaximum bending moment and shear force are also given.


57/80


58/80


59/80


60/80



61/80


62/80


To create a new object:

Choose one of the commands on the Stockyards Createmenu (see thepicture alongside)

(Or) Right-click on an item in the Object Types pane and choose the NewObject...command

(Or) Double-click on an item in the Object Types pane (Or) Click on one of the buttons on the Stockyards Toolbar

In each case, a box will appear from which you can choose which object tocreate.

Select the one you want and choose OK.

An alternative, and faster, way to achieve the above is to:

Right-click on an item in the Object Types pane, click onNew, and then choose which object to create from the fly-out menu that appears (see the picture alongside)

Existing objectsThe Existing Objectspane lists the engineering objects youhave created. ReWaRD allows you to create an unlimitednumber of engineering objects.

When you click on one of the items listed in the Existing Objects pane, theProperties pane (see below) changes to show summary information for the

selected object.

To choose which objects appear in the Existing Objects paneTo choose which objects appear in the Existing Objects pane:

Select one of the options on the StockyardsViewmenu

Click on an item in the Object Types pane

To edit an existing objectTo edit the properties of an existing object:

Click on the object and then choose theProperties of ...command on the Stockyards Properties

menu (where is the name of theobject)


63/80

Chapter 7: The Stockyard 63

(Or) Right-click on the object and choose the Properties of ...command on the pop-up menu that appears (see the picture alongside)

(Or) Double-click on the object with the left mouse button

To cut, copy, paste, delete, duplicate, or move an existing object:

Click on the object and choose one of the commands on the Stockyards Editmenu

(Or) Right-click on the object and choose one of the editing commands on thepop-up menu that appears (see picture above)

(Or) Click on the object and press one of the shortcut keys (Ct r l +Xto Cut,

Ct r l +Cto copy, Ct r l +Vto paste, or Del to delete)

(Or) Click on the object and then click on one of the editing buttons (cut,copy, or paste) on the Stockyards Toolbar

If a command cannot be applied to the selected object (e.g. the Move Upcommand is irrelevant to objects at the top of the Existing Objects pane), it is

disabled (and its menu command and toolbar button are dimmed).

Properties paneThe Properties of Existing Objectpane gives a brief summary of the selectedobjects properties. A scroll bar appears in the Properties Pane if there is toomuch information to fit in the space available.

Property boxesWhenever you create a new object or edit the properties of an existing object,ReWaRD displays a property box so that you can enter whatever information theprogram needs to define that object. The property box knows what type of

object you are creating or editing and only asks you for information that isrelevant to that object. The following picture shows one of ReWaRDs object-oriented property boxes.

There are a number of features that are common to all of ReWaRDs propertyboxes. These include:

The objects identifying icon, on the far left of the box On the General page, an edit control for entering the name of the object and

some text indicating the type of object being created/edited One or more pages containing controls for entering the objects properties

(e.g. in the picture above, Dimensions and Stiffness) On the Notes page, space for entering notes about this object for future

reference On the Defaults page, buttons to allow you to save and reset the default


64/80


65/80


66/80


When ReWaRD detects a value that is unusually large or small, it displays anappropriate warning message and asks you to confirm the value you haveentered.

Choose Yesto confirm the value or Noif you want to change it.

If you do not understand why a particular warning or error message is beingtriggered, click on the property boxs Help button for further information.


67/80


68/80


The Drawing Board contains:

Draggable rulers attached to its left and top edges Soil columns on either side of the wall

If you pause while passing the mouse pointer over a object displayed on the

Drawing Board, ReWaRD displays the name of that object. This makes it easierfor you to identify which object is which. Further, if you select an object in theDrawing Board, ReWaRDs Stockyard automatically displays the properties of thatobject for you to see.

Drag n drop designOne of ReWaRDs most powerful features is what we have termed drag n dropdesign. This is the ability to build up a construction stage by dragging engineeringobjects from the Stockyard and dropping them onto a Workbooks DrawingBoard. The Drawing Boards built-in intelligence ensures that your engineeringobjects only go where it is possible for them to go.

To select an objectTo select an engineering object:

Click on the object with the left mouse button (Or) Press theTABkey repeatedly until the object is highlighted

ReWaRD indicates which object is selected by placing handles (i.e. small squarerectangles) at its corners or ends.

The object that is selected when you click on one of the soils columns depends

on which keys are pressed at the time:

If the CTRL key is pressed, the layer is selected If the SHIFT key is pressed, the soil is selected If neither the CTRL or SHIFT keys are pressed, the borehole is selected

To add an object to a Drawing BoardTo add an object to a Drawing Board, click on it in the Stockyards ExistingObjects pane with the left mouse button and hold the button down. The cursorwill change to a circle with a line across it. Then drag the mouse across to theDrawing Board and, when the cursor changes to a symbol with a + sign, releasethe mouse button.

The cursor indicates the type of object you are dragging and where you can dropit. For example:

signifies that the object (in this case, a retaining wall) canbe dropped at

the current location signifies that the object cannotbe dropped at the current location

What happens when you release the mouse button depends on what type of

object you are dragging and where you drop it:

Most objects automatically appear on the correct side of the wall at theirspecified depths

Unless you drop them on one of the soil columns, layers are added to the


69/80

Chapter 8: Workbooks 69

bottom of the boreholes on bothsides of the wall (i.e. underneathany existinglayers)

If you drop a layer on a soil column, it appears immediately below the layer onwhich you drop it

If you drop a layer abovea soil column, it appears at ground level If you drop a soil onto an existing layer, the layers soil type changes

Water tables appear on whichever side of the wall you drop them on

To remove an object from a Drawing BoardTo remove an object from a Drawing Board, click on it with the left mouse buttonand hold the button down. Handles will appear to indicate that the object isselected and the cursor will change to a circle with a line across it. Then drag themouse across to the Stockyards Objects Pane and, when the cursor changes toa symbol representing the object, release the mouse button. The object willdisappear from the Drawing Board.

Editing an objectYou can edit the properties of an existing object in place in a number of ways:

By selecting the object and choosing theProperties of ...command on the Workbooks

Propertiesmenu (where is thename of the object)

(Or) By selecting the object, clicking theright-mouse button, and choosing theProperties of ...command on thepop-up menu that appears (see the picturealongside)

(Or) By double-clicking on the object withthe left mouse button

Similarly, you can edit (i.e. cut, copy, paste, or delete) an object:

By selecting the object and choosing one of the commands on theWorkbooks Editmenu

(Or) By selecting the object, clicking the right-mouse button, and choosing oneof the editing commands on the pop-up menu that appears (see the pictureabove)

(Or) By selecting the object and pressing one of the shortcut keys (Ct r l +XtoCut, Ct r l +Cto copy, or Del to delete)

(Or) By selecting the object and then clicking one of the editing buttons (cutor copy) on the Workbooks Toolbar

Note that when you cut or delete an object from a Drawing Board, it is onlyremoved from the associated construction stage it is notcut or deleted from

the Stockyard.

Changing the scaleYou can change the scale of the drawing on the Drawing Board:

By choosing the Zoom Inor Zoom Outcommands on the

Toolsmenu and then clicking on the Drawing Board to change the scale up ordown a level

(Or) By clicking the Zoom Inor Zoom Outbuttons on theWorkbooks Toolbar and then clicking on the Drawing Boardto change the scale up or down a level


70/80


(Or) By right-clicking on one of the rulers and choosing the scale you wantfrom those listed on the pop-up menu that appears (see the picture alongside)

When you choose one of the Zoom commands, ReWaRD goes into Zoom modeand will continue to alter the scale each time you click on the Drawing Board.You can cancel Zoom mode:

By choosing the Pointercommand on the Toolsmenu (Or) By clicking the Pointerbutton on the Workbooks Toolbar

Results pagesEach Workbook provides the results of your calculations on separate pages toensure you are not overwhelmed with information. There are pages for:

Earth pressures Required embedment Structural forces

Pecks envelopes Displacements Base stability

Some pages display their results in one of two ways: either as a diagram or in atable of values.

You can switch between these views:

By toggling between the Pictureand Tablecommands on the WorkbooksViewmenu

(Or) By toggling between the Pictureand Tablebuttons on the WorkbooksToolbar

Customizing a pageYou can customize each pages display by choosing the Page...command on theWorkbooks Propertiesmenu. This command is also available on the pop-upmenu that appears when you right-click on a Workbook page.

Additionally, in the table-based pages, you can customize each columns displayby choosing the Properties of Column ...command on the WorkbooksPropertiesmenu (where is the columns letter, starting at A). Thiscommand is also available on the pop-up menu that appears when you right-click


71/80

Chapter 8: Workbooks 71

on a table column.

Choosing a layoutYou can change to any one of a number of pre-defined layouts for ReWaRDstable pages by choosing the appropriate command from the Workbooks View

menu. For example, to display as-built earth pressure coefficients:

First, calculate the earth pressures as built by choosing theEarth PressuresAs Builtcommand from the Workbooks Calculatemenu

Then, switch to table display by choosing theTablecommand from theWorkbooks Viewmenu

Finally, display the earth pressure coefficients by choosing theEarth Pressures Coefficientscommand from the Workbooks Viewmenu

You can also save the current layout for later re-use, by choosing the WorkbookSave Layout...command from the Workbooks Propertiesmenu. You can thenrestore the layout by choosing the Workbook Restore Layout...command. A

selection of useful layouts are supplied with the program in the folder PROGRAMFI LES\ GEOCENTRI X\ REWARD\ 2. 5\ LAYOUTS(they have the file extension

. RWL).

You can restore a Workbook to its default layout by choosing the WorkbookRestore Default Layoutcommand from the Workbooks Propertiesmenu.

The Messages PageReWaRD uses the Messages Page to inform you of anything that occurs in itscalculations that requires your attention or approval.

The messages ReWaRD displays fall into three main categories:

Error messages, which explain why a particular calculation cannot beperformed


72/80


73/80


74/80


75/80


76/80



77/80

Chapter 10: Customizing the program 77

Chapter 10

Customizing the programThis chapter gives a brief explanation of how you can customize ReWaRD to suityour particular requirements. Further details can be found in ReWaRDs on-screen

Help system.

Windows RegistryReWaRD stores its default parameters in Windows Registry under the key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/Geocentrix/ReWaRD/2.5

Although you can edit these settings by hand if you wish, we stronglyrecommend that you alter the programs defaults via various controls that areprovided throughout ReWaRD.

Program-wide settingsYou can change ReWaRDs program-wide settings by choosing the Preferences...command from the programs Editmenu. When you do so, the following boxappears:

Change whichever settings you wish and click OKto confirm the changes.

Settings given on the Advanced page should only be altered on the advice ofGeocentrixs Technical Support team.

Defaults for engineering objectsWhen you edit any of the engineering objects that ReWaRD provides, you cancall up default parameters for that object by clicking on the Defaultsbutton onthe right hand side of the objects property box. ReWaRD takes the defaultparameters from the Registry and enters them onto whichever page of theproperty box is visible (hidden pages are not affected). If a parameter does nothave a default setting in the Registry, ReWaRD uses its factory defaultinstead(see below).

You can set the default parameters for any engineering object by going to itsDefaults page and clicking the Set Defaults...button.


78/80


79/80


80/80


Edition); CIRIA Report 104; Hong Kong Geoguide 1 (2nd Edition); BritishStandard 8002; European pre-Standard ENV 1997 (Eurocode 7)

Added Print Previewand Page Setupcommands Added a recently-used file list to the Filemenu Provided pre-built templates as a quick way of building common design

scenarios

Cut, Copy, and Pastecommands added to the Edit menu, allowing you totransfer engineering objects between different ReWaRD documents and totransfer the results of your calculations to any spreadsheet that can readMicrosoft Excel files

Start-up and Construction Wizards added to help novice users get started andexperienced users become more efficient in their use of the program

Commands added to the Windowmenu to enable you to open, close,minimize, and restore the various windows ReWaRD creates

Introduced an integrated design environment, comprising the Stockyard (seeChapter 7) and Workbooks (Chapter 8)

Added earth pressures calculations for king-post walls using Broms method

Added structural force calculations for multi-propped walls using the hingemethod described in BS8002 Equilibrium conditions could be determined by any one of three methods,

using partial or lumped factors-of-safety Radical overhaul of ReWaRDs user interface Project Information box moved to the Propertiesmenu Version 1.xs Information Managers replaced by Version 2.0's Stockyard.

The Groundand Structuremenus from Version 1.x replaced by theStockyards Viewand Createmenus

The ability to change the value of gravity was removed Version 1.xs Earth Pressures, Factors-of-Safety, Bending Moments, Prop

Forces, and Displacements windows were replaced by Version 2.0's

Workbooks. Various design options were brought together in Design Standards The results of base stability calculations were made available on a separate

page of each Workbook Added automatic selection of Pecks envelope Added automatic selection of the displacement database Graphs were made an integral part of the program