rf cafe - mechanical conversions, formulas & references [from web]

RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site.

Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

Area ASCII Characters Bolts, Nuts & Washers -

Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers -

SAE Carnot Cycle Coefficient of

Expansion Density Conversions Drill Sizes - Lettered Drill Sizes - Numbered Electrochemical

Potentials Force Galvanic Series General Constants General Units Greek Alphabet

IC Heat Transfer IC Lifetime

Acceleration Laws of Motion Laws Of

Thermodynamics Length Conversions Mass Conversions Materials Properties Mechanical Constants Mechanical Units Periodic Table Phonetic Alphabet Pressure Conversions Psychometric Chart P-T Diagram Relativity

Solar System Sound Levels Sound Power Speed Conversions Tap & Drill - Metric Tap & Drill - SAE Temperature

Conversions Thermal Conductivity Time Conversions Torx Heads

Thermal Conductivity Ultrasonic Frequency

Chart Visible Light Volume Conversions Work-Energy-Heat

Conversions World Time Zone Map

Copyright, Acknowledgements,Disclaimer & Terms of Use

Visitors since May 2000

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RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#" indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page.

Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

A/D Converter Parameters

ABCD, S, H, Y, Z Parameters

AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide Standards

Amplitude Modulation Atmospheric Absorption Atmospheric Refraction Antenna Basics Antenna Radiation Patterns

Attenuators (Fixed)# Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counter Batteries Battery Outlines Bessel Function Plots Bit Error Rate Boolean Algebra Capacitance Capacitance Conversions

Cascade Budget Calculation# Charge Conversions Circulators Coaxial Cable Chart Coaxial Cable Equations Coaxial Connectors Coaxial Connector Torque Specs Color Codes Communications Standards Compression Point, 1 dB Conductors @ High Frequencies

Copper Facts Current Conversions Damped Responses Data Bus Specifications Delta-Wye Detectors Dielectric Constants & Strengths Diplexers Directional Couplers

Filters# Flip Flop Tables Fourier Series of

Periodic Signals Frequency Bands Frequency Modulation Fuse Specs Fuse Package Outline GPIB / HPIB / IEEE-

488 GSM Timeslot &

Frequency Specs History of

Communications History of 50 Ω Impedance Matching

Inductance# Inductance Conversions Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order Isolators Karnaugh Maps Kirchhoff's Law Link Budget Lightning Magnetic Field Conversions Magnetic Flux Conversions Maxwell's Equations Microstrip MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Bus Morse Code Noise Figure Noise Power Norton Equivalent Ohm's Law Op Amps

Radar Cross Section (RCS) Radar Equation Radar Horizon/Line of Sight Resistance Conversions Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342 Resistor Markings: Std Resistor Values RLC Combinations RMS & Average Power & Voltage Serial Port Pinout S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parameters Signal-to-Noise Ratio Skin Depth SMD Package Markings Smith Chart Solder Spectral Inversion Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Spurious Calculations TEMPEST Thévénin Equivalent Toroid Cores Transmission Lines Triboelectric Series USB Specifications WAP Waveguide Wire Wireless Communication Specs Wireless Coverage Maps Wireless Data Rate Standards WLAN Specs

VSWR Mismatch Error# VSWR Reduction By Attenuation# VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma#

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/capacitance.htm

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http://www.copper.org/pub_list/pubs/printer_cu_facts.html

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/couplers.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/gpib_pinout.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/inductance_conv.htm


http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/karnaugh_table.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/magnetic_flux.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/microstrip_eq.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/norton.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ohms_law.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/opamps.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/wire_cu.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/wireless_comm_specs.htm

http://www.wow-com.com/internet/coverage

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/wlan_bands.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/vswr_mismatch.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/vswr_reduction.htm

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

Dividers/Combiners Doppler Frequency Shift DTMF Tones EIRP Electrical Constants Electrical Units Electric Fields Electrocution of Human Body Field Intensity ESD

Op Noise Figure Package Outlines Parallel Port Pinout PCS Web Site PIM - Passive Intermodulation Path Loss Potential Power Density Power Factor Power & Voltage in 50 Ω System Propagation Time Pulse Definition



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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/eirp.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/electrical_constants.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/electrical_units.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/electric_fields.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/electrocution.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/field_intensity.htm

http://esda.org/esdbasics1.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/opamp_nf.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/packages.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/parallel_port_pinout.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/pcs.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/pim.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/potential.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/power_density.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/pwr2volts.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/prop_time.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/pulse_definition.htm



RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets

◊◊ Calculator Spreadsheets ◊◊Thanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interactive spreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generating an Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access.

Electrical Calculations Attenuators ("T" and Pi) Cascaded Components Cavity Resonant Frequency Noise Conversions Voltage Divider VSWR - RL - Gamma(Γ)

Filters Lowpass Butterworth Lowpass Chebychev Highpass Butterworth Highpass Chebychev Bandpass Butterworth Bandpass Chebychev Bandstop Butterworth Bandstop Chebychev

NOTE: You must have either FrontPage 2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be only static and not interactive. You can purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about $100 here.



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http://www.rfcafe.com/storefront/software_office.htm



RF Cafe - Mathematical References

◊◊ Mathematical References ◊◊Here are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenient place.

Averages Bessel Functions Coordinate Systems Derivatives, Basic Deviations Differentiation Rules Exponents Fourier Series Fourier Transform Pairs Fourier Series

Properties Imaginary Numbers Integrals, Basic Integrals, Inverse Trig Integrals, Natural Log Integrals, Square Root Integrals,

Trigonometric

LaPlace Transform Pairs

LaPlace Transform Properties

Logarithms Matrix Algebra Matrix Definitions Numerical Prefixes Partial Fractions Permutations &

Combinations Phi (φ) - the Golden

Number Plane Angle Series Expansions Summations

Trig Identities Trig Identities, Inverse Trig Identities, Hyperbolic Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic

Trigonometry Laws Uncertainties Vector, Curl Vector, Divergence Vector, Gradient z-Transform Properties



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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/averages.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/coordinate_systems.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/derivatives_basic.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/deviations.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/diff_rules.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/exponents.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_series.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_pairs.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_properties.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_properties.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/imaginary_numbers.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_basic.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_inv_trig.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_natural_log.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_sq_root.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_trig.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_trig.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/laplace_xfrm_pairs.htm

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/logarithms.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/matrix_algebra.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/matrix_defs.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/numerical_prefixes.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/partial_fractions.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/perm_comb.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/perm_comb.htm

http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/Student.Folders/Frietag.Mark/Homepage/Goldenratio/goldenratio.html

http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/Student.Folders/Frietag.Mark/Homepage/Goldenratio/goldenratio.html

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/plane_angle.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/series.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/summations.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/trig_idents.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/trig_idents_inv.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/trig_idents_hyp.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/trig_idents_inv_hyp.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/trig_laws.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/uncertainties.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/vector_curl.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/vector_divergence.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/vector_gradient.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/z-xfrm_properties.htm



RF Cafe - Area Conversion

◊◊ AREA CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).

square in square ft square cm square m circular mil1 in2 = 1 6.944 · 10-3 6.452 6.452 · 10-4 1.273 · 106

1 ft2 = 144 1 929.0 9.290 · 10-2 1.833 · 108

1 cm2 = 0.1550 1.076 · 10-3 1 10-4 1.974 · 105

1 m2 = 1550 10.76 104 1 1.974 · 109

1 cir mil = 7.854 · 10-7 5.454 · 10-3 5.067 · 10-6 5.067 · 10-10 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]



























RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set

◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊

33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 38 & 39 '

40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44 , 45 - 46 . 47 /

48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55 7

56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63 ?

64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 71 G

72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 79 O

80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 87 W

88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 93 ] 94 ^ 95 _

96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103 g

104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111 o

112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 w

120 x 121 y 122 z 123 124 | 125 126 ~ 127

128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]



























RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts

◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Size

TapDrill

(mm)

ClearanceDrill

(mm)

CounterBore(mm)

NutPoints(mm)

NutFlats(mm)

WasherI.D.

(mm)

WasherO.D.

(mm)

M1 0.75 1.10 0.30 2.08 1.8 1.0 2.0

M1.6 1.25 1.85 0.35 3.70 3.2 1.7 3.4

M2 1.60 2.40 0.40 4.62 4.0 2.2 4.5

M2.5 2.05 3.10 0.45 5.77 5.0 2.7 5.5

M3 2.50 3.75 0.50 6.35 5.5 3.2 6.0

M3.5 2.90 4.30 0.60 6.93 6.0 4.0 7.8

M4 3.30 4.90 0.70 8.08 7.0 4.3 8.0

M5 4.20 6.30 0.80 9.24 8.0 5.3 10

M6 5.00 7.50 1.0 11.5 10 6.4 11

M8 6.75 10.0 1.25 15.0 13 8.4 15

M10 8.50 12.5 1.50 17.3 15 11.5 21

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]



























RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

◊◊ SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Size & Threads/lnch SeriesDesignation

TapDrill

ClearanceDrill

CounterBore

NutPoints

NutFlats

WasherI.D.

WasherO.D.

0-80 UNF 0.046 0.070 1/8 0.180 0.156 0.078 0.187

1-64 UNC 0.059 0.089 5/32 0.180 0.156 0.099 0.250

1-72 UNF

2-56 UNC 0.070 0.104 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.099 0.250

2-64 UNF

3-48 UNC 0.078 0.120 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.105 0.250

3-56 UNF

4-40 UNC 0.089 0.136 7/32 0.289 0.250 0.125 0.312

4-48 UNF

5-40 UNC

5-44 UNF

6-32 UNC 0.106 0.161 9/32 0.361 0.312 0.149 0.375

6-40 UNF

8-32 UNC 0.136 0.189 5/16 0.397 0.343 0.174 0.375

8-36 UNF

10-24 UNC 0.149 0.213 11/32 0.433 0.375 0.203 0.437

10-32 UNF

12-24 UNC

12-28 UNF

1/4-20 UNC 0.201 0.281 7/16 0.505 0.437 0.265 0.500

1/4-28 UNF

5/16-18 UNC

5/16-24 UNF

3/8-16 UNC

3/8-24 UNF

7/16-14 UNC

7/16-20 UNF

1/2-13 UNC

1/2-20 UNF

9/16-12 UNC

9/16-185/8-115/8-183/4-103/4-16

UNFUNCUNFUNCUNF

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

7/8-97/8-14

1-81-121-14

UNCUNFUNCUNFUN

11/8-711/8-811/8-1211/4-71114-8

UNCUNUNFUNCUN

11/4-121 3/8-61 3/8-81 3/8-1211/2-6

UNFUNCUNUNFUNC

1 1/2-81 1/2-121 5/8-81 3/4-51 3/4-8

UNUNCUNUNCUN

1 7/8-82-4 1/2

2-82 1/4-4.52 1/4-8

UNUNCUNUNCUN

2 1/2-42 1/2-82 3/4-42 3/4-8

3-4

UNCUNUNCUNUNC

3-83 1/4-43 1/4-83 1/2-43 1/2-8

UNUNCUNUNCUN

3 3/4-43 3/4-8

4-44-8

UNCUNUNCUN

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]



RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

◊◊ Carnot Cycle ◊◊

An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat engine—that is, all the heat would be converted to mechanical work. A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle that is the basic cycle of all heat engines. He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist. Any heat engine must expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust. The second law of thermodynamics places an upper limit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent. The limiting case is now known as a Carnot cycle.

The Carnot Cycle

(1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is added from source. Piston moves from V1 to V2, doing work on the system.

(2) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic expansion continues until volume V3 is reached, performing additional work, at temperature T2.

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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

(4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic compression continues until volume V4 is reached, performing additional work, at temperature T2.

(3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as work is done by the system on the piston. Heat is be transferred to T2.

Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change occurs in a closed system.

Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred into or out of a closed system.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]



RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

◊◊ Materials Properties ◊◊

MatWeb

Substance

MeltingTemperature

(ºC)Density(g/cm3)

ThermalConductivity

(W/m·K)

ThermalExpansion(10-6 K)

Resistivity(µΩ·cm)

Alanx CG8963.32 3.32

Alcohol, Ethyl

Alumina, Al2O3 2040 3.9 32.2 6.5 1020

Alumina, 85% 3.41

Alumina, 90% 3.6

Alumina, 94% 3.7

Alumina, 96% 3.75

Alumina, 99% 3.9

Alumina, 99.5% 3.89

Alumina, 99.9% 3.96

Aluminosilicate 2.6

Aluminum, Pure 11 5056

660.1

2.643

238

23.5

2.67

Aluminum, 2024-T3 2.77



Aluminum bronze 7.702

Aluminum Nitride 3.25

Benzene 0.737

Beryllium, QMV 1.85

Beryllia, BeO 2550 2.85 215 7.5 1020

Beryllium 1.8477

Birch 0.705

Boron Carbide 2.5

Borosilicate Glass 2.3

Brass 8.553

Bronze, ~11% Tin 8.1

Bronze, aluminum 7.702

Bronze, phosphor 8.8

Carbon Steel 7.84

Carbon Tool Steel 7.82

Carbon-Carbon Composite 1.65

Cherry 0.433

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http://www.matweb.com/


Coal, Anthracite 1.554

Coal, Bituminous 1.346

Coal, Coke 1.201

Coal, Lignite 1.25

Cobalt 8.8

Concrete

Copper 1083.4 8.96 17.0 1.694

Copper Ore, pyrites 4.197

Copper, cast-rolled 8.906

Copper, Pure 8.9

Corundum-Crystal Form 3.99

Delrin (acetyl resin) 175 8.96 3.6 1020

Ethyl Alcohol 0.802

Gasoline 0.721

German Silver 8.586

Glass 2.6

Glass, Pyrex

Gold, 99.99% 1063 19.3 315.5 14.1 2.20

Gold Coin (US) 17.19

Gold, cast-hammered 19.3

Graphite 2.163

Hafnium Carbide 12.76

HDPE 0.955

High Speed Tool Steel 8.75

Ice 0.897

Iridium 22.16

Iron

Iron, Cast, Pig 7.207

Iron, Ferrosilicon 6.984

Iron, gray cast 7.079

Iron Ore, Hematite 5.206

Iron Ore, Limonite 3.796

Iron Ore, Magnetite 5.046

Iron Slag 2.755

Iron, Spiegeleisen 7.496

Iron, wrought 7.658

Kevlar

Kevlar 149 1.47

Kevlar 29 1.44

Kevlar 49 1.44

Lead 11.37

Lead Glass 2.8

Lead Ore, Galena 7.449

Leather, common 0.945

Magnesium, Pure 1.7

Mahogany 0.705



Manganese 7.608

Manganese Ore 4.149

Mercury 13.57

Methyl Alcohol 0.809

Mg-PSZ 5.75

Mineral Oil 0.914

Molybdenum, wrought 10.3

Monel Metal, rolled 8.688

Mullite 2.82

Nickel 1455 8.602 88 13.3 6.9

Nickel, Pure 8.9

Nitride-Bonded SiC 2.54

Paper 0.929

Paraffin 0.898

Petroleum, Crude

Pig Iron 7.207

Platinum 21.3

Plutonium, alpha phase 19.35

Polyurethane 1

PSZ 5.75

Pure Iron 7.86

Pyrolusite, Mn Ore 4.149

Quartz Glass 2.2

RB-SiC 3.09

Red Oak 0.673

Refrax 2.54

RT/Duriod 5880

Rubber 1.506

Sapphire 3.99

SiAlON 3.3

Silica, SiO2

Silicon 1412 2.34 138 7.6 105

Silicon carbide 3.2

Silicon Nitride 3.28

Silver, Cast-hammered 10.51

Silver, Pure 10.5

Sintered SiC 3.1

SNBSN / Refrax 2.54

Soft Steel (0.06% C) 7.87

Southern Pine 0.65

Stainless 18Cr-8Ni 8.03

Stainless 27Cr 7.47

Stainless Steel, 304 8.03

Steel, C1020, HR 7.85

Steel, cold-drawn 7.83

Steel, tool 7.715



Sugar Maple 0.689

Tantalum 16.6

Thorium, Ind. melted 11.6

TiC 4.94

Tin Ore, cassiterite 6.695

Tin, cast-hammered 7.352

Titanium 4.5

Titanium, B 120VCA 4.85

Tungsten 3400 19.3 159 4.5 5.5

Tungsten 18.82

Tungsten Carbide 15.7

Uranium 18.74

Uranium D38 18.97

Vanadium Carbide 5.71

Vegetable Oil 0.93

Walnut 0.593

Water

Water, 100 °C 0.9581

Water, 4 °C 0.99997

Water, Ice 0.897

Water, Seawater 1.025

WC / Tungsten Carbide 15.7

Wood, Oak

Zinc Ore, blende 4.052

Zinc, Cast 7.049

Zirconia 5.75

Zirconium 6.3798

Zirconium Carbide 6.56






RF Cafe - Density Conversion

◊◊ Density Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).

lb per in3 lb per ft3 slug per ft3 g per cm3 kg per m3

1 lb/in3 1 1728 53.71 27.68 2.768 * 104

1 lb/ft3 5.787 * 10-4 1 3.108 * 10-2 1.602 * 10-2 16.02

1 slug/ft3 1.862 * 10-2 32.17 1 0.5154 515.4

1 g/cm3 3.613 * 10-2 62.43 1.940 1 1000

1 kg/m3 3.613 * 10-5 6.243 * 10-2 1.940 * 10-3 0.001 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]



























RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: LETTERED ◊◊

LetterDiameter

(in)

LetterDiameter

(in)

A 0.234 N 0.302

B 0.238 O 0.316

C 0.242 P 0.323

D 0.246 Q 0.332

E 0.250 R 0.339

F 0.257 S 0.348

G 0.261 T 0.358

H 0.266 U 0.368

I 0.272 V 0.377

J 0.277 W 0.386

K 0.281 X 0.397

L 0.290 Y 0.404

M 0.295 Z 0.413



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]



























RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED ◊◊

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiameter

(in)

1 0.2280 21 0.1590 41 0.0960 61 0.0380

2 0.2210 22 0.1570 42 0.0935 62 0.0370

3 0.2130 23 0.1540 43 0.0890 63 0.0360

4 0.2090 24 0.1520 44 0.0869 64 0.0350

5 0.2055 25 0.1495 45 0.0820 65 0.0330

6 0.2040 26 0.1470 46 0.0810 66 0.0320

7 0.2010 27 0.1440 47 0.0785 67 0.0310

8 0.1990 28 0.1405 48 0.0760 68 0.0300

9 0.1960 29 0.1360 49 0.0730 69 0.0290

10 0.1935 30 0.1285 50 0.0700 70 0.0270

11 0.1910 31 0.1200 51 0.0670 71 0.0260

12 0.1890 32 0.1160 52 0.0635 72 0.0240

13 0.1850 33 0.1130 53 0.0595 73 0.0230

14 0.1820 34 0.1110 54 0.0550 74 0.0220

15 0.1800 35 0.1100 55 0.0520 75 0.0200

16 0.1770 36 0.1065 56 0.0465 76 0.0180

17 0.1730 37 0.1040 57 0.0430 77 0.0160

18 0.1695 38 0.1015 58 0.0420 78 0.0150

19 0.1660 39 0.0995 59 0.0410 79 0.0140

20 0.1610 40 0.0980 60 0.0400 80 0.0130



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_numbered.htm [4/1/02 1:02:11 AM]



























RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

◊◊ Electrochemical Potentials ◊◊

This table presents the electrochemical potential difference (in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in the presence of water with 2% salt content.

the "X" metal is attacked the contact is practically neutral the "Y" metal is attacked

\ \ \ X \ \ Y \

Platinum 0 130 250 340 350 430 450 570 600 685 700 770 800 840 940 1000 1090 1100 1200 1400 1470 1950

Gold/Carbon 130 0 110 210 220 300 320 440 470 535 570 640 670 710 810 870 960 970 1070 1270 1340 1620

Stainless Steel 250 110 0 90 100 160 200 320 350 415 450 520 550 590 690 750 840 850 950 1150 1220 1700

Titanium 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325 360 430 460 500 600 680 750 760 860 1060 1150 1610

Silver-Mercury 350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315 350 420 450 490 590 650 740 750 850 1050 1120 1600

Nickel 430 300 180 90 80 0 20 140 170 235 270 340 370 410 510 570 650 670 770 970 1040 1520

Copper Alloy 450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215 250 320 350 390 490 530 640 650 750 950 1020 1500

Copper 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95 130 200 230 270 370 430 520 530 630 830 900 1380

Aluminum-Bronze

Brass 30% Zinc

600 470 350 260 250 170 150 30 0 65 100 170 200 240 340 400 490 500 600 800 870 1350

Silicon 665 535 415 325 315 235 215 95 65 0 35 105 135 175 275 335 425 435 535 735 805 1285

Brass 50% Zinc 700 520 520 360 350 270 250 130 100 35 0 70 100 140 240 300 390 400 500 700 770 1250

Bronze 770 640 550 430 420 340 320 200 170 105 70 0 30 70 170 230 320 330 435 630 700 1180

Tin 800 670 590 460 450 370 350 230 200 135 100 30 0 40 140 200 290 300 400 600 670 1150

Lead 840 710 680 500 490 410 390 270 240 175 140 70 40 0 100 160 250 260 300 560 630 1110

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RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

Light alloy NSA 3001 940 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 240 170 140 100 0 60 150 160 260 460 530 1010

Steels 1000 870 750 660 650 570 550 430 400 335 300 230 200 160 60 0 90 150 200 400 470 950

Aluminum A5 1090 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425 390 320 290 250 150 90 0 100 110 310 380 860

Cadmium 1100 970 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435 400 330 300 260 160 150 100 0 100 300 370 850

Chromium 1200 1070 950 860 850 770 750 630 600 535 500 430 400 360 260 200 110 100 0 200 270 750

Zinc 1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970 950 830 800 735 700 630 600 560 460 400 310 300 200 0 70 550

Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900 870 805 770 700 670 630 530 470 380 370 270 70 0 480

Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950 860 850 750 550 480 0Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

http://www.hubersuhnerinc.com/Products/Connectors.htm



RF Cafe - Force Conversion

◊◊ FORCE CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Newton (N).

dyne newton pound poundal gram force kg force1 dyn = 1 10-5 2.248 * 10-6 7.233 * 10-5 1.020 * 10-3 1.020 * 10-6

1 N = 105 1 0.2248 7.233 102.0 0.10201 lb = 4.448 * 105 4.448 1 32.17 453.6 0.4536

1 pdl = 1.383 * 104 0.1383 3.108 * 10-2 1 14.10 1.410 * 10-2

1 gf = 980.7 9.807 * 10-3 2.205 * 10-3 7.093 * 10-2 1 0.0011 kgf = 9.807 * 105 9.807 2.205 70.93 1000 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/force.htm [4/1/02 1:11:53 AM]



























RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

◊◊ GALVANIC SERIES ◊◊A galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment. The list begins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of the galvanic series. A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solution which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue. In a galvanic couple, the metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in the environment. This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of.

Listed below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered according to how they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment. The table is the galvanic series of metals in sea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."

Most Anodic (#1) Most Cathodic (#92)1. Magnesium2. Mg alloy AZ-31B3. Mg alloy HK-31A4. Zinc (hot-dip, die cast,

or plated)5. Beryllium (hot pressed)6. Al 7072 clad on 70757. Al 2014-T38. Al 1160-H149. Al 7079-T6

10. Cadmium (plated)11. Uranium12. Al 218 (die cast)13. Al 5052-014. Al 5052-H1215. Al 5456-0, H35316. Al 5052-H3217. Al 1100-018. Al 3003-H2519. Al 6061-T620. Al A360 (die cast)21. Al 7075-T622. Al 6061-023. Indium24. Al 2014-025. Al 2024-T4

26. Al 5052-H1627. Tin (plated)28. Stainless steel 430

(active)29. Lead30. Steel 101031. Iron (cast)32. Stainless steel 410

(active)33. Copper (plated, cast, or

wrought)34. Nickel (plated)35. Chromium (Plated)36. Tantalum37. AM350 (active)38. Stainless steel 310

(active)39. Stainless steel 301




(active)43. Stainless steel 17-7PH

(active)44. Tungsten45. Niobium (columbium)

1% Zr46. Brass, Yellow, 26847. Uranium 8% Mo48. Brass, Naval, 46449. Yellow Brass50. Muntz Metal 280

51. Brass (plated)52. Nickel-silver (18% Ni)53. Stainless steel 316L

(active)54. Bronze 22055. Copper 11056. Red Brass57. Stainless steel 347

(active)58. Molybdenum,

Commercial pure59. Copper-nickel 71560. Admiralty brass61. Stainless steel 202

(active)62. Bronze, Phosphor 534

(B-1)63. Monel 40064. Stainless steel 201

(active)65. Carpenter 20 (active)66. Stainless steel 321



(active)69. Stainless steel 17-7PH

(passive)70. Silicone Bronze 65571. Stainless steel 304

(passive)72. Stainless steel 301




(passive)

76. Stainless steel 316L (passive)

77. AM355 (active)78. Stainless steel 202

(passive)79. Carpenter 20 (passive)80. AM355 (passive)81. A286 (passive)82. Titanium 5A1, 2.5 Sn83. Titanium 13V, 11Cr, 3Al

(annealed)84. Titanium 6Al, 4V

(solution treated and aged)

85. Titanium 6Al, 4V (anneal)

86. Titanium 8Mn87. Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al

(solution heat treated and aged)

88. Titanium 75A89. AM350 (passive)90. Silver91. Gold92. Graphite

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RF Cafe - Galvanic Series



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RF Cafe - General Constants

◊◊ GENERAL CONSTANTS ◊◊

* : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2πName Symbol Value

Speed of light (in vacuum) c 2.9979 * 108 m/s

Mass-energy ratio c2 8.9876 * 1016 J/kg

Gravitational constant G 6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2

" G 3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2

Universal gas constant R 8.3144 J/(mol * K)

Avogadro constant N0 6.0220 * 1023 molecules/mol

Boltzmann constant k 1.3807 * 10-23 J/K

Planck constant* h 6.6262 * 10-34 J * s

Electron rest mass me 9.1095 * 10-31 kg

Proton rest mass mp 1.6726 * 10-27 kg

Bohr radius aB 0.52918 Å

Volume of ideal gas (@STP) V 2.2414 * 10-2 m3/mol

Stefan Boltzmann constant s 5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_constants.htm [4/1/02 1:17:02 AM]



























RF Cafe - General Units

◊◊ GENERAL UNITS ◊◊

Name Base Unit Symbol

Enthalpy joule H

Entropy joule/Kelvin S

Heat capacity joule/Kelvin C

Internal energy joule U

Luminous intensity candela I

Quantity of heat joule Q

Radiant energy joule W

Radiant intensity watt/steradian I

Radiant power (flux) watt P

Sound intensity watt/meter I

Sound energy flux watt W

Specific heat capacity joule/(kilogram * Kelvin) c

Speed of sound meter/second n

Thermal conductivity watt/(meter * Kelvin) l

Time Constant s τ



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_units.htm [4/1/02 1:19:48 AM]



























RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet

◊◊ GREEK ALPHABET ◊◊

Alpha Α α

Beta Β β

Gamma Γ γ

Delta ∆ δ

Epsilon Ε ε

Zeta Ζ ζ

Eta Η ε

Theta Θ θ

Iota Ι ι

Kappa Κ κ

Lambda Λ λ

Mu Μ µ

Nu Ν ν

Xi Ξ ξ

Omicron Ο ο

Pi Π π

Rho Ρ ρ

Sigma Σ σ

Tau Τ τ

Upislon Υ υ

Phi Φ φ

Chi Χ χ

Psi Ψ ψ

Omega Ω ω



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM]



























RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit

◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:26:38 AM]



























RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit

◊◊ LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits

F = x1x2 = eα Lifetime Acceleration Factor

Where:

x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2T = Junction temperature in degrees KE = Thermal activation energy in eVk = Boltzmann's constant



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM]



























RF Cafe - Laws of Motion

LAWS OF MOTION

Translational motion with constant acceleration in the x-plane.

Rotational motion with constant acceleration in the θ-plane.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/law_of_motion.htm [4/1/02 2:30:02 AM]



























RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume. It also takes in energy, heat, and work. When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, a thermodynamic process is said to take place. The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th century through painstaking experimentation.

Zeroth Law

When each of two systems is in equilibrium with a third, the first two systems must be in equilibrium with each other. This shared property of equilibrium is the temperature.

The concept of temperature is based on this Zeroth Law.

First Law

Because energy cannot be created or destroyed (with the special exception of nuclear reactions) the amount of heat transferred into a system plus the amount of work done on the system must result in a corresponding increase of internal energy in the system. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another.

This First Law of thermodynamics identifies caloric, or heat, as a form of energy.

Second Law

Entropy—that is, the disorder—of an isolated system can never decrease. Therefore, when an isolated system achieves a configuration of maximum entropy, it can no longer undergo change (it has reached equilibrium).

Additionally, it is not enough to conserve energy and thus obey the First Law. A machine that would deliver work while violating the second law is called a "perpetual-motion machine of the second kind." In such a system, energy could then be continually drawn from a cold environment to do work in a hot environment at no cost.

Third Law

The Third Law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot be attained by any procedure in a finite number of steps. Absolute zero can be approached arbitrarily closely, but it can never be reached.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermodynamics.html [4/1/02 2:34:40 AM]



























RF Cafe - Length Conversion

◊◊ LENGTH CONVERSIONS ◊◊

Standard units = Meter (m).

inch foot mile centimeter meter kilometer

1 in = 1 8.333 * 10-2 1.578 * 10-5 2.540 2.540 * 10-2 2.540 * 10-5

1 ft = 12 1 1.894 * 10-4 30.48 0.304 8 3.048 * 10-4

1 mi = 6.336 * 104 5 280 1 1.609 * 105 160 9 1.609

1 cm = 0.393 7 3.281 * 10-2 6.214 * 10-6 1 10-2 10-5

1 m = 39.37 3.281 6.214 * 10-4 100 1 10-3

1 km = 3.93 7 * 104 3 281 0.621 4 105 1 000 1

Non-Standard Length Units Conversions

1 cable = 720 ft = 219.456 m

1 cable (U.K.) = 608 ft = 185.318 m

1 chain (engineers') = 100 ft = 30.48 m

1 chain (surveyors') = 66 ft = 20.117 m

1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.829 m

1 fermi = 10-15 m

1 furlong = 660 ft = 201.168 m

1 hand = 4 in = 0.101 6 m

1 league (nautical) = 3 nmi = 5 556 m

1 league (statute) = 3 stat mi

1 light year = 9.460 895 2 * 1015 m

1 link (engineers') = 1 ft = 0.304 8 m

1 link (surveyors') = 7.92 in = 0.201168 m

1 myriameter = 10 000 m

1 nautical mile (nmi) = 1 853.184 m

1 pale = 1 perch (linear) = 1 rod = 5.029 2 m

1 pica = 1/6 in (approx.) = 4.217 518 * 10-3 m

1 point = 1/72 in (approx.) = 3.514 598 * 10-4 m

1 span = 9 in = 0.228 6 m

1 astronomical unit (au) = 92 957 130.3 mi = 1.496 * 108 km

1 parsec = 1.917 378 44 * 1013 mi = 3.085 721 50 *1013 km



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/length.htm [4/1/02 2:35:35 AM]



























RF Cafe - Mass Conversion

MASS CONVERSIONS

Standard units = Kilogram (kg). * = atomic mass unit.

ounce pound ton gram kilogram slug u*1 oz = 1 6.250 * 10-2 3.125 * 10-5 28.35 2.835 * 10-2 1.942 * 10-3 1.708 * 1025

1 lb = 16 1 0.0005 453.6 0.4536 3.108 * 10-2 2.732 * 1026

1 ton = 3.200 * 104 2000 1 9.072x105 907.2 62.16 5.465 * 1029

1 g = 3.527 * 10-2 2.205 * 10-3 1.102 * 10-6 1 0.001 6.852 * 10-5 6.024 * 1023

1 kg = 35.27 2.205 1.102 * 10-3 1000 1 6.852 * 10-2 6.024 * 1026

1 slug = 514.8 32.17 1.609 * 10-2 1.459 * 104 14.59 1 8.789 * 1027

1 u = 5.855 * 10-26 3.660 * 10-27 1.829 * 10-30 1.660 * 10-24 1.660 * 10-27 1.137 * 10-28 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mass.htm [4/1/02 2:38:06 AM]



























RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants

MECHANICAL CONSTANTS

Name Symbol Value

Horsepower HP 745.7 W

Atmosphere Atm 14.70 lb/in2

Pi P 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 46

Natural log base e 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 36

Square root of 2 √2 1.414 213 562 372 095 048 80

Euler's constant g 0.577 215 664 901 532 860 61

Golden Ratio f 1.618 033 988 749 894 848 20

1º of latitude at 40º latitude 69 mi

Acceleration of gravity g 32.1726 ft/s2

Knot kt 1.1508 mi/hr

Speed of sound @ 0ºC 1087.1 ft/s

Water heat of fusion @ 0ºC ∆Hfus 79.71 cal/g

Water heat of vaporization @ 0ºC ∆Hvap 539.55 cal/g

Acre 43 560 ft2



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_contants.htm [4/1/02 2:39:05 AM]



























RF Cafe - Mechanical Units

MECHANICAL UNITS

Name Base Unit Symbol

Length meter m

Area square meter m2

Volume cubic mete m3

Mass kilogram kg

Density kilogram/cubic meter kg/m3

Time second s

Speed kilometer/second km/s

Force newton N

Pressure pascal P

Plane Angle radian rad

Solid Angle steradian ster

Momentum kilogram*meter/second ρ

Torque newton/meter t

Young's modulus pascal E

Kinetic energy joule K

Potential energy joule U



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_units.htm [4/1/02 2:40:03 AM]



























RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

◊◊ Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊

Legend

Alkali metals

Actinide series Alkali earth metals Other metals Transition metals Nonmetals Lanthanide series Noble gases

WebElements - a great online source.

1Ia 18

0

H 2IIa 13

IIIa14IVa

15Va

16VIa

17VIIa He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg 3IIIb

4IVb

5Vb

6VIb

7VIIb

8VIIIb

9VIIIb

10VIIIb

11Ib

12IIb Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra ** Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu

* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Name Sym # Wt

actinium Ac 89 (227)

aluminum Al 13 26.98

americium Am 95 (243)

antimony Sb 51 121.7

argon Ar 18 39.94

arsenic As 33 74.92

astatine At 85 (210)

barium Ba 56 137.3

berkelium Bk 97 (247)

beryllium Be 4 9.012

bismuth Bi 83 209.0

boron B 5 10.81

Name Sym # Wt

gold Au 79 197.0

hafnium Hf 72 178.4

helium He 2 400.3

holmium Ho 67 164.9

hydrogen H 1 1.008

indium In 49 114.8

iodine I 53 126.9

iridium Ir 77 192.2

iron Fe 26 55.84

krypton Kr 36 83.80

lanthanum La 56 138.9

lawrencium Lr 103 (257)

Name Sym # Wt

potassium K 19 39.10

praseodymium Pr 59 140.9

promethium Pm 61 (147)

protactinium Pa 91 231.0

radium Ra 88 226.0

radon Rn 86 (222)

rhenium Re 75 186.2

rhodium Rh 45 102.9

rubidium Rb 37 85.47

ruthenium Ru 44 101.0

samarium Sm 62 150.4

scandium Sc 21 44.96

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

























http://www.webelement.com/

RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

bromine Br 35 79.90

cadmium Cd 48 112.4

calcium Ca 20 40.08

californium Cf 98 (249)

carbon C 6 12.01

cerium Ce 58 140.1

cesium Cs 55 132.9

chlorine Cl 17 35.45

chromium Cr 24 52.00

cobalt Co 27 58.93

copper Cu 29 63.54

curium Cm 96 (245)

dysprosium Dy 66 162.5

einsteinium Es 99 (254)

erbium Er 68 167.2

europium Eu 63 152.0

fermium Fm 100 (255)

fluorine F 9 19.00

francium Fr 87 (223)

gadolinium Gd 64 157.2

gallium Ga 31 69.72

germanium Ge 32 72.5

lead Pb 82 207.2

lithium Li 3 6.940

lutetium Lu 71 175.0

magnesium Mg 12 24.31

manganese Mn 25 54.94

mendelevium Md 101 (256)

mercury Hg 80 200.5

molybdenum Mo 42 95.90

neodymium Nd 60 144.2

neon Ne 10 20.17

neptunium Np 93 237.0

nickel Ni 28 58.70

niobium Nb 41 92.91

nitrogen N 7 14.01

nobelium No 102 (254)

osmium Os 76 190.2

oxygen O 8 16.00

palladium Pd 46 106.4

phosphorus P 15 30.97

platinum Pt 78 195.0

plutonium Pu 94 (244)

polonium Po 84 (210)

selenium Se 34 78.90

silicon Si 14 28.08

silver Ag 47 107.9

sodium Na 11 23.00

strontium Sr 38 87.62

sulfur S 16 32.06

tantalum Ta 73 180.9

technetium Tc 43 98.91

tellurium Te 52 127.6

terbium Tb 65 158.9

thallium Tl 81 204.3

thorium Th 90 232.0

thulium Tm 69 168.9

tin Sn 50 118.6

titanium Ti 22 47.90

tungsten W 74 183.8

uranium U 92 238.0

vanadium V 23 50.94

xenon Xe 54 131.3

ytterbium Yb 70 173.0

yttrium Y 39 88.91

zinc Zn 30 65.38

Man-Made Elements rutherfordium Unq 104 261

dubnium Unp 105 262

seaborgium Unh 106 263

bohrium Uns 107 264

hassium Uno 108 265

meitnerium Une 109 266

ununnilium Uun 110 269

unununium Uuu 111 272

kirtium Ukb 999 999



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]



RF Cafe - International Phonetic Alphabet

◊◊ PHONETIC ALPHABET ◊◊

International (ITU) PoliceA Alfa (Al Fah') Adam

B Bravo (Brah' Voh) Baker

C Charlie (Char' Lee) Charlie

D Delta (Dell' Tah) David

E Echo (Eck' Oh) Edward

F Foxtrot (Foks' Trot) Frank

G Gulf (Golf) George

H Hotel (Hoh' Tell) Henry

I India (In' Dee Ah) Ida

J Juilette (Jew' Lee Ett) John

K Kilo (Key' Loh) King

L Lima (Lee' Mah) LincolnM Mike (Mike) Mary

International ITU) PoliceN November (No Vem' Ber) Nancy

O Oscar (Oss Cah') Otto

P Papa (Pah' Pah) Peter

Q Quebec (Keh' Beck) Queen

R Romeo (Row' Me Oh) Robert

S Sierra (See Air' Rah) Susan

T Tango (Tang' Go) Thomas

U Uniform (You Nee' Form) Union

V Victor (Vik Tah') Victor

W Whiskey (Wiss' Key) William

X X-ray (Ecks' Ray) X-Ray

Y Yankee (Yang' Key) Young

Z Zulu (Zoo' Loo) Zebra



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/phonetic_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 2:45:53 AM]



























RF Cafe - Pressure Conversion

◊◊ Pressure Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Pascal (P).

atmosphere inch of water lb per sq in lb per sq ft cm of Hg dyn/cm2 pascal1 atm = 1 406.8 14.70 2116 75.99 1.013 * 106 1.013 * 105

1 in water = 2.458 * 10-3 1 3.613 * 10-2 5.202 0.1868 2491 249.1

1 lb/in2 = 6.805 * 10-2 27.68 1 144 5.171 6.895 * 104 6.895 * 103

1 lb/ft2 = 4.725 * 10-4 0.1922 6.944 * 10-3 1 3.591x10-2 478.8 47.881 cm Hg = 1.316 * 10-2 5.353 0.1934 27.85 1 1.333 * 104 1333

1 dyn/cm2 = 9.869 * 10-7 4.015 * 10-4 1.450 * 10-5 2.089 * 10-3 7.501 * 10-5 1 0.11 Pa = 9.869 * 10-6 4.015 * 10-3 1.450 * 10-4 2.089 * 10-2 7.501 * 10-4 10 1

in of water @ 4º C1 bar = 106 dyn/cm2

cm of Hg @ 0º C 1 atm = 29.92 in of Hg



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/pressure.htm [4/1/02 2:47:56 AM]



























RF Cafe - Psychometric Chart

Psychometric Chart

This slide set is accessed directly from the Techtrol Psychometrics web site. It is an excellent primer on the use of the psychometric chart. Here is a link for free ET_AEE software that performs calculations for you.Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/psychometric_chart.htm [4/1/02 2:49:00 AM]

























http://www.techtrol.com/gif/Psydew.JPG

http://ktlabo.cm.kyushu-u.ac.jp/dload/dloadE.htm



RF Cafe - P-T Diagram

◊◊ Pressure-Temperature (P-T) Diagram ◊◊

P-T Diagram for a Substance That Expands On Freezing

From To Phase Changes

Liquid Solid Fusion

Liquid Vapor Vaporization

Solid Vapor Sublimation

Solid Liquid Melting

Vapor Liquid Condensation

Vapor Solid Deposition

. Critical Point:Pure vapor phase has same properties as pure liquid phase at same temperature and pressure.

* Triple Point: Possible to maintain equilibrium mixture of all three phases.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/p-t_diagram.htm [4/1/02 2:50:37 AM]



























RF Cafe - Relativity

RELATIVITY

c = speed of light. Primed quantities are moving at speed "v".



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/relativity.htm [4/1/02 2:52:59 AM]



























RF Cafe - Solar System

◊◊ SOLAR SYSTEM ◊◊

PlanetMax Radius(106 km)

Min Radius(106 km) Revolution Rotation

Speed(km/s)

Axis/Orbit(*)

Mass(**)

Mercury 69.7 45.9 88 d 59 d 47.9 28º/7º 0.055

Venus 109 107.4 224.7 d (-)243 d 35 3.0º/3.4º 0.815

Earth 152.1 147.1 365.26 d 23h,56m,4s 29.8 23º 27'/0º 1

Mars 249.1 206.7 687 d 24h,37m,23s 24.1 23º 59'/1.9º 0.108

Jupiter 815.7 740.9 11.86 y 9h,50m,30s 13.1 3º 5'/1.3º 317.9

Saturn 1507 1347 29.46 y 10h,14m 9.6 26º 44'/2.5º 95.2

Uranus 3004 2735 84.01 y (-)11 h 6.8 82º 5'/0.8º 14.6

Neptune 4537 4456 164.8 y 16 h 5.4 28º 48'/1.8º 17.2

Pluto 7375 4425 247.7 y 6d,9h 4.7 ---º/17.2º 0.1

* : inclination to ecliptic (Earth's orbital plane)** : Mass relative to earth(-) : retrograde motion



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/solar_system.htm [4/1/02 3:08:44 AM]



























RF Cafe - Sound Level Chart

◊◊ Sound Level Chart ◊◊

LocationMin Max

(dBA)

Inside Home 25 45

Inside Office 35 50

Inside Airplane Cabin 75 85

Inside Factory 65 100

Talking @ 3 ft 55 65

Shouting @ 3 ft 75 85

Clothes Dryer @ 3 ft 55 65

Vacuum @ 3 ft 65 80

Chain Saw @ 3 ft 100 120

Clothes Washer @ 3 ft 55 75

Car @ 25 ft @ 65 mph 70 80

Airplane @ 1000 ft 95 110

Traffic @ 300 ft 40 60

Rural Ambient 25 35



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_level.htm [4/1/02 3:12:19 AM]



























RF Cafe - Sound Power

◊◊ Sound Power ◊◊

Sound powers in dBA units are referenced to a picowatt.

Where: W1, W2 = sound power in similar watt units



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_power.htm [4/1/02 3:21:58 AM]



























RF Cafe - Speed Conversion

◊◊ Speed Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Meters per second (m/s).

foot per s mile per h cm per s meter per s km per h knot1 ft/s = 1 0.6818 30.48 0.3048 1.097 0.59251 mi/h = 1.467 1 44.70 0.4470 1.609 0.86891 cm/s = 3.281 * 10-2 2.237 * 10-2 1 0.01 3.600 * 10-2 1.944 * 10-2

1 m/s = 3.281 2.237 100 1 3.600 1.9441 km/h = 0.9113 0.6214 27.78 0.2778 1 0.54001 knot = 1.688 1.151 51.44 0.5144 1.852 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/speed.htm [4/1/02 3:24:23 AM]



























RF Cafe - SAE Tap & Drill Chart

◊◊ SAE Tap & Drill Chart ◊◊

ThreadSize

DrillDiameter

(in)Tap Drill

Size

ThreadSize

DrillDiameter

(in)Tap Drill

Size

Coarse Thread Fine Thread

1-64 .0595 No. 53 0-80 .0469 3/64

2-56 .0700 No. 50 1-72 .0595 No. 53

3-48 .0785 No. 47 2-64 .0700 No. 50

4-40 .0890 No. 43 3-56 .0820 No. 45

5-40 .1015 No. 38 4-48 .0935 No. 42

6-32 .1065 No. 36 5-44 .1040 No. 37

8-32 .1360 No. 29 6-40 .1130 No. 33

10-24 .1495 No. 25 8-36 .1360 No. 29

12-24 .1770 No. 16 10-32 .1590 No. 21

1/4-20 .2010 No. 7 12-28 .1820 No. 14

5/16-18 .2570 'F' 1/4-28 .2130 No. 3

3/8-16 .3125 5/16 5/16-24 .2720 'I'

7/16-14 .3680 'U' 3/8-24 .3320 'Q'

1/2-13 .4219 27/64 7/16-20 .3906 25/64

9/16-12 .4844 31/64 1/2-20 .4531 29/64

5/8-11 .5312 17/32 9/16-18 .5156 33/64

3/4-10 .6562 21/32 5/8-18 .5781 37/64

7/8-9 .7656 49/64 3/4-16 .6875 11/16

1"-8 .8750 7/8 7/8-14 .8125 13/16

1"-14 .9375 59/64



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/tap_drill.htm [4/1/02 3:27:28 AM]



























RF Cafe - Temperature Conversion

◊◊ Temperature Conversions ◊◊

Celsius to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to Celsius

ºC = ºF - 32 1.8 ºF = (1.8 ºC) + 32

Fahrenheit to Rankine Celsius to KelvinºR = ºF + 459.67 K = ºC + 273.15

-40ºC = -40ºF



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/temperature.htm [4/1/02 3:38:05 AM]



























RF Cafe - Thermal Conductivity

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

SubstanceThermal Conductivity

(J/s·m·°C)

Aluminum 238

Copper 397

Gold 316

Iron 78.2

Nickel 88.5

Silver 425

Steel, carbon 43

Air 0.024

Glass, Pyrex 0.78

Ice 1.70

Wood, oak 0.17

Water 0.556

Brass 110

Solder, 63Sn/37Pb 50

Silicon 138

Kevlar 0.12

Alumina 17

Beryllium oxide 250

RT/Duriod 5880 0.26

Epoxy glass 0.16

Approximate values from0 °C to 100 °C.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermal_conductivity.htm [4/1/02 3:40:04 AM]



























RF Cafe - Time Conversion

◊◊ Time Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Second (s).

second minute hour day year

1 s = 1 1.667 · 10-2 2.778 · 10-4 1.157 · 10-5 3.169 · 10-8

1 min = 60 1 1.667 * 10-2 6.944 · 10-4 1.901 · 10-6

1 h = 3600 60 1 4.167 · 10-2 1.141 · 10-4

1 d = 8.640 · 104 1440 24 1 2.738 · 10-3

1 yr = 3.156 · 107 5.259 · 105 8.766 · 103 365.2 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time.htm [4/1/02 3:40:55 AM]



























RF Cafe - Torx Bits

TORX® BITS

DriverSize

"A"Dimension

AcrossPoints(in.)

T-5 .055

T-6 .065

T-7 .077

T-8 .090

T-9 .097

T-10 .107

T-15 .128

T-20 .151

T-25 .173

T-27 .195

T-30 .216

T-40 .260



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/torx_bits.htm [4/1/02 3:42:14 AM]



























RF Cafe - Visible Light

VISIBLE LIGHT

Since a lot of work these days involves light properties (displays, LEDs, Emitter/detectors, etc.), this visible light spectrum chart should be useful. Information on light addition and subtraction is included.

GammaRays X-Rays Ultra

Violet Infrared TV Radio

Wavelength (nanometers)

Additive Color System(adding colors to ultimately make white)

Subtractive Color System(subtracting colors to ultimately make black)

Primary additive colors for light areRed, Green and Blue

Primary subtractive colors for light are Magenta, Yellow and Cyan

Color Wheel

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]

























RF Cafe - Visible Light



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]



RF Cafe - Volume Conversion

◊◊ Volume Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Cubic meters (m3).

cubic in cubic ft cubic cm cubic m liter1 in3 1 5.787 * 10-4 16.39 1.639 * 10-5 1.639 * 10-2

1 ft3 = 1728 1 2.832 * 104 2.832 * 10-2 28.32

1 cm3 = 6.102 * 10-2 3.531 * 10-5 1 10-6 10-3

1 m3 = 6.102 * 104 35.31 106 1 10001 li = 61.02 3.531 * 10-2 1000 10-3 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/volume.htm [4/1/02 3:49:45 AM]



























RF Cafe - Work-Energy-Heat Conversion

◊◊ Work-Energy-Heat Conversions ◊◊

Standard units = Joule (J).

electron V kW*hour calorie joule ft*pounds ergs Btu

1 eV = 1 4.450 * 10-26 3.827 * 10-20 1.602 * 10-19 1.182 * 10-19 1.602 * 10-12 1.519 * 10-22

1 kWh = 2.247 * 1025 1 8.601 * 105 3.6 * 106 2.655 * 106 3.6 * 1013 34131 cal = 2.613 * 1019 1.163 * 10-6 1 4.186 3.087 4.186 * 107 3.968 * 10-3

1 J = 6.242 * 1018 2.778 * 10-7 0.2389 1 0.7376 107 9.481 * 10-4

1 ft*lb = 8.464 * 1018 3.776 * 10-7 0.3239 1.356 1 1.356 * 107 1.285 * 10-3

1 erg = 6.242 * 1011 2.778 * 10-14 2.389 * 10-8 10-7 7.376 * 10-8 1 9.481 * 10-11

1 Btu = 6.585 * 1021 2.930 * 10-4 252.0 1055 777.9 1.055 * 1010 1

1 hp * hr = 2545 Btu1 MeV = 106 eV

1 kg = 8.987 * 1016 J(from e=mc2)



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/work-energy-heat.htm [4/1/02 3:50:39 AM]



























RF Cafe - World Time Zone Map

◊◊ World Time Zone Map ◊◊

This page is retrieved directly from the U.S. Navy's web site.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time_zones.htm [4/1/02 3:52:07 AM]



























USB.org - Welcome

Do you know how to identify products that have passed USB-IF Compliance Testing?

Look for the USB logo

Check the usb.org product search

Both of the above

View Results

USB Remains King of PC and Peripheral InterfacesThe Universal Serial Bus (USB) will continue its reign as the most successful interface in the history of PCs, with USB 2.0 completely penetrating the PC market over the next two to three years and PC peripherals and consumer electronics following closely behind, according to In-Stat/MDR(pdf, 152k)

Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Has Strong Presence at Intel Developer ForumAvailability of USB 2.0 drivers for Microsoft Windows XP, first-time demonstrations, certified packaging and other displays of broad industry support of Hi-Speed USB 2.0 highlighted at IDF(pdf, 16k)

'Year of USB 2.0' Starts Out Strong With Key Milestones ReachedWindows XP Support, Gateway PC, Intel Desktop Boards Launched on Cusp of Broad Deployment(pdf, 96k)

PC Magazine Award

Winner: Hi-Speed USB 2.0 for Technical ExcellencePC Magazine has bestowed the Eighteenth

Annual Award for Technical Excellence to Hi-Speed USB 2.0 in the Specifications category. This award is given to innovators who have found new solutions to old problems. USB 2.0 was selected for this honor because of the common interface it provides and the high data transfer rate.

CNET's 'Best Emerging Technology' award goes to USB 2.0 at PC ExpoIn the area of Best Emerging Technology,

http://www.usb.org/ (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

http://www.usb.org/info.html

http://www.usb.org/channel/

http://www.usb.org/press/

http://www.usb.org/developers/

http://www.usb.org/members_landing.html

http://www.usb.org/app/search/products/

http://www.usb.org/shopping_bag.html

http://www.usb.org/features.html

http://www.usb.org/faq.html




http://www.usb.org/poll/results.php3?poll_id=19

http://www.usb.org/developers/events/devcon/

http://www.usb.org/app/search/products/p/10000719/info

http://www.usb.org/retail/featured_product_info.html

http://www.usb.org/data/press/press20/2002_03_12_instat.pdf

http://www.usb.org/data/press/press20/2002_02_27_usb.pdf

http://www.usb.org/data/press/press20/2002_01_08_usb.pdf

http://www.pcmag.com/article/0,2997,s%253D25063%2526a%253D18052,00.asp

http://www.pcmag.com/article/0,2997,s%253D25063%2526a%253D18052,00.asp

USB.org - Welcome

CNET's award goes to USB 2.0. This award does not go to any one company but to all of the industry pioneers that recognize the value of this new standard. The factors that make USB 2.0 so promising are its speed, its backward compatibility with USB 1.1, and its broad industry support.

About USBUniversal Serial Bus (USB) connects more than computers and peripherals. It has the power to connect you with a whole new world of PC experiences.

USB is your instant connection to the fun of digital photography or the limitless creative possibilities of digital imaging. You can use USB to connect with other people through the power of PC-telephony and video conferencing. Once you've tried USB, we think you'll grow quite attached to it!

Having trouble downloading or printing the pdfs on this page? Download the latest version of the free Acrobat Reader.

Site sponsored by USB Implementers Forum, Inc., creators of USB technology.Learn more about USB-IF Read the Privacy Statement

http://www.usb.org/ (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

http://www.cnet.com/techtrends/0-6004029-8-6279709-1.html?tag=txt

http://www.usb.org/overview.html

http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html


http://www.usb.org/statement.html

http://www.kavi.com/

RF Cafe - Noise Figure

◊◊ Noise Figure ◊◊

Noise figure is the increase in noise power of a device from the input to the output that is greater that the signal gain. In effect, it is the amount of decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio. Like gain, noise figure can be expressed either as a ratio or in decibels.

Cascade noise figure calculation is carried out by dealing with gain and noise figure as a ratio rather than decibels, and then converting back to decibels at the end. As the following equation shows, cascaded noise figure is effected most profoundly by the noise figure of components closest to the input of the system as long as some positive gain exists in the cascade. If only loss exists in the cascade, then the cascaded noise figure equals the magnitude of the total loss. The following equation is used to calculate cascaded noise figure as a ratio based on ratio values for gain and noise figure (do not use decibel values)

nfcascade = , where N = number of

stages Click here to view anexample cascaded system.

Conversion to decibels: NF (dB) = 10 * log10 (nf)

Noise Temperature (K) = 290 *

Noise Figure (dB) = 10 * log10

Click here to see Agilent's online App Note 1303 on using a spectrum analyzer to measure noise figure.

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]

























http://literature.hp.com/litweb/pdf/5966-4008E.pdf

RF Cafe - Noise Figure

The following table lists a few conversion. See the "Noise Conversions" tab of the online calculator for calculating other values.

NF(dB) Tn (°K) NF(dB) Tn (°K)0.1 7 2.1 1800.2 14 2.2 1910.3 21 2.3 2020.4 28 2.4 2140.5 35 2.5 2260.6 43 2.6 2380.7 51 2.7 2500.8 59 2.8 2630.9 67 2.9 2751.0 75 3.0 2891.1 84 3.1 3021.2 92 3.2 3161.3 101 3.3 3301.4 110 3.4 3441.5 120 3.5 3591.6 129 3.6 3741.7 139 3.7 3901.8 149 3.8 4061.9 159 3.9 4222.0 170 4.0 438



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]




RF Cafe - Example system cascade

◊◊ EXAMPLE SYSTEM CASCADE ◊◊



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/cascade_screen.htm [4/1/02 4:13:41 AM]



























RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)

2-TONE, 2ND-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP2)

When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 2nd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore not very likely to fall inband at the output in a narrow band system. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output.

Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 2nd-order gain line would be 2:1. The slope of the 2nd-order product line is 1:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 2nd-order products increase in power at the same rate as the input tones and are always twice times farther away from the IP2 than the input tones when not near saturation.

The power of the 2nd-order products can be predicted when the IP2 is known, or the IP2 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 2nd-order tones and the input tones are known.

P2nd-order products = 2 · Pinput tones@output - IP2 dBm

IP2 =2 · Pinput tones@output - P2nd-order products dBm

Calculating the cascaded values for IP2 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP2 (do not use decibel values):

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ip2.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:17:11 AM]

























RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)

Click here to view anexample cascaded system.

Finally, convert to decibels

IP2 = 10· log10 [ip2] dB

Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:

or






http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif

http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif [4/1/02 4:18:46 AM]

RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)

2-TONE, 3RD-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP3)

Here's a great link to a paper on intermod frequency prediction for any number of tones.

When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 3rd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore very likely to fall inband at the output. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output.

Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 3rd-order gain line would be 3:1. The slope of the 3rd-order product line is 2:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 3rd-order products increase in power at twice the rate of the input tones and are always three times farther away from the IP3 than the input tones when not near saturation.

The power of the 3rd-order products can be predicted when the IP3 is known, or the IP3 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 3rd-order tones and the input tones are known.

Equal Input Powers(see below for unequal powers)

P3rd-order products = Pinput tones@output - 2 · (IP3 - Pinput tones@output) dBm

P3rd-order products = 3 · Pinput tones@output - 2 · IP3 dBm

IP3 =3/2 · Pinput tones@output - 1/2 P3rd-order products dBm


























http://www.cedmagazine.com/ced/2001/0201/webx/x02.htm


Calculating the cascaded values for IP3 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP3 (do not use decibel values):

Click here to view anexample cascaded system.

Finally, convert to decibels

IP3 = 10 · log10 [ip3] dB

The following equation is a series expansion of the mixing (multiplying) of two pure tones:

Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:

IP3/IP2OUTPUT = (IP3/IP2INPUT + Gain) dBm

or

IP3/IP2INPUT = (IP3/IP2OUTPUT - Gain) dBm

Unequal Input Powers

PL = P2 - 2*(IP3 - P1)

PU = P1 - 2*(IP3 - P2)

Where power units are kept constant in dBm or dBW


RF Cafe - Frequency Modulation

◊◊ BESSEL FUNCTIONS ◊◊

Bessel functions of the first kind are shown in the graph below. In frequency modulation, the carrier and sideband frequencies disappear when the modulation index (β) is equal to a zero crossing of the function for the nth sideband. For example, the carrier (0th sideband) disappears when the Jn(0,β) plot equals zero. The 1st sideband disappears when the Jn(1,β) plot equals zero. See FM.

Sample of Bessel Function Zero Crossings

J0(β) J1(β) J2(β) J3(β) J4(β) J5(β) J6(β)

β = 2.40β = 5.49β = 8.65β = 11.8

β = 3.83β = 7.05β = 10.2

β = 5.14β = 8.42β = 11.6

β = 6.38β = 8.42β = 11.6

β = 7.59β = 11.1β = 14.4

β = 8.77β = 12.3β = 15.7

β = 9.94β = 13.6β = 17.0

Note: Graph generated using Mathcad 4.0.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/bessel.htm [4/1/02 4:25:59 AM]

























http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/frequency_modulation.htm



RF Cafe - VSWR to Return Loss Conversion

◊◊ VSWR - Return Loss - Γ Conversions ◊◊

See the VSWR Calculator page.

Return Loss Voltage StandingWave Ratio Reflection Coefficient

RL = -20*log|Γ| dB VSWR = Γ =

RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ

46.0 1.01 0.00498 26.0 1.11 0.0521 17.7 1.30 0.130 8.0 2.32 0.398

40.0 1.02 0.00990 25.0 1.12 0.0566 17.0 1.33 0.141 7.0 2.61 0.445

37.0 1.03 0.0148 24.0 1.13 0.0610 16.0 1.38 0.158 6.02 3.01 0.500

34.0 1.04 0.0196 23.5 1.14 0.0654 15.0 1.43 0.178 5.0 3.56 0.562

32.0 1.05 0.0244 23.0 1.15 0.0698 14.0 1.50 0.200 4.0 4.42 0.631

30.4 1.06 0.0291 22.0 1.17 0.0783 13.0 1.58 0.224 3.01 5.85 0.707

29.0 1.07 0.0338 21.5 1.18 0.0826 12.0 1.67 0.250 2.0 8.72 0.794

28.0 1.08 0.0385 20.7 1.20 0.0909 11.0 1.78 0.282 1.0 17.39 0.891

27.0 1.09 0.0431 20.0 1.22 0.100 10.0 1.92 0.316 0.5 34.75 0.944

26.4 1.10 0.0476 19.0 1.25 0.112 9.0 2.10 0.355 0.0 Infinity 1.00



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/vswr.htm [4/1/02 4:27:37 AM]




























RF Cafe - Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

SPURIOUS-FREE DYNAMIC RANGE

Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is two-thirds the difference between the 2-tone, third-order intercept point (IP3) and the minimum discernible signal (MDS). Referring back to Figure 1, it can be seen that the 3rd-order product line has a 3:1 slope while the fundamental output line has a 1:1 slope. Therefore, the 3rd-order products are always twice as far from the IP3 as the fundamental output. If you use the SFDR as the power of the output tones (dBm) and plug it into the equation for IP3 calculation from the Intercept Points (IP3 & IP2) section of the RF Cafe web site, the power of the 3rd-order products will be right at the MDS power level.

Figure 1



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/sfdr.htm [4/1/02 4:28:43 AM]



























RF Cafe - Noise Power

◊◊ Noise Power ◊◊

Noise power is based on the thermal noise power at the input of the system, along with system gain and noise figure:

PThermalNoise = k * T * B (Watts), where

Multiply by 1000 to obtain milliwatts and then convert to dBm units or convert to dBW units and add 30 dB:

PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (1000 * k * T * B)or

PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (k * T * B) + 30

Now that we have the thermal noise at the input, add the system gain and the additional noise added by the system (the NF) to get the noise power at the output:

PNoise@Output (dBm) = PNoise@Input + GainSystem + NFSystem



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_power.htm [4/1/02 4:30:55 AM]



























RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron

TOROIDS - POWDERED IRON

Use the table below to calculate inductance and number of turns per the following formulas.

where: L = inductance in µHAL = µH per 100 turnsN = number of full turns

AL Values

Mix Type

Size 26 3 15 1 2 7 6 10 12 17 0

T-12 n/a 60 50 48 20 18 17 12 7.5 7.5 3.0

T-16 145 61 55 44 22 n/a 19 13 8.0 8.0 3.0

T-20 180 76 55 52 27 24 22 16 10 10 3.5

T-25 235 100 85 70 34 29 27 19 12 12 4.5

T-30 325 140 93 85 43 37 36 25 16 16 6.0

T-37 275 120 90 80 40 32 30 25 15 15 4.9

T-44 360 180 160 105 52 46 42 33 18.5 18.5 6.5

T-50 320 175 135 100 49 43 40 31 18 18 6.4

T-68 420 195 180 115 57 52 47 32 21 21 7.5

T-80 450 180 170 115 55 50 45 32 22 22 8.5

T-94 590 248 200 160 84 n/a 70 58 32 n/a 10.6

T-106 900 450 345 325 135 133 116 n/a n/a n/a 19

T-130 785 3350 250 200 110 103 96 n/a n/a n/a 15

T-157 870 420 360 320 140 n/a 115 n/a n/a n/a n/a

T-184 1640 720 n/a 500 240 n/a 195 n/a n/a n/a n/a

T-200 895 425 n/a 250 120 105 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a

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RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron

Iron Powder Magnetic Core Properties

Mix Color Material µTemp

Stability(ppm/°C)

f(MHz) Uses

26 Yellow/White Hydrogen Reduced 75 825 DC -1 EMI filters, DC chokes

3 Gray Carbonyl HP 35 370 0.05 - 0.50 Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.

15 Red/White Carbonyl GS6 25 190 0.10 - 2 Exc. stability, good Q1 Blue Carbonyl C 20 280 0.50 - 5 Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.2 Red Carbonyl E 10 95 2 -30 High Q7 White Carbonyl TH 9 30 3 - 35 Similar to mix 2 and mix 6, exc. temp stability6 Yellow Carbonyl SF 8 35 10 -50 Very good Q and temp. stability for 20-50 MHz10 Black Powdered Iron W 6 150 30 - 100 Good Q and stability for 40-100 MHz12 Green/White Synthetic Oxide 4 170 50 - 200 Good Q, moderate temp. stability

17 Blue/Yellow Carbonyl 4 50 40 - 180 Similar to mix 12, better temp. stability, Q drops about 10% above 50 MHz, 20% above 100 MHz

0 Tan Phenolic 1 0 100 - 300 L varies greatly with winding technique

Iron Powder Magnetic Core Dimensions

Size ColorDimensions (in)

O.D. I.D. HeightT-200-2 Red 2.00 1.25 0.55T-94-2 Red 0.94 0.56 0.31T-80-2 Red 0.80 0.50 0.25T-68-2 Red 0.68 0.37 0.19T-50-2 Red 0.50 0.30 0.19T-37-2 Red 0.37 0.21 0.12T-25-2 Red 0.25 0.12 0.09T-12-2 Red 0.125 0.06 0.05T-50-10 Black 0.50 0.30 0.19T-37-10 Black 0.37 0.21 0.12T-25-10 Black 0.25 0.12 0.09T-12-10 Black 0.125 0.06 0.05T-94-9 Yellow 0.94 0.56 0.31T-80-6 Yellow 0.80 0.50 0.25T-68-6 Yellow 0.68 0.37 0.19T-50-6 Yellow 0.50 0.30 0.19T-26-6 Yellow 0.25 0.12 0.09T-12-6 Yellow 0.125 0.06 0.05



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/toriod.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:34:15 AM]



RF Cafe - Detectors

DETECTORS §

This page is retrieved directly from the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook web site.



http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/detectors.htm [4/1/02 4:36:48 AM]



























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