rhetorical patterns & argumentative strategies (project two)
TRANSCRIPT
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7/30/2019 Rhetorical Patterns & Argumentative Strategies (Project Two)
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Writing Today
Ch. 21 & 22
RHETORICAL PATTERNS
& ARGUMENTATIVESTRATEGIES
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Definition: Like description, but very preciseuse definitions
to explain an unknown term to your readers.
Ways to use definition:
Word Originwhere did the word come form? How has it come to
mean what it means?
Examplesuseful for explaining idioms. The book cites the phrase
drank the Kool-Aid
Negationexplain something by saying what it is not.
Divisionexplaining various meanings of a word (only when the
multiple meanings are all relevant.
Comparisonbring in similar examples to show how the word youredefining compares and contrasts.
Analogyanalogies can help explain complex terms: the books
example is the analogy of the human circulatory as a city
RHETORICAL PATTERNS: DEFINITION
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Classification allows you to divide objects and people into
groups, so they can be di scussed in greater depth (431). You
can use class ification for a single paragraph or to structure a
larger section of your paper.
To write a classification, WT breaks the process down: 1. List everything that fits into the whole class.
2. Decide on a principle of classification. (how to sort the classes)
3. Sort into major and minor groups. (Sort your list using the
principle. Ideally there everything you came up with in your list will fit
neatly into only one category.
RHETORICAL PATTERNS: CLASSIFICATION
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When explaining causes and effects, identify both causes
and effects and then explain how and why specific causes led
to those effects (433).
Sometimes you will present causes and ef fects in a
straightforward waywhen the how and why are clear (i.e .factual/obvious). EX: A tornado hit Joplin, MO. The town was
destroyed.
RHETORICAL PATTERNS: CAUSE & EFFECT
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When you present arguable causes and effects, youll need to
make sure your presentation of the how and the why is as
straightforward and understandable as possible. This is a
complexcause and effect relationship, and you dont want
your readers to get confused or feel mis lead. WT uses anexample of the current scientific theor y of tornado formation
to make the presentation of cause and e ffect clear, the writer
uses a narrative rhetorical pattern to explain the theory. That
means they tell the story of a tornado from formation
onward in a chronological order.
RHETORICAL PATTERNS: CAUSE & EFFECT
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Basical ly , to
use this
rhetor ical
pattern you
make a wri t ten
venn diagram.
Before wri t ing
a comparison,
you should
sketch out a
venn diagram
and f i l l i t out .
RHETORICAL
PATTERNS:
COMPARISON
& CONTRAST
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Most importantly, use multiple rhetorical patterns in your
writing in different combinations to make it interesting!
(Interesting for you to write, and in teresting for your reader to
read. Everyone wins.)
COMING UP: Argumentative strategies--youll notice that the
following strategies for your entire argument are very similar
to the previous rhetorical patterns that you can use to
structure the info used in your paper.
MIXING!
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Remember, argumentsin our context do notconnote fighting oversomething sil ly, likewhether or not yourfriend likes JustinBieber.
We are dealing witharguable claims, whichexist in the broad area
between personaljudgments (I
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In your writing youll want to attempt to define an arguable
claimremember the purpose of our papers is to give you
practice collecting and synthesizing information in order to
form your own well-supported and well-reasoned conclusion. A
claim is arguable if it cant be proven factually true or false,and neither the true nor false side of the argument is based
solely on personal opinion.
Your goal in inventing your argument and drafting your paper
is to support your position to the best of your ability (441).
But you also need to keep other viewpoints in mind. Th inkingabout people who might disagree with your view as you write
will help you clarify your ideas and make them stronger by
building in defenses.
WHAT MAKES FOR AN ARGUABLE CLAIM
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How would you
support this thesis?
The few benefits
offered by Auto-Tune
software are highly
outweighed by its
negative
repercussions on
music culture.
EXAMPLE PROJECT: AUTO-TUNE
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DEFINITION A pregnant woman who
chooses to smoke is achild abuser who needsto be stopped before shefurther harms herunborn child.
CAUSATION Pregnant mothers who
choose to smoke are
responsible for anunacceptable number ofbirth defects inchildren.
EVALUATION Although both are
dangerous, drinkingalcohol in moderationwhile pregnant is lessdamaging to an unbornchild than smoking inmoderation.
RECOMMENDATION We must help pregnant
women to stop smokingby developing smoking-cessation programs thatare specifically targetedtowards this population.
4 SOURCES OF ARGUABLE CLAIMS( R E M E M B E R E AA C H . 1 )
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Good old ethos,
pathos, and
logos. Al l three
of these
argumentat ive
strategies can
be used to
support your
posi t ion.
REASON,
AUTHORITY,EMOTION
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A good argument will employ all three strategiesthereby
leaving no possible opportunity for persuading your audience
untouched. However, youll probably find that one mode of
argument is more useful than the other two depending on
your topic. Consult WT Ch . 22 p. 444 -446 for examples of E, P, L in
action.
E, P, L
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Avoid illogical fallacies by hunting out the weak spots in your
argument and patching those holes.
IFs occur for three major reasons:
A false or weak premisea position based on faulty reasoning,
authorities that are not credible, comparisons that are inappropriate Irrelevancebringing up issues that are beside the point or
distracting by being inflammatory
Ambiguityany time the writer intentionally clouds the issue to
confuse readers into being persuaded
WT p. 448 has a ch art that defines 13 common IFs anddefines them.
ILLOGICAL FALLACIES
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To further bolster your argument for your position, you should,
as mentioned before, keep the oppos ing view in mind. To
really drive your point home, you can even acknowledge and
rebut the opposing pointthat proves youve really done your
homework. Methods of counter-argument
Objective summary of your opponents position
Recognizing validity in the opposing position
Conceding some opposing points
Refuting or absorbing your opponents major points
QUALIFY YOUR CLAIMS!!
COUNTER-ARGUMENT
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This is an impor tant thing to do throughout your paper, not
just when countering potential opponents.
If you feel strongly about your position or want readers to
think you have strong conviction, you may be tempted to
overstate your claimsusing strong language that betrays bias
and immediately alerts the reader to your stance.
By qualifying your claims, you soften your position and th e
reader will feel that you are asking them to make up their own
mind.
It shows your reader that your position has some flexibility
It acknowledges (when relevant) the difficulties or limitations of yourposition
Your argument wi ll come across as reasonable if you present your
claims with a more balanced viewpoint
QUALIFYING YOUR CLAIMS