rheumatic problems in elderly
DESCRIPTION
some important musculoskeletal affliction in elderlyTRANSCRIPT
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Rheumatic problems in Elderly
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Kevin Latinis, M.D./Ph.D.Division of RheumatologyDept. of Internal [email protected]
Rheumatology 101: What you need to know for your ambulatory medicine
experience
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Rheumatology 101
Arthritis-Inflammatory (RA, spondyloarthropathies)-Mechanical (OA)LupusFibromyalgiaLow back pain and other peri-articular complaintsGeneral musculoskeletal exam (time permitting)
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Mechanical vs. Inflammatory Arthritis
Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Osteoarthritis-Background
Very common-2nd leading cause for disability in USA-In patients 60 and older: affects 17% of men and 30% of women-Estimated that 59.4 million patients will have OA by the year 2020Etiology-primary idiopathic-secondary
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Osteoarthritis-Distribution
Latinis, K., Dao, K, Shepherd, R, Gutierrez, E, Velazquez, C. The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
Bouchard’s
Heberden’s
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Osteoarthritis-Diagnosis
ClinicalSupported by X-raysNon-inflammatory lab data, if any
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Osteoarthritis-TreatmentPain relief-Analgesics and NSAIDs/Cox-2 InhibitorsSMOADs (structure modifying osteoarthritis drugs)-Glucosamine Sulfate -see meta-analysis McAlindon et al. JAMA, 283: 3/2000, p. 1469-many under developmentNon-pharmacologic approaches-Reduce stress/load on joint-Strengthen surrounding muscles-PT/OT-Weight reduction-Patient educationLimit disability and improve quality of life
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Osteoarthritis-Treatment
Joint Replacement Surgery-Primarily of knee and hip, but also available in hands, shoulders,& elbows-Indications:
1. pain at rest2. instability
-patients benefit from aggressive PT before & after surgeryOther surgical procedures
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Clinical Pearl:Arthritis of the DIP joint
OA (non-inflammatory)Psoriatic Arthritis (inflammatory)
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Inflammatory Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritisSpondyloarthropathies-Undifferentiated-Ankylosing spondylitis-Psoriatic arthritis-Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter’s syndrome)-Enteropathic arthritisSLE, Sjogrens, Scleroderma, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Vasculitis, Infectious (bacterial, viral, other), Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis-Background
Symmetric, inflammatory polyarthritisAffects ~1% of our populationOccurs in women 3x more than menEtiology-Genetic, class II molecules (HLA-DRB1)-Autoimmune-?Environmental
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Rheumatoid Arthritis-Distribution
Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Definition-An inflammatory multisystem disease of unknown etiologywith protean clinical and laboratory manifestations and avariable course and prognosis.-Immunologic aberrations give rise to excessive autoantibodyproduction, some of which cause cytotoxic damage, whileothers participate in immune complex formation resulting inimmune inflammation.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)-Background
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Clinical features-Clinical manifestations may be constitutional or result frominflammation in various organ systems including skin andmucous membranes, joints, kidney, brain, serous membranes,lung, heart and occasionally gastrointestinal tract.-Organ systems may be involved singly or in any combination.-Involvement of vital organs, particularly the kidneys andcentral nervous system, accounts for significant morbidityand mortality.-Morbidity and mortality result from tissue damage due tothe disease process or its therapy.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)-Background
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Systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria(SOAP BRAIN MD)
1. Serositis: (a) pleuritis, or (b) pericarditis
2. Oral ulcers3. Arthritis4. Photosensitivity
10. Malar rash11. Discoid rash
5. Blood/Hematologic disorder: (a) hemolytic anemia or(b) leukopenia of < 4.0 x 109 (c) lymphopenia of < 1.5 x 109 (d) thrombocytopenia < 100 X 109
6. Renal disorder: (a) proteinuria > 0.5 gm/24 h or 3+ dipstick or(b) cellular casts
7. Antinuclear antibody (positive ANA) 8. Immunologic disorders:
(a) raised anti-native DNA antibody binding or(b) anti-Sm antibody or (c) positive anti-phospholipid antibody work-up
9. Neurological disorder: (a) seizures or (b) psychosis
". ..A person shall be said to have SLE if four or more of the 11 criteria are present, serially or simultaneously, during any interval of observation."
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53 yo BF with severe generalized weakness, weight loss, and chronic psychosis
Alopecia
Malar rash
Arthritis
Psychosis
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Laboratory Data
1394.3
10621
161.4
101 7.7
22.33.9
Absolute lymph=0.5
298
MCV=83
ESR=119CH50=67 (118-226)C3=31 (83-185)C4=18 (12-54)
ANA + 1:5280Anti DNA +Direct & Indirect Coombs +
Anti-IgG +
24 hour urineProtein=514
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Treatment of SLEArthritis, arthralgias, myalgias:NSAIDS, anti-malarials (eg. Plaquenil), Steroids- injections, oral methotrexatePhotosensitivity, dermatitis avoid Sun exposuretopical steroidsPlaquenilWeight loss and fatigue
steroidsAbortion, fetal loss ASA
immunosuppressionThrombosis
anti-coagulants
Glomerulonephritis steroidspulse
cytotoxicsmycophenylate mofetil
CNS diseaseanti-coagulants for thrombosissteroids and cytotoxics for
vasculitisInfarction (secondary to vasculitis)
steroidscytotoxicsprostacyclin
Cytopenias steroidsIVIG-short
term for thrombocytopenia danazol
cytotoxics-if bone marrow status is known
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Steroids in Lupus
Steroid responsive Dermatitis (local)
PolyarthritisSerositisVasculitisHematological Glomerulonephritis (most)Myelopathies
Steroid non-responsiveThrombosisChronic renal damageHypertension Steroid-induced psychosis
Infection
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
ANA-When to order and how to follow up on a positive test
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Fibromyalgia-Background
Chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome of unknown etiologyCharacterized by diffuse pain, tender points, fatigue, and sleep disturbancesPrevalence is 2-5% with a female to male predominance of 8:1Mean age is 30-60
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Fibromyalgia-Diagnosis
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1
2
34
5
6
7
89
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Fibromyalgia-Treatment
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Low back pain and other peri-articular complaints-background
Very common, one of the most frequent reasons to visit primary care physiciansArticular vs peri-articular problems-Articular pain is generally deep or diffuse and worsens with active and passive motion-Periarticular pain usually exibits point tenderness and increased tenderness with active, but NOT passive motion
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Latinis, K., et al The Washington Manual Rheumatology Subspecialty Consult., LWW, 2003.
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Muscles of the rotator cuff:SupraspinatusInfraspinatusSubscapularisTeres Minor
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Low back pain and other peri-articular complaints-Treatment
RICE-Rest-Ice-Compression-ElevationNSAIDs and analgesicsTimeOther
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General Musculoskeletal Exam
Underutilized by primary care providersShould be simple and quickGoal is to recognize signs of rheumatological diseases and determine if it is appropriate to refer to a rheumatologist or manage independently
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Summary
Arthritis-Inflammatory (RA, spondyloarthropathies)-Mechanical (OA)LupusFibromyalgiaLow back pain and other peri-articular complaintsGeneral musculoskeletal exam (time permitting)
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