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Rhode and SchwarzTechnology Day

Kwang Meng KohRegional ManagerCustomer Solutions for WirelessTerminals

LTE Advanced

Evolution of Test Equipment to easy to use Multi purpose instruments

Wireless Technologies and Connectivity

Applications converging into one device with ubiquitous connectivity

eHealth

AugmentedReality

Interactive Gaming

Content:Music, Video, eBooks

eCommerceSocial Networks

Voice

Wireless EvolutionR&S has been the frontrunner in T&M during the evolution of wireless communication

CMU CMW

Mobile Data Traffic Growth and TrendsMobile Video / Global Forecast by Region

Mobile Video will Generate 70% of theMobile traffic by 2016

Asia Pacific and Western EuropeAccount over half of Mobile traffic

by 2016

Ref : CISCO VNI mobile 2012

Q2/2012: 27.6 million LTE subscriptions worldwide

LTE status

November 2012 | LTE and Beyond – LTE Advanced | 5

LTE Market - Commercial deployments

A truly global technology coveringboth FDD and TDD modes

96 LTE network are launched and shows that LTE is a fast growing global technology


The LTE eco-system is establishedLTE Devices: 417 products launchedl Number of

manufacturersannouncing LTEdevices grew 60%over past year

l Number of LTEsmart phones hasgrew 73% this year

2013/20142009/2010

Technology evolution pathGSM/GPRS

EDGE, 200 kHzDL: 473 kbpsUL: 473 kbps

EDGEevoDL: 1.9 MbpsUL: 947 kbps

HSDPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 2.0 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+, R7DL: 28.0 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012

HSPA+, R8DL: 42.0 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

cdma2000

1xEV-DO, Rev. 01.25 MHzDL: 2.4 MbpsUL: 153 kbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. A1.25 MHzDL: 3.1 MbpsUL: 1.8 Mbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. B5.0 MHzDL: 14.7 MbpsUL: 4.9 Mbps

HSPA+, R9DL: 84 MbpsUL: 23 Mbps

DO-AdvancedDL: 32 Mbps and beyondUL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond

LTE-Advanced R10DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)UL: 500 Mbps

Fixed WiMAXscalable bandwidth1.25 … 28 MHztypical up to 15 Mbps

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16eUp to 20 MHzDL: 75 Mbps (2x2)UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)

Advanced MobileWiMAX, 802.16mDL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)UL: up to 100 Mbps

VAMOSDouble SpeechCapacity

HSPA+, R10DL: 84 MbpsUL: 23 Mbps

LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHzDL: 300 MbpsUL: 75 Mbps

WCDMADL: 2.0 MbpsUL: 2.0 Mbps


3GPP Releases

Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnection between nationaloperators/carriers as well as third party application providers.2012 Q3Release 11

LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with release 8(LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).2011 Q1Release 10

SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO,Dual-Cell HSUPA.2009 Q4Release 9

First LTE release. All-IP Network (SAE). New OFDMA, FDE and MIMO based radio interface, notbackwards compatible with previous CDMA interfaces. Dual-Cell HSDPA.2008 Q4Release 8

Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and real-time applications such as VoIP.This specification also focus on HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-speedprotocol and contactless front-end interface (Near Field Communication enabling operators todeliver contactless services like Mobile Payments), EDGE Evolution.2007 Q4Release 7

Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMSsuch as Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC), GAN2004 Q4Release 6

Introduced IMS and HSDPA2002 Q1Release 5

Originally called the Release 2000 - added features including an all-IP Core Network2001 Q2Release 4

Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, WCDMA2000 Q1Release 99

GSM Features, AMR, EDGE, GPRS for PCS19001999 Q1Release 98

GSM Features, GPRS1998 Q1Release 97

GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate,1997 Q1Release 96

GSM Features, EFR Codec,1995Phase 2

GSM Features1992Phase 1

InfoReleasedVersion


LTE Release 8FDD / TDD

DL UL

DL UL

The LTE evolutionRel-10

SONenhancements

CarrierAggregation

MIMO 8x8 MIMO 4x4EnhancedSC-FDMA

eICIC

Rel-9

eMBMS

PositioningDual Layer

Beamforming

Multi carrier /Multi-RAT

Base Stations

Home eNodeB

Self OrganizingNetworks

Public WarningSystem


eMBMS


Positioning

eMBMS


Dual LayerBeamformingPositioning

eMBMS


Home eNodeBDual LayerBeamformingPositioning

eMBMS



Base Stations

Home eNodeBPositioning

eMBMS

Public WarningSystem Self Organizing

Networks


Base Stations

Home eNodeBPositioning

eMBMS



LTE Release 9

l Information sharingl Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS)l Public Warning System

l RFl Beamformingl Multi-Carrier, multi-RAT Base Stationsl Home eNodeB

l Infrastructurel Self Organizing Network (SON)l Positioning


LTE Release 9





LTE Release 9evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS)

l MBMS is not new, it has been first specified with 3GPP Release 6 for2G and 3G (never successful)

l MBMS vs eMBMSl MBMS offers 6 TV channels at 128 kbps in 5Mhz BW (3G)l eMBMS offers 20 TV channels at 256 kbps in 5Mhz BW (LTE)

l eMBMS target to improve cell coverage and low power comsumptionl Mix of unicast / point-to-point transmissions

l Is the arrival of new devices (tablets, smartphones) changing thesituation?


l MCE coordinates the use of same radio resources andtransmission parameters across all cells belonging to theMBSFN area.

MCE

MBMSGW

M1

M3

User planeinterface

Control planeinterface between

E-UTRAN and EPC

E-UTRAN internalcontrol interface

MME

BM-SC – Broadcast/Multicast Service CenterMME – Mobility Management EntityMBMS GW – MBMS GatewayMCE – Multi-cell/Multicast Coordination EntityeNode B – LTE base station

BMSC

ContentProvider

M2

IP-Multicast

eNodeB

eNodeB

eNodeB

LTE Release 9evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS)


eMBMSPhysical Layer Scenarios

l Dedicated and mixed mode.l Dedicated: carrier is only for MBMS = Single-cell MBMS.l MBMS/Unicast mixed mode: MBMS and user data are transmitted using

time division duplex. Certain subframes carry MBMS data.l Dedicated mode (single-cell scenario) offers use of new sub

carrier spacing, longer cyclic prefix (CP), 3 OFDM symbols.

24

12

Sub-carrier

33.310243Extended CP∆f = 7.5 kHz

16.75126Extended CP∆f = 15 kHz

5.2 for 1st symbol4.7 for other symbols

160 for 1st symbol144 for other symbols

7Normal CP∆f = 15 kHz

Cyclic PrefixLength in µs

Cyclic Prefix Lengthin Samples

OFDMSymbols

Configuration

eMBMS(Single cell scenario)

eMBMS(Unicast Mixed Mode)


LTE Release 9Public Warning System (PWS)l Extend the Warning System support of the E-UTRA/E-UTRAN beyond

that introduced in the Release 8 ETWS (Earthquake and TsunamiWarning System) by providingl E-UTRA/E-UTRAN support for multiple parallel Warning Notificationsl E-UTRAN support for replacing and canceling a Warning Notificationl E-UTRAN support for repeating the Warning Notification with a repetition

period as short as 2 seconds and as long as 24 hoursl E-UTRA support for more generic “PWS” indication in the Paging Indication

l The requirement is to extend the UE RRC ETWS broadcast receptionmechanism and the associated paging mechanism to accommodatereception of CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) alerts containedin a CBS message.

l New: TS 22.268 Public Warning System (PWS) Requirements (Release 9)


LTE Release 9





LTE Release 9Dual-layer beamformingTransmission modes in LTE Release 9


LTE Release 9Dual-layer beamforming

l 3GPP Rel-8 – Transmission Mode 7 = beamforming with no UEfeedback, using UE-specific reference signal pattern,l Estimate the position of the UE (Direction of Arrival, DoA),l Pre-code digital baseband to direct beam at direction of arrival,l BUT single-layer beamforming, only one codeword (TB),

l 3GPP Rel-9 – Transmission Mode 8 = beamforming with no UEfeedback, using UE-specific reference signal pattern, but dual-layer,l Mandatory for TDD, optional for FDD,l 2 (new) reference signal pattern for two new antenna ports 7 and 8,l New DCI format 2B to schedule transmission mode 8,l Performance test in 3GPP TS 36.521 Part 1 (Rel-9) are adopted to support

testing of transmission mode 8.


Dual-layer BeamformingNew DCI format 2B


Dual-layer BeamformingReference Symbol Details

l Cell specificantenna port 0 andantenna port 1reference symbols

Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1

Antenna Port 7 Antenna Port 8

l UE specific antennaport 7 and antennaport 8 referencesymbols

Release

8R

elease9


Beamforming


LTE Release 9RF requirements for multi-carrier and multi-RAT base stations

l Multi-carrier and Multi-Standard Radio (MSR) base stations naturalconsequence of the multitude of cellular deployment scenarios,

l New specification (3GPP TS 37.104) toclarify which RF requirements have tobe supported by these base stations,l E-UTRA, UTRA and GSM/EDGE standards

are addressed,l Operating bands have been categorized,

– Category 1 – E-UTRA FDD and UTRA FDD,– Category 2 – E-UTRA FDD, UTRA FDD, GSM/EDGE,– Category 3 – E-UTRA TDD, UTRA-TDD,


LTE Release 9Home eNodeB specification (femto-cell)


LTE Release 9Home eNodeB specification (femto-cell)

l Prime objectives,l Low power access point to improve indoor coverage and increased data rates,

l Challenge – Think about 1000+ femto-cells switched ON at one pointin time,l Typically associated with uncoordinated and large scale deployment, thus

requiring specific thoughts on interference protection of macro deployments,

l Specification of different base station classes (wide area, local area,home BS), basically providing RF requirements for FDD and TDD,l Transmitter: BS output power, unwanted emissions, frequency error,

intermodulation, protection of E-UTRA and UTRA operation in adjacentchannels,

l Receiver: Sensitivity, dynamic range, in-channel and adjacent channelselectivity, blocking, intermodulation,


LTE Release 9





l Complexity in network deployment and operation has increasedl Multi-technology environments (LTE, CDMA2000/1xEV-DO, WCDMA/HSPA),l Advanced radio interface features and parameterization,

– Parameters to configure at a base station – 2G: 500, 3G: 1000, LTE: 1500*),– Configure a complete 3G network: 64.000.000 parameters*),

l High number of new network elements due to expected Home eNB roll-out,l Tight spectrum usage,

l GOAL?l Three different approaches,

– Self-Configuration (Release 8). Automatic recognition and configuration of a newbase station. The base station will automatically set its basic parameters, identify itsneighbors and establish a relation to them.

– Self-Optimization. Continuous optimization and fine tuning of network (i.e. adjustingneighbor cell lists and handover parameter); measurement of terminals and basestations are evaluated,

– Self-Healing. Algorithms to detect and correct faults automatically, i.e. cell outage.

LTE Release 9Self–Organizing Networks (SON)

*) Source Nokia Siemens Networks

Decrease CAPEX & OPEX!


LTE Release 9

l Information sharingl Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (eMBMS)l Public Warming System




LTE positioningPhysical layer aspects

l Positioning using a method based on time measurementsrequires that the timing of at least three geographicallydispersed base stations is measured.l In practice it is favorable to be able to measure, say, five base

stations, since the three strongest sites don’t necessarily provide agood geometry for position determination.

l 3GPP concluded that cell-specific reference signals (CS-RS)are not sufficient to provide required accuracy ofpositioning.l Hence, new positioning reference signals (PRS) were defined.


LTE positioningPositioning Reference Signals (PRS)

l Introduction of positioning reference signals (PRS) for antennaport 6.

l PRS is a pseudo-random QPSK sequence similar to CS-RS.l Diagonal pattern with time varying frequency shift.l PRS mapped around CS-RS (to avoid collisions).

0l 6l 0l 6l

6R

6R

6R

6R6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

0l 6l 0l 6l

6R

6R

6R

6R6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

even- numbered slots odd- numbered slots

Antenna port 6

even - numbered slots odd- numbered slots

Antenna port 6


LTE positioningPositioning Reference Signals (PRS)

0l 6l 0l 6l

Four

PBC

Han

tenn

apo

rts

6R

6R

6R

6R6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

0l 6l 0l 6l

One

and

two

PBC

Han

tenn

apo

rts

6R

6R

6R

6R6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

6R

PRS mapped around CS-RS (to avoid collisions).


LTE Release 9LTE positioning – New Measurements

l UE measurementsl Reference signal time difference (RSTD) - relative timing difference between cellsl UE GNSS Timing of Cell Frames for UE positioning - the timing between a cell and a

GNSS-specific reference time for a given GNSS (e.g. GPS/Galileo/… system time)l UE GNSS code measurements - The GNSS code phase (integer and fractional

parts) of the spreading code of the GNSS satellite signall UE Rx – Tx time difference – UE UL/DL time difference

l eNodeB measurementsl Timing Advance (TADV)l eNB Rx – Tx time differencel E-UTRAN GNSS Timing of Cell Frames for UE positioning - the time of the

occurrence of a specified LTE event according to a GNSS-specific reference time fora given GNSS (e.g., GPS/Galileo/…). The specified LTE event is the beginning ofthe transmission of a particular frame (identified through its SFN) in the cell.

l Angle of Arrival (AOA)



DL UL

DL UL

The LTE evolutionRel-10

Relaying

SONenhancements

CarrierAggregation

MIMO 8x8 MIMO 4x4EnhancedSC-FDMA

eICIC

Rel-9

CoMP

In-deviceco-existenceDiverse Data

Application

Relaying

eICICenhancements

eMBMSenhancements

Rel-11

eMBMS

PositioningDual Layer

Beamforming


Base Stations

Home eNodeB




eMBMS


Positioning

eMBMS


Dual LayerBeamformingPositioning

eMBMS



eMBMS



Base Stations


eMBMS

Public WarningSystem Self Organizing

Networks


Base Stations


eMBMS



IMT-Advanced

LTERelease 8

LTE-AdvancedRelease 10

Transmission bandwidth (MHz) ≥≥ 40 ≤≤ 20 ≤≤ 100

Peak data rate (DL/UL) (Mbps) - 100/50 1000/500

Peak spectralefficiency (bps/Hz)

DL (4x4/8x8)15

15 16/30

UL (2x2/4x4)6.75 3.75 8.1/16.1

Latency (ms)

User plane<10 4.9 4.9

Control plane<100 50 50

IMT-Advanced RequirementsSpectral efficiency


The LTEvolution to 4GLTE Rel-8 LTE Rel-9 LTE Rel-10

= LTE-A

2009/10/11 2012 2013+ Commercial operation

MIMO (DL) 8x8MIMO (UL) 4x4

EnhancedSC-FDMA

PUCCHPUCCH PUSCHPUSCHf [MHz]

Carrier Aggregation

X2 X2

EnhancedICIC

Relaying*

*Moved to Rel11


LTE Release 10

l LTE-Advanced features as of 3GPP Rel-10.l Downlink

– Carrier aggregation.– MIMO enhancements in Downlink.– Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (eICIC).

l Uplink– Enhanced SC-FDMA.– MIMO in Uplink.


l Two or more component carriers are aggregated in LTE-Advancedin order to support wider bandwidths up to 100 MHz.l Support for contiguous and non-

contiguous component carrieraggregation (intra-band) andinter-band carrier aggregation.

l Different bandwidths percomponent carrier (CC) are possible.

l Each CC limited to a max. of 110 RBusing the 3GPP Rel-8 numerology(max. 5 carriers, 20 MHz each).

l Motivation.l Higher peak data rates to meet

IMT-Advanced requirements.l NW operators: spectrum aggregation, enabling Heterogonous Networks.

Carrier aggregation (CA)General comments

Frequency band A Frequency band B



Intra-band contiguous

Intra-band non-contiguous

Inter-band

ComponentCarrier (CC)

2012 © by Rohde&Schwarz

Intra-band contiguous

Intra-band non-contiguous


Carrier aggregation (CA)Specification work (RAN4)

ı There are twocarrier aggregationwork items on LTEin TDD Mode,which are relevantfor intra-bandcarrier aggregationonly


Carrier aggregation (CA)Specification work (RAN4)

ı For LTE using FDDmode there is a highinterest in aggregatingfrequency bandsaround 700 MHz and 2GHz Driven by US market

requirements

One single workitem on two uplinkcarrier frequencies


Carrier aggregation (CA)General comments, cont’d.

l A device capable of carrier aggregation has 1 DL primary componentcarrier and 1 associated primary UL component carrier.l Basic linkage between DL and UL is signaled in SIB Type 2.l Configuration of primary component carrier (PCC) is UE-specific.

– Downlink: cell search / selection, system information, measurement and mobility.– Uplink: access procedure on PCC, control information (PUCCH) on PCC.– Network may decide to switch PCC for a device handover procedure is used.

l Device may have one or several secondary component carriers. SecondaryComponent Carriers (SCC) added in RRC_CONNECTED mode only.

– Symmetric carrier aggregation.– Asymmetric carrier aggregation (= Rel-10).

SCC PCC PCC SCC

Downlink Uplink

SCC SCC SCCSCCSCCSCC

PDSCH, PDCCH is optional

PDSCH and PDCCH

PUSCH only

PUSCH and PUCCH2012 © by Rohde&Schwarz


UE categories for Rel-10 NEW!UE categories 6…8 (DL and UL)

UECategory

Maximum numberof DL-SCH transportblock bits received

within a TTI

Maximum number of bitsof a DL-SCH transport

block received within a TTI

Total number ofsoft channel bits

Maximum number ofsupported layers for

spatial multiplexing in DL

… … … … …

Category 6 301504149776 (4 layers)75376 (2 layers)

3654144 2 or 4

Category 7 301504149776 (4 layers)75376 (2 layers)

3654144 2 or 4

Category 8 2998560 299856 35982720 8

~3 Gbps peakDL data ratefor 8x8 MIMO

UECategory

Maximum numberof UL-SCH transportblock bits transmitted

within a TTI

Maximum numberof bits of an UL-SCH

transport blocktransmitted within a TTI

Supportfor 64QAM

in UL

… … … …

Category 6 51024 51024 No

Category 7 102048 51024 No

Category 8 1497760 149776 Yes

Total layer 2buffer size

[bytes]

…

3 300 000

3 800 000

42 200 000

~1.5 Gbps peakUL data rate, 4x4 MIMO


Carrier aggregation (CA)Common or separate PDCCH per CC?

No cross-carrierScheduling

(Rel-8)

Time

Freq

uenc

y

PDC

CH

PDC

CH

PDC

CH PDSCH

PDSCH

PDSCH

up to 3 (4) symbolsper subframe

PDC

CH

Cross-carrierscheduling\

(Rel 10)

1 subframe = 1 ms

PDC

CH

PDC

CH

1 slot = 0.5 ms

PDSCH

PDSCH

PDSCH

l No cross-carrier scheduling.l PDCCH on a component carrier assigns

PDSCH resources on the same componentcarrier (and PUSCH resources on a singlelinked UL component carrier).

l Reuse of Rel-8 PDCCH structure (samecoding, same CCE-based resource mapping)and DCI formats.

l Cross-carrier scheduling.l PDCCH on a component carrier can assign

PDSCH or PUSCH resources in one ofmultiple component carriers using the carrierindicator field.

l Rel-8 DCI formats extended with 3 bit carrierindicator field.

l Reusing Rel-8 PDCCH structure (samecoding, same CCE-based resourcemapping).

PCC


Carrier aggregation (CA)Cross-carrier scheduling

l Main motivation for cross carrier scheduling: Interferencemanagement for HetNet (eICIC); load balancing.

l Cross carrier scheduling is optional to a UE.l Activated by RRC signaling, if not activated no CFI is present.l Component carriers are numbered, Primary Component Carrier (PCC)

is always cell index 0.l Scheduling on a component carrier is only possible from ONE

component, independent if cross-carrier scheduling is ON or OFF:

l If cross carrier-scheduling active, UE needs to be informed aboutPDSCH start on component carrier RRC signaling.

PDCCH

PDSCH

ComponentCarrier #1

ComponentCarrier #2

ComponentCarrier #5

…not possible,transmissioncan only bescheduled byone CC

PDCCHPDCCH

PDSCH startsignaled by RRC

PCFICH


Carrier aggregation (CA)Enhanced uplink feedback mechanism NEW!l Due to carrier aggregation new PUCCH format’s needed to

convey large number of ACK/NACK bits: PUCCH format 3 and1b with channel selection.

l PUCCH format 3.l Not a Zadoff-Chu seq. anymore,

more like PUSCH transmissionusing QPSK.

l Orthogonal Cover Codes (OCC)applied to transmit moreACK/NACK information.– FDD: 10 bits.– TDD: 20 bits.


LTE Release 10





Enhanced MIMO schemesl Increased number of layers:l Up to 8x8 MIMO in downlink.l Up to 4x4 MIMO in uplink.

l In addition the downlink reference signal structure has beenenhanced compared with LTE Release 8 by:l Demodulation Reference signals (DM-RS) targeting PDSCH demodulation.

– UE specific, i.e. an extension to multiple layers of the concept of Release 8 UE-specificreference signals used for beamforming.

l Reference signals targeting channel state information (CSI-RS) estimation forCQI/PMI/RI/etc reporting when needed.– Cell specific, sparse in the frequency and time domain and punctured into the data

region of normal subframes.


Enhanced MIMO schemesCRS vs. DM-RS

l DM-RS and data are precoded the same way, enabling non-codebook based precoding and enhanced multi-user beamforming.

LTE Rel.8 LTE-Advanced (Rel.10)

s1

s2

sN

........

Pre-coding

s1

s2

sN

........

Pre-coding

CRSN

CRS0

DM-RSN

DM-RS0

CRSN + CSI-RS0

CRS0 + CSI-RS0


Enhanced MIMO schemesRef. signal mapping: Rel.8 vs. LTE-Advanced

l Example:l 2 antenna ports, antenna port 0, CSI-RS

configuration 8.l PDCCH (control) allocated in the first 2 OFDM

symbols.

l CRS sent on all RBs; DTX sent forthe CRS of 2nd antenna port.

l DM-RS sent only for scheduled RBson all antennas; each set codeddifferently between the two layers.

l CSI-RS punctures Rel. 8 data; sentperiodically over allocated REs (notmore than twice per frame)

LTE (Release 8) LTE-A (Release 10)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0

x x x x 1E

x x x x SA

E

x x x x LE

R

x x x x

8

x x x x

E

x x x x SA

Ex x x x L

ER

x x x x

PDSCH PDCCH CRS DM-RS CSI-RS


Downlink MIMO extension up to 8x8l Max number of transport

blocks: 2l Number of MCS fields.l One for each transport block.

l ACK/NACK feedback.l 1 bit per transport block for

evaluation as a baseline.

l Closed-loop pre-codingsupported.l Rely on pre-coded dedicated

demodulation RS (DM-RS).

l Conclusion on the codeword-to-layer mapping:l DL spatial multiplexing of up to 8 layers

is considered for LTE-Advanced.l Up to 4 layers, reuse LTE CW-to-layer

mapping.l Above 4 layers mapping – see table.


Enhanced MIMO schemesScheduling of Transmission Mode 9 (TM9)

l NEW DCI format 2C with 3GPP Rel-10.l Used to schedule transmission mode 9 (TM9), which is spatial multiplexing with DM-

RS support of up to 8 layers (multi-layer transmission).– DM-RS scrambling and number of layers are jointly signaled in a 3-bit field.

l DCI format 2C.– Carrier indicator [3 bit]

– Resource allocation header [1 bit]– Resource Allocation Type 0 and 1

– TPC command for PUCCH [2 bit]

– Downlink Assignment Index1) [2 bit]

– HARQ process number[3 bit (FDD), 4 bit (TDD)]

– Antenna ports, scrambling identifyand # of layers; see table [3 bit]

– SRS request1) [0-1 bit]

– MCS [5 bits], new data indicator [1 bit], RV [2 bits] for each of the two transport blocks

One Codeword:Codeword 0 enabled,Codeword 1 disabled

Two Codewords:Codeword 0 enabled,Codeword 1 enabled

Value Message Value Message

0 1 layer, port 7, nSCID=0 0 2 layers, ports 7-8, nSCID=0

1 1 layer, port 7, nSCID=1 1 2 layers, ports 7-8, nSCID=1

2 1 layer, port 8, nSCID=0 2 3 layers, ports 7-9

3 1 layer, port 8, nSCID=1 3 4 layers, ports 7-10

4 2 layers, ports 7-8 4 5 layers, ports 7-11



7 Reserved 7 8 layers, ports 7-14

1) TDD only


Release 8 DL MIMO Scheme

Enhanced MIMO schemes

Release 10 MIMO Scheme


LTE Release 10





enhanced InterCell InterferenceCoordinationHeterogeneous Networksl LTE Rel8 allows exchange of load balancing information over X2

interface, i.e. ICIC in frequency domain is possible.– However control channels present on all carrier frequencies.

X2 interface

Inter cell interference


enhanced InterCell InterferenceCoordinationHeterogeneous Networksl Within Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments, intercell interference

becomes even more critical due to different base station transmit powersused in different cell layers (e.g. macro and pico cells).

l LTE Rel10 (LTE-A) extends ICIC to the time domain by applying so-calledABS (Almost Blank Subframes).

– Transmission of PSS/SSS/PBCH/Paging maintained with associated PDCCH for SIB1 and Paging, allrequired for legacy Rel 8 UEs.

l Additionally allows UEs to stay connected with cells with low SINR, which requires toimplement interference cancellation techniques at the UE. Effectively increases range ofpico cells.

X2 X2Pico

Macro

time

Cell layer


LTE Release 10





What’s behind “Enhanced SC-FDMA”?l On top of 3GPP Release 8 principles: Allow simultaneous

transmission of PUSCH and PUCCH; dynamic switch ispossible,l Improve uplink spectral efficiency as required by IMT-Advanced,

– 7%...23% improvement taking no impairments (intermodulation, errors inchannel estimation or power control) into account, still 2%...13% doing so,

l Avoid new mechanism of multiplexing control information and data,while utilizing for example:– Higher-order MIMO (up to 8x8) in the downlink,– Asymmetric carrier aggregation (e.g. 2 DL, 1 UL),

l More efficient resource (bandwidth) utilization,– Worst case scenario shows that up to 66% of PUSCH bandwidth might be

used for uplink control information (UCI),l Reliable control information, control information to non-serving cells,

l Frequency-selective transmission/scheduling (multi-cluster),l Referred to as clustered DFT-spread-OFDM, instead of localized SC-

FDMA.


f [MHz]

Enhanced SC-FDMASimultaneous PUSCH-PUCCH transmission, multi-cluster transmissionl Remember, only one UL carrier in 3GPP Release 10;

scenarios:l Feature support is indicated by PhyLayerParameters-v1020 IE*).

PUCCHPUCCH PUSCHPUSCH

PUCCH andallocated PUSCH

PUCCH and fullyallocated PUSCH

PUCCH and partiallyallocated PUSCH

partiallyallocated PUSCH

f [MHz]

f [MHz] f [MHz]

*) see 3GPP TS 36.331 RRC Protocol Specification

Release 8

Release 10


Enhanced SC-FDMAResource Allocation types in the uplink

l Uplink Resource Allocation Type 0.l Contiguous allocation as today in 3GPP Release 8.

l Uplink Resource Allocation Type 1 (Release 10).l UL bandwidth is divided into two clusters of Resource Blocks (RB).l Each set has a number of Resource Block Groups (RBG) of size P.l Combinatorial index r, indicates RBG starting and ending index for both

set of RB (s0, s1-1 | s2, s3-1).

– M = 4, N is bandwidth dependent,

SystemBandwidth

RBGSize (P)

≤10 1

11 – 26 2

27 – 63 3

64 – 110 4

1

0

Mi

i

N sr

M i

1/ULRB PNN

1

0

Mi is

11 ,i i is N s s


l Example: LTE 10 MHz (50 RB), P = 3 leads to 17 RBG.l Combinatorial index r indicates RBG starting indices for RB set #1 (s0,

s1-1, defining cluster #1) and RB set #2 (s2, s3-1, defining cluster #2).l Range for s0, s1, s2, s3 for 10 MHz (50 RB): 1 to 18 (see previous slide).l Applied rule: s0 < s1 < s2 < s3 (see previous slide).l Example: s0=2, s1=9, s2=10, s3=11:

Enhanced SC-FDMAMulti-cluster allocation, Uplink Resource Allocation Type 1

“START”(s0)

“END”(s1-1)

“START”(s2) “END”

(s3-1)

Cluster #1 Cluster #2

RBG#11 RBG#13 RBG#15RBG#1 RBG#3 RBG#5 RBG#7 RBG#9

RBG#0 RBG#8 RBG#12 RBG#14 RBG#16RBG#10RBG#2 RBG#4 RBG#6


Enhanced SC-FDMAApplication example – intermodulation test

l LTE release 8

l PUSCH and PUCCH are not present at the same time

Rel-8


Enhanced SC-FDMAApplication example – intermodulation test

l LTE release 10

simultaneousPUSCH/PUCCH

l Intermodulation occurs!

Rel-10


LTE Release 10





Uplink MIMOExtension up to 4x4l Rel-8 LTE.l UEs must have 2 antennas for reception.l But only 1 amplifier for transmission is available (costs/complexity).l UL MIMO only as antenna switching mode (switched diversity).

l 4x4 UL SU-MIMO is needed to fulfill peak data raterequirement of 15 bps/Hz.

l Specified schemes are very similar to DL MIMO modes.l UL spatial multiplexing of up to 4 layersl SRS enables link and SU-MIMO adaptation

l Note that 4x4 MIMO is not fully completed in Release 10, but4Tx in Uplink was postponed to 3GPP Release 11


Uplink MIMOExtension up to 4x4

l Codebook-based pre-coding issupported for FDDl Single Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator

(TPMI) per UL component carrierl Size-1 codebook with identity pre-coding for full-

rank transmission,l Dynamic rank (TRI) adaptation,

l Same layer mapping as DL LTE Rel-8l Maximum of 2 code words (transport blocks),

l Spatial bundling of HARQ parametersdesirable?????????????:l Single shared downlink ACK/NACK (PHICH);

single shared NDI, RV,


UL MIMOScheduling – DCI format 4 NEW!l Carrier indicator [0-3 bit]l Resource Block Assignment:l number of bits depends on system bandwidth and

corresponding RBG size

l TPC command for PUSCH [2 bit]l Cyclic shift for DM RS and OCC index [2

bit]l UL index [2 bit]l TDD only for UL-DL configuration 0

l Downlink Assignment Index [2 bit]l TDD only, UL-DL configuration 1-6

l CSI request [1 or 2 bit]l 2 bit for cells with more than two cells in the DL (carrier

aggregation)

l SRS request [2 bit]l Resource Allocation Type [1 bit]

l Transport Block 1l MCS, RV [5 bit]

l New data indicator [1 bit]

l Transport Block 2l MCS, RV [5 bit]

l New data indicator [1 bit]

l Precoding:l Transmitted Precoding Matrix Index

(TMPI) [3/6 bits for 2/4 antennaports]

l See table for two antenna portexample


LTE-AdvancedSummary

l LTE-Advanced features deliver different performance gainsand will have different impacts on the system complexity /cost.

l LTE Release 8 / LTE-Advanced will be the innovationplatform for the cellular industry for the next decade.

Peak Rate Capacity Cell EdgePerformance Coverage Complexity

Carrier Aggregation - - Medium

Enhanced SC-FDMA - - Low

eICIC - Medium

Enhanced DL MIMO - High

Enhanced UL MIMO - High


LTE-AdvancedSummary

l LTE-Advanced (Rel.10)l Goal: higher data rates, increase spectral efficiency.l Achieved by: carrier (or spectrum) aggregation, enhanced MIMO.

l Design implication.l Increased receiver complexity driven by # of carrier and antennas.l Cross-carrier scheduling, new reference signal structure.l Main challenges on RF front-end: wideband PA’s. tunable antennas.

l LTE = “Long Term Employment”.l More features to come with Rel.11 and Rel.12: UTDOA, CoMP, feICIC,

Machine Type Communication, Device-to-Device (D2D)communication.


LTE-Advanced Feature ReviewR&S Opinion

l Carrier aggregation is obviously one of the priority features withinLTE-Advancedl High number of specific band combinations now worked on in 3GPPl Not only increasing peak data rate, but also adding flexibility in resource

allocationl However implementation effort @ UE side to be considered even with

restriction to 1 Tx UL onlyl MIMO schemes

l More than 4x2 (FDD) and 8x2 (TDD) in DL and 2x2 in UL not visible short oreven mid term when it comes to commercial equipment (specifically UE)

l However 8x8 MIMO implemented in demo systems (infrastructuremanufacturers and operators).

l eICIC and Enhanced UL scheme less impact on R&S portfolio,however also important subjects to be implemented

l Relaying depends on individual operator strategies


Signaling Conformance

Radio networkanalyzers incl.ROMES Drive

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RF Conformance

R&S®CMW500including 3GPP

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R&S®TS8980RF TestSystem

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R&S®CMW500

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NW-basedPositioning(UTDOA)

Rel-11

Further eMBMSenhancements

CAenhancements

Diverse DataApplication

In-DeviceCoexistence

RelayingFurthereICIC CoMP

The LTE evolution beyond Release 10Rel-10

Rel-9


RelayingSON

enhancements

CarrierAggregation

DL MIMO8x8

UL MIMO4x4

EnhancedSC-FDMA

eICIC

eMBMSenhancements

Positioning

Dual LayerBeamforming


Base Stations

HomeeNodeB


Public WarningSystem (PWS)


Read more…1MA-169 Application Note 1MA-166 Application Note

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnote/1MA166

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnote/1MA169


Thank you!

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