ribbon fish
TRANSCRIPT
Arnab BasuII nd semester
S.I.F.;C.U.S.A.T.
GENERAL INFORMATION:-Ribbon fish also known as “Hair-tail” or “Cutlass
fish”.It is a leading by-catch species in India.Thin, elongated, compressed, ribbon like body,
caudal fin absent, body colour silvery with prominent canine like teeth.
Mainly marine, but some time found in the estuary.
Taxonomic Classification:-Phylum- ChordataSubphylum- VertebrataClass- ActinopterygiiSuper-order- AcanthopterygiiOrder - Perciformes
Ribbon fish have 4 commercially important Varity (found in Indian water) belonging under the:-
Family: Trichiuridae
Sub family: Trichiurinae
Sub family: Aphanopodinae
Sub family: Lepidopodinae
Eupleurogrammus intermediusE. muticus
Trichiurus lepturus
Lepturacanthus savala
Lepturacanthus savala (Large-headed ribbon fish) & Distribution
Trichiurus lepturus(ribbon fish) & Distribution
Eupleurogrammus muticus (Small-head hailtail)
Species Length in 1st
maturity(cm)
Size-wt. Environme-nt
Climate Identifying character
Trichiurus lepturus
46.3 -47 Max length : 234 cm (M)
Marine; brackish; benthopelagic
Subtropical
•Body extremely elongate, compressed. •Dorsal fin relatively high.•Dorsal spine 3;soft ray 130-135
Eupleurogra--mmus intermedius
- - ,, - •Dorsal spine 3 & soft ray 123-129.•Caudal fin absent.•Snout elongated.
Lepturacanth-us savala
- - ,, - • Lateral line running nearer the ventral than the dorsal side of the body.• Pelvic and caudal fins absent; anal fin reduced to spinules .•Dorsal spine 3-4 & soft-ray 110 -120
E. muticus - - ,, - •Dorsal spine 3& soft ray 139 -147 •Caudal fin absent.•Snout short.
Other Non- commercial Species:-
Trichiurus gangeticusT.russelliLepturacanthus serrattus etc.
•Among those 4 commercially important species Trichiurus lepturus is important dominating species found throughout east and west coast.
Food & Feeding Habit
Stage Food
Post-larvae and juveniles larvae and Small juvenile (anchovy, clupeoids, carangidae), cephalopods larvae, calanoid copepods, post larvae & larvae of penaeid prawns & shrimps, crabs, acetes etc
Adults Commercially important fish and other organisms i.e. Stolephorus spp. Kowala coval, Sardinella spp., Leioggnathus spp., Dussumieria spp., polynemids, Carnax spp., Acetes*, Penaeus & metapenaeus prawns, octopus, squilla*,crab larvae, isopods, Sepia spp., megalopa larvae etc.
•Ribbon fish are predacious, carnivorous and some time shows cannibalistic behavior and selective feeding behavior.•Feeding both during day and night.•Intensity of feeding is not related to the spawning activity.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STAGE OF RIBBON FISH (BAL AND RAO)
SPAWNING SEASON
On west coast, peak spawning season April- June. But in east coast it is February to June , peak in May.
Another is November - December.
Spawning period of different species different.The breeding grounds of ribbonfishes are outside
the usual fishing ground; ripe fish, eggs, early embryonic stages and larval forms are not very common in inshore waters.Species No. of spawning
batches (per year)Time
Eupleurogramous intermedius
2 March- April , November & December.
E. muticus 2 ,,
Lepturacanthus savala 2 ,,
Trichiurus lepturus 12
June(Prabhu,1955)May-june & nov-
dec(Tampi et al.1971)
FECUNDITY
It is varies depending upon species to species.The gonads are bi-lobed & lie above the alimentary
canal.
Species No. of egg
Eupleurogramous intermedius
2249(40.9 cm) – 9950 (45 cm)
E. muticus 1327 (49.5 cm)- 2087 (55.1 cm)
Lepturacanthus savala 9178(37.0 cm) -17347 (54.0 cm)
Trichiurus lepturus 4000 (42.0 cm)- 16000 (60.0 cm)
FECUNDITY – FOR DIFFERENT SPECIES OF RIBBON FISH (BAL & RAO, 1984)
Bal, D.V and Rao, K.V (1984) Marine Fisheries, 1st Edn., p 469, Tata Mc-GrawHill Publication, New Delhi, India
SEX RATIO
Percentage of male is always lower than female, in the peak spawning season– April, May, August & November.
Ratio is:- 1:1.4(male:female)
AGE AND GROWTH
The age & growth of fish varies depending upon species to species & duration of the year.
Male grow less than female for every species.
Species Year I YearII
Eupleurogramous intermedius
20.7 cm (For Male)21.5cm(For Female)
31.6 cm (For Male)34.1cm(For Female)
Trichiurus lepturus 18cm (For Male) approx.
21.5cm(For Female) approx.
30cm(For Male) approx.
33.1cm(For Female) approx.
Lepturacanthus savala
- -
E. muticus - -Max. size for E. muticus and Lepturacanthus savala------58.4 cm &56.4 cm respectively
Bal, D.V and Rao, K.V (1984) Marine Fisheries, 1st Edn., p 469, Tata Mc-GrawHill Publication, New Delhi, India
DISTRIBUTION
Major and abundant fishery resource among the marine pelagic fin fishes of the Indian seas.
Distribution in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions and in India they are distributed all along the coast with abundance in the northwest and central east coasts.
In India T. lepturus found both east & west coast---dominating species. Contributed about 92 -95%.
Gujarat, Andhrapradesh, West-bengal, northern Maharastra, south-east cost of Tamilnadu, karnataka, Kerala etc are important landing centre.
FISH & FISHERY
The ribbonfish landing in India has shown an increasing trend with considerable annual fluctuations.
Average Landing(‘000 tonnes)-Throughout the India
YEAR QUANTITY
1961- 1970 28.33
1971- 1980 57.32
1981- 1990 65.28
1991-2000 121.27
2001-2005 153.38
•Maximum Landings- 197.11 (2002)•Minimum Landing- 16.45 (1963)
•Landing for 2007- 114.12
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) -kerala
YEAR QUANTITY
3.99
8.26
19.42
15.60
10.16
7.14
18.65
18.65
19.15
1961- 1965
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Landing for 2007 --- 11.76
Max. Landing 31.78 (2001)Min “ 0.17 (1964)
YEAR
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) -ORISSA
QUANTITY
0.37
1.11
2.70
2.46
4.76
7.36
Landing for 2007 --- 8.61
Max. Landing 8.61 (2005)Min “ 0.13 (1976)
YEAR1961- 1965
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - ANDHRA
QUANTITY
5.67
7.04
7.66
9.70
7.32
5.11
8.18
12.02
11.52
Landing for 2007---6.40
Max. Landing 20.17 (99)Min “ 2.76 (1963)
YEAR1961- 1965
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - KARNATAKA
QUANTITY
0.21
0.27
0.35
0.78
1.14
5.33
4.03
6.03
9.77
Landing for 2007 ---15.02
Max. Landing 15.62(05)Min “ 0.02 (1964)
YEAR
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - goa
QUANTITY
0.22
0.11
0.74
0.93
1.64
1.63
1.00
2.11
Landing for 2007 ---3.98
Max. Landing 3.98(05)Min “ 0.01 (1972)
YEAR1961- 1965
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - maharashtra
QUANTITY
4.43
5.11
9.50
9.86
12.39
18.91
25.64
38.51
39.95
Landing for 2007 --- 13.91
Max. Landing 66.28(02)Min “ 1.78 (1962)
YEAR1961- 1965
1966- 1970
1971-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - gujarat
QUANTITY
0.46
1.47
1.30
9.76
10.15
22.66
38.24
57.61
52.23
Landing for 2007 --- 43.62
Max. Landing 83.21(97)Min “ 0.29 (1962)
YEAR
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991- 1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
Average Landings(‘000 tonnes) - WESTBENGAL
QUANTITY0.42
2.12
1.94
2.36
2.55
6.57
Maximum Landing- 8.02(2005)Minimum Landing-0.14(1980)Landing for 2005- 8.02
CRAFT AND GEAR
Basically ribbon fish is a by-catch species. So, it is come with other species….
Gear are used- Trawl net, Dol net, Gill net, Seine net, hook etc. are used throughout the India.
In kerala mainly used- Trawl net, Gill net, Seine nets.
By using trawl net ribbonfish landed 73- 74% .The gill net, purse seine and others contributed
to 15- 16% during the decade 1991-2000. For catch juvenile trawl net, boat seine and ring
seine net (mesh size less than 10mm) are used.Gear Amount(%) Year
Trawl net 74 1991-2000
Drift Gill net, Boat seine, Shore seine, Purse seine and others
16 ,,
STATE GEAR
Andhra Pradesh Trawl net, Gill net, Seine nets
Orissa Trawl net, Gill net
Karnataka Trawl net, Seine nets
Goa Trawl net, Gill net
Maharashtra Trawl net, Dol net
Gujarat
West-bengal
Dol net, Gill net
Bag net, Trawl net, Gill net
STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF GEAR :-
MANAGEMENT:-Ribbon fish is very important species as a by-catch,
so for save this species many management options like effort regulation, closed season, closed area, gear regulation, mesh regulation.
Intensive approach also seen for ensure good brood stock, for fishery industry.
OTHER FACTOR:-It has low price in the market, so
acceptable for poor people as a food- used as a cheap protein.
Dried ribbon fish also use as fish product.
Pearl essence formed from the guanine(present in the skin)
Frozen & dried fish both are exported China, Japan and other southeast Asian countries.
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