riceplus magazine september 2013 vol 5 ,issue 8
DESCRIPTION
Quarterly Riceplus Magazine Lahore Pakistan [email protected]TRANSCRIPT
“The dynamics of rice market have been changed now.
We still love old conventional approach which was
successful in yesterday, but today latest technology and
innovation has provoked to adopt this way. We have to
understand the new emerging trends and should do
Investments in value addition and by products of rice”.
Shahzad A. Malik See interview insight…….
September, 2013 Volume 5-Issue 8
www.ricepluss.com
2
Rice plus A Quarterly Magazine Editorial Board
Chief Editor
Hamlik
Managing Editor
Rahmat Ullah
Rozeen Shaukat
English Editor
Maryam Naseer
Business Development Manager
Mujahid Ali
Graphic Designer
Mohammad Zakriya
Marketing Executive (s) Sarfraz Ahmed
Khalid Shabbir (UAE)
Shamsahd Ahmad (Saudi Arabia)
Legal Advisor
Advocate Zaheer Minhas
Disclaimer: Rice plus Magazine is owned, managed and published by Induss Pak Corporation Lahore,
represented by Hamid Malik, which has been outsourced to Institute of Research Promotion (IRP). All the rights
of ownership, reprinting, editing and copyrighting are reserved with Induss Pak Corporation. No responsibility is
assumed by Induss Pak Corporation for any kind of contribution/published material by authors.
Rice plus A Quarterly Magazine
IRP, Suite # 11, Floor # 7, Central Plaza, Barkat Market, New Garden Town, Lahore, Pakistan.
Tel: +92-42-3584 5551 ,+92-42-3584 6988, Fax: +92-42-3585 3157
Editorial Advisory Board
Admiral (R) Hamid Khalid
Javaid Islam Agha
Ch. Hamid Malhi
Dr. Akhtar Husain
Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed Siddique
Dr. Abdul Rashid (UAF)
Islam Akhtar Khan
Contents Pg Harvesting and Post-Harvest Management in Rice 3
Rice Culture or Rice Science: A Matter of Time and
Timing
4
Rice Varietal Development in Pakistan 6
Origin of Basmati Rice 7
An Exclusive Interview 8
U.S. Rice Imports from Asia – Data Insights 10
Whiff of Pearls 12
Game Changers in the Global Rice Market 13
Rice, Health, and Toxic Metals 15
Rice Production in Pakistan vs India 16
Up gradation of Basmati DNA Testing 17
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
YOUR IDEA has a great worth---JUST share it through
RICE PLUS MAGAZINE
Share Developments in Rice and Allied Sectors
Promote the Concept of Knowledge Economy
Share your feedback or Send your write up to: [email protected]
US$ 5/ PKR 400- per copy inclusive of postage
US$ 18/ PKR 1400-annually (four issues) inclusive of postage
For Print Subscription & Advertisement
Contact: Mujahid Ali
Cell: 92+321-369 2874
Email: [email protected]
Print Subscription
3
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Management in Rice Dr. Muhammad Tahir* and Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar**
R ice is grown in more than a hundred countries, with a total harvested area of approximately 158
million hectares, producing more than 700 million tons annually (470 million tons of milled rice).
Studies have shown that 10-35% losses can occur due to mismanagement of operations such as
harvesting, handling, threshing, drying, storage and milling. Inefficient and improper harvesting and
threshing can cause 10-14% losses. The normal sequence in the handling of a rice crop after it matures is
harvesting, threshing, cleaning, drying, storage and milling. Harvesting is the process of collecting the mature
rice crop from the field. Timely and good harvesting methods help to maximize grain yield and quality,
minimize grain damage and deterioration, resulting in higher markets and consumer’s recognition. Harvesting
can be done manually or mechanically.
Manual harvesting is common across Asia. It involves cutting the rice crop with simple hand tools like
sickles and knives however it is labor intensive. Manual harvesting requires
40 to 80 man-hours per hectare and it takes additional labor to manually
collect and haul the harvested crop.
Mechanical harvesting using reapers or combine harvesters is
another option, but not so common due to the availability and cost of
machinery. Generally the appropriate harvesting time ranges from 28-32
days after flowering. At this stage moisture contents of grain are about 20-
24 %. To be surer about the harvesting time, the hull a few grains from the
most matured panicles. Grains ready for harvesting are clear and firm. Post-Harvest Management levels are:
* Author is Assistant Professor in Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Levels of Post Harvest Management
Threshing Cleaning Drying Storing Milling
Threshing Rice farmers generally
thresh the crop by
beating small bundles of harvested crop
against a raised mud ridge or steel drum or
wood. A considerable
quantity of grains is shattered and lost with
shifting of bundles from the field to the
threshing place.
Threshing can also be done with threshers.
Combines are also available which harvest
and thresh
simultaneously and through this
mechanization, harvest
and post-harvest losses can be
minimized.
Cleaning Traditional winnoweres are used for
paddy cleaning in almost
all rice producing countries which does not
fulfill all the requirements of clean paddy because of
containing stones, small
mud lumphs, small pieces of straw and other
foreign material resulting in low price fetching for
farmers. So farmers
should clean paddy to entire satisfaction of
millers and commission agent for getting higher
price for paddy.
Drying is the process that reduces grain
moisture content to a
safe level for storage. Delays in drying,
incomplete or ineffective drying will reduce grain
quality and result in
losses. Sun drying of threshed grain, being the
cheapest method, is practiced by all sectors.
Almost 70-90 per cent of
field harvest retained in the farm is sun dried.
Improper and over-drying as normally happens in
sun drying, produces “sun
checking” (cracking of the grain) and many of the
grains break during
milling are the potential factor responsible for
reducing the marketability and
profitability of rice.
Therefore it is proposed that farmers should adopt
shade drying and millers mechanical drying to
reduce higher broken in
rice.
Storing grain is done to reduce grain loss to
weather, moisture,
rodents, birds, insects and micro-organisms. The
moisture content must be below 9 % for
satisfactory storage of
rice. A poly thene sheet spread on the floor is an
operative prevention against percolation of
moisture in the lower
layer of grains. Fumigation of storage,
insect proofing of bags and disinfestations with
inorganic salts are some
of the approaches that can easily and
successfully be practiced
for safe storage of rice.
Milling is a crucial step in post-production of
rice. The basic objective
of a rice milling system is to remove the husk
and bran layers, and produce an edible, white
rice kernel that is
sufficiently milled and free of impurities. The
available milling machines in the country
are automatic modern
mills, shellers and huskers. But head rice
produced by our automatic modern mills
is still low as paralleled
to other progressive rice producing countries
because of a diversity of
causes like impurities and foreign matter,
chalky grains and grain classification, damaged
and sun cracked grains.
Therefore outdated milling machinery needs
thorough renovating.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
4
Rice Culture or Rice Science:
A Matter of Time and Timing Gelia T. Castillo*
A lthough our everyday life is governed by clock
time and in many offices by a bundy clock, in
rice culture, clock time is rarely ever the arbiter
of what to do. It is the rice crop in its location-
specific habitat, both natural and human, which determines
what is done, when, how and by whom. Mostly everything
we do with rice has time and space dimensions which impact
on human lives. As Fred Blum says: “It is the substance of
time and the quality of space which renders life meaningful.”
This statement seems to apply as well to rice culture where
the interactions between time and space differ whether rice is
grown in the uplands, the lowlands, the rain fed, the
irrigated, the flooded, the drought-prone, and the saline soils.
Time, timing and timeliness in the world of rice are
inevitable but not always recognized on their own merits.
Time is often mentioned only as descriptive of other features
regarded as more important such as: early maturity; delayed
rains; peak labor demand; cropping intensity; turn-around
time; plant recovery etc. Perhaps this is because time is
curious. It flows only one-way onward from the past, to the
present to the future. Time cannot be recaptured; it cannot
even be repeated. We cannot go back in time. Only
memories do that. In 1968, Daniel Bell of the Commission
on the Year 2000 cites ST Augustine’s concept of Time is as
threefold present: The present as we experience it; the past as
a present memory; and the future as a present expectation.
There at least 8 different ways TIME manifests itself in rice
culture and in rice science: Time in Technology: Although the green revolution
ushered in a new era of HYVs (high-yielding varieties), less
heralded and yet is one of the most significant features of
HYVs is its early maturity. In the olden days, it took about
150-160 or even up to 180 days for a rice crop to be
harvested. These varieties which were photoperiod sensitive
meant there was a period of planting, hence a period for
harvesting, usually once a year without irrigation. The
rhythm of life in rice-growing villages was determined by
this fact of life. Even timing in rice transplanting was
provided by guitar music which resulted also in seedling
spacing. The new rice varieties have a maturity period of
about 105-110 days. This means 40 to 45 days shorter than
the old varieties. This shorter maturity is much appreciated
by farmers because they can fit in one or two more rice
crops, other crops, livestock and non-farm activities. This
also means a reduction in days-at-risk of the rice crop in
terms of pests, diseases, possible escape from floods,
avoidance of drought, plus an earlier access to rice for food.
In a manner of speaking, TIME is embedded in the genes for
early maturity, drought tolerance, flood avoidance, and
suitability for dry or wet season. Perhaps it can be said that
rice can be bred and developed for “time-sensitivity”. In
Asia, it seems that long-duration varieties are no longer
preferred especially if there are no yield or grain quality
penalties in shorter maturity rice. Time Comes in Growth Stages: The growth stages
of the rice crop, the life cycle of insects, the timing of farm
activities with respect to nutrient and water management, and
judicious use of loss-reducing inputs are basic parameters in
rice science and rice culture. The most sophisticated cultural
management practices which are very time-conscious are
referred to as precision farming which means not just doing
the “right” things but doing them at the “right” time. As far
as the stage of the rice crop is concerned, gone are the days
of prescribed calendar days for spraying and so many bags of
fertilizer per hectare. The ecological approach says: “Feed
the rice crop as needed.” “No early spraying during the first
40 days.” These simple heuristics are a product of much
research hence the expression: “High science but low-Tech.”
These are by-products of ecological time.
Significant events in the life of the rice plant as exhibited in
rice research are shown in these phrases and sentences:
“seasonal influence of flowering behavior”, “determining
seeding intervals”, “adjusting flowering”, etc.” and
R.Lafitte’s conclusion that “Stress at flowering is most
devastating.” Another case of time sensitivity is shown by
A.Ismail who says that “rice is particularly sensitive to salt
stress during its seedling and reproductive stages. All of
these imply an acute sense of recognition of the stages in the
growth of the rice crop and what works best given each
differentiating stage. But farmers also need sophisticated
judgments on what is early and what is late.
Time in Livelihood Systems: Studies in Asia have
shown that for farm households, the share of total income
derived from rice and other agricultural activities has been
declining while that from non-farm employment and
remittances has been increasing. In the past, rice planting
calendars were promoted to guide farmers with respect to
appropriate times for rice production activities. At that time,
rice was the dominant and often the only preoccupation.
This gradually evolved into calendars for cropping systems,
then farming systems, and now livelihood-systems. Rural-
urban migration, particularly of males is a widely-recognized
phenomenon with its corresponding consequences for
females left behind to pick up more rice farming chores.
Women’s time is active time engaged not only in rice but in
other livelihood activities.
Time and space considerations include sequencing,
intercropping, and choice of crops along with alternative
feeds for livestock; labor availability (family and hired)
including farm machinery; pest and disease occurrences;
markets, prices; weather; household food needs; schooling of
children plus timing of migration and of remittances. A
livelihood systems framework covers all livelihood
activities. It highlights times of plenty; times of scarcity,
times of intensive, even simultaneous activities, and niches
of time when some other income source might fit in. Lean
period is a critical time to migrate in search of non-farm
jobs. It is clear however, that rice farming households,
contrary to the stereotyped image, do not have much “time
on their hands” doing nothing.
Time to Meet Hunger: For a long, long time and up
to now, the issue of whether and how much to invest in
research on rice in the uplands is still being debated despite
* Author is a Filipino national scientist and former visiting scientist at International Rice Research Institute.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
5
pro-poor rethoric of the international development
community. F.Heidhues and B. Rerkasem argue that
“although upland rice area has been declining in many Asian
countries, for a considerable amount of time to come, a large
number of farmers in the uplands of Asia, particularly the
poorest groups, will remain dependent on upland rice in
sloped areas. Moreover, even farm households that can
diversify their income sources and integrate new production
lines into their farming activities continue to grow rice as an
important component of their farming system, providing the
staple for the household’s food security”.
Sushil Pandey describes the phenomenon of HUNGRY
MONTHS: “In most parts of South and Southeast Asia,
upland rice is normally harvested about a month earlier than
the lowland rice. Typically upland rice is harvested in
September while the harvest of main season lowland rice
starts in October/November. Even though the output of
upland rice may be small, it serves the important role of
supplying the family food needs during the HUNGRY
MONTHS of September/October when the previous year’s
food stock has been exhausted and the lowland crop of the
current year is yet to be harvested.” Time is Now: By its very nature, TIME does not wait,
neither does rice. The preceding sections have shown not
just the urgency but the “right timing” vis-à-vis rains,
growth stages, life cycle, livelihood, space season, hunger,
labor, etc. As cited earlier whether or not improved rice
varieties and technologies are available, rice will continue to
be grown because in Asia and increasingly in Africa, rice is
our life.
“The Future is NOW?” comes from those who take care of
rice seeds so the present and the next generations can still
have those seeds we inherited; those we produced and those
from the wild. But there is also a concept of
intergenerational equity which says that the present
generation is just a steward of what should be enjoyed
equally by the next generations. This is the message not just
of environmentalists but of our COMMON FUTURE.
Sustainability which lies at the heart of this future embodies
TIME, for nothing can be regarded as sustainable unless it
has stood the test of time. The gene bank is a very future-
oriented facility which aims to conserve that which should
benefit the next generations. Periodically the stored seeds
are grown to test their viability. Experience has shown that
their lifespan can go from 20 to more than 30 years (37 or
38). They could probably live longer in temperatures of -18
to -20 OC except that the IRRI gene bank is only about 40
years old. There is a time element in these seeds in cold
storage with the longest-term being the coldest. Time has Value: In the popular song: “The best things
in life are free”, time is not one of them. Time does not
come free. As a matter of fact the value of time appreciates
as the number of competing uses for it increases. If rice
were the major preoccupation of the farm household, the
rice production cycle determines time allocation of its
members. If the rains come on time or if irrigation water is
released when needed; if short maturity rice is planted and
crop production activities are managed as per the demands
of ecological time, hunger is averted, and life is good.
However as rice cropping progresses into livelihood systems
and the calendar of activities go beyond agriculture and own
village, priorities i.e. decisions as to which comes first,
come into play. As the economists put it: when the
alternatives for the use of one’s time is limited or almost
mil, the opportunity cost is zero.
Time in rice culture is also very much tied to the use of labor
which means money, sweat, time for exchange labor, or rice
share of the crop paid to labor or to land. As more
knowledge and skills are acquired, they tend to substitute for
labor and other inputs. Farmer’s time becomes more
management time rather than back-breaking work time.
Labor is hired to do the manual work. Even wages for labor
increase as their skills improve. The time of a laborer who
operates a hand tractor will be worth more than that of
someone unskilled. Time Establishes Trends: Monitoring means
watching or checking on something for some reason.
Without at least two points in time it would not be possible to
detect stability or change and to establish trends. Monitoring
rice crops implies tracking trends overtime.
Time series data (the longer the better) are always required to
determine patterns of production, consumption yield
performance, price, shortage or surplus, land use, population,
weather etc. PhilRice, for example, has developed agro-
climatic indices based on 20-year agromet data for one of
their dryland areas, such as:
Dry weather, harvest reliability and sunshine reliability
analysis implies that January-April and October-December
are favorable months for growing and harvesting of crops.
Rainfall probability is high starting from the third week of
May until the third weeks of October and peaks in August.
It has also been established that the Philippines experiences
an average of 20 typhoons a year. In 2005, the IRRI Annual
Report of the Director General reports that seventeen
disturbances passed through the Philippines’ area of
responsibility. Three of these were super typhoons: Feria (15
-19 July); Jolina (2-4 September); and Maring (29 September
to 2 October). These trends are realities which Filipinos have
to live with from year to year. Time to Import or Export: In rice-eating Asia, rice
is an emotional issue and self-sufficiency or not having to
import is a matter of national pride for almost every country.
With trade liberalization, the rice “row” heats up between the
exporters and the importers. The most opportune time to
import may not be the best time for the exporters to export. It
is like a zero-sum game where the benefit to one is about of
equal harm to the other. Until now, there does not seem to be
a win-win scenario. In the Philippines where, historically, it
has been almost an annual rice importer, no politician would
want to be caught with a low rice supply at a high price
especially if people have to queue to purchase it. Election
time is the worst time for this to happen. A delay in decision
to import was said to have caused at least one Minister of
Agriculture to lose his job. Concluding Statements: From seed to seed, rice
culture has time and timing requirements which must be
identified, learned, and practiced if the rice crop is to have a
good life. Because time never stops, rice science deserves a
sense of urgency because rice culture does not wait for
research products. It goes on because the rice farmer must
plant and the hungry must eat. Time does matter. The
vulnerabilities and responsiveness of the rice crop are time-
sensitive and are defined by ecological time. Although
nature still decides when the rains will come, some features
of the rice crop can be “designed” for effective escape or
clever avoidance. There is no perfect rice crop for all seasons and
all reasons but the search is for those which will do better given time
and space considerations. That’s what rice science is all about.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
6
Rice Varietal Development in Pakistan Hafeez ur Rehman*
V arietal diversification process involves adaptation of genotypes over diverse-agro-climatic conditions
coupled with continued human selection for his diverse quality preference. Basmati rice, one of unique
varietal group is result of this natural selection widely accepted all over the world. Oryza sativa known as
Asian rice is derivative of its perennial progenitors Oryza rufipogan and since domestication have been
differentiated into three eco-geographical sub-species, indica, japonica (temperate japonica) and javanica (tropical
japonica).
According to Glaszmann, Asian cultivar should be differentiated into six varietal groups viz., Indica, aus,
ashina, rayada, aromatic and Japonica. Nonetheless, aromatic varieties have been cultivated in north-western foot hills
of the Himalayas in the Indian subcontinent.
Pakistan is also famous for
its long grain and aromatic basmati
and non-aromatic rice is grown here
under diverse climatic conditions
divided into four ecological zones.
Several breeding efforts
have been taken to improve the
genetic basis of rice for high yield
and better nutritional quality. More
than 20 varieties developed are
cultivated in Pakistan with Basmati-370 as first aromatic variety through pure line selection in 1933 by Rice research
Institue Kala Shah Kaku (RRI-KSK). Two other varieties, Mushkan-7 and -41 were also approved in 1933 but due to
their low yield potential and poor grain quality characteristics, could not sustain among growers. Then continued
efforts started on developing high yielding aromatic and Kernel Basmati (Basmati Pak) with longer grains than
Basmati 370 was released in 1968 through cross breeding of Basmati-370 x CM 7-6. This was followed by Basmati
198, Basmati 385 in 1985 readily adopted by farmers due to its high yield. As leading for breeding of basmati rice in
Pakistan, the institute RRI-KSK released Super basmati in 1996 with extra grain long, higher yield and better
resistance to pests and diseases. The variety is still planted on more than 90 per cent of the basmati growing area. The
latest development had been release of Basmati 2000 with better threshing quality in 2000 and of Basmati 515 with
extra grain length and high yield. Some efforts have also been undertaken to develop salt tolerance variety for saline
areas is Shaheen Basmati in 2001 at Soil salinity research institute Pindi Bhattian. It is fairly resistant to salinity than
other basmati types, however, genetic variation exists for this trait and efforts are on underway.
Due to increasing water crisis in country, efforts for varietal trials under development and dissemination of
water saving technologies in South Asia by Asian Development Bank (ADB) at RRI-KSK have been done. Four
promising high yielding basmati types donors; Bas 385, 515, 2000 and Super Bas have been identified to develop
breeding lines with more closeness to Basmati rice. Likewise, marker assisted breeding to introgress QTLs for drought
stress environment using drought tolerant donor parents viz, Azucena, APO and IR55419-04 into Super Bas and use of
isotope discrimination techniques to improve Water Use Efficiency (WUE) using Bas 385 and 370 are in progress.
Since many years, non-existent of rice research in different institutions of country, stagnant yields and
competition in international market have come up with depleted area under basmati; no introduction to new variety
has resulted in shortfall in export of Pakistani basmati. Farmers prefer to grow Basmati 386 an early maturing and high
yielding variety than Super and Kainat producing low yield with late maturity. One of the reasons, of losing Super
basmati strength is increasing area under hybrid cultivation difficult to understand and shift of rice area to other crops.
The reasons for widespread technology of hybrid rice are the high average yield of 89 maunds per acre even higher up
to 110-120 maunds despite of coarse high yielding IR-6 varieties also losing its strength. On other hand, competition with India has become tough and its exporters have captured Pakistan most of the
traditional markets. The Indian exporters are selling their non-aromatic varieties at $1200 against $1350 per tone of Basmati
Kainaat due to rise in its consumption in UAE and Iran. In fact, Indian exporters have made aggressive and smart marketing
moves to convince our traditional buyers in these countries for their 1121 Basmati variety to claim well as our Kainaat.
Although the buyers may be interested in better quality of our rice but the price difference have reflected them to move for
Indian rice. Since basmati varieties are of several types and grown in several countries, this can harm its export, and there is
need for legislation rights to protect the country’s rice industry. Due to lack of Geographical Indicators (GI) about basmati
registering of our country, we have to register it as common Geographical Indication with India. Pakistan should also pass
our own GI act otherwise we will lose our rice export in International market as Phillipine and Bangladesh have also
indicated to export its basmati rice. Meanwhile Pakistan should strengthen its basic infrastructure to support the rice
research. As a quote of India, Rice Exporters Association of Pakistan (REAP) should also take cue from it to provide and
spent resources on rice research rather than to blame the government. Industry has to play role by helping the researchers to
develop new varieties, take them to farmers and keep the marketing process clean and transparent. Unfortunately, there are
no bridges between them to maximize their profits at the cost of each other.
* Author is a lecturer in Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ecological Zones
Zone I: consists of northern mountainous areas in flat valleys or terraced valley sides grown
with short duration cold tolerant varieties.
Zone II: lies between broad strip of river land of Ravi and Chenab and with sub-humid, subtropical climate “Kallar tract” suitable for some coarse and fine grain aromatic varieties.
Zone III: is large tract of land on west bank of river Indus with sub-tropical climate that favors
heat tolerant coarse varieties.
Zone IV: consists of Indus Delta with arid tropical climate had no marked season.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
7
Origin of Basmati Rice Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq* and Farooq Ahmed*
Background:
The boundary of ancient Punjab was clear before the Indo-Pak partition done by the authorities of
British Empire for the independence. Old Punjab which is found in western Punjab is in Pakistan whereas
eastern Punjab and Haryana is in India. Most districts of Punjab are known to have rice with the best aroma i.e
Basmati rice so these districts are also called as rice belt. All these belts located in Himalayan foothills and
constitute home of Basmati, with particular climatic conditions and knowledge on traditional cropping of
Basmati rice (Giraud 2008). For example, cropping in districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura in Pakistan
and Kurukshetra, Amritsar in India, is well known for giving high quality and aroma to Basmati may be due to
specific association of climatic conditions and soil.
The Facts and Gap:
Basmati rice is known due to its long grain, high value, aroma in both raw and cooked and the grain has
distinctive shape which elongate to almost double to its original length but its width remains same. It also has
unique eating qualities and reported that it is a good source of slow releasing carbohydrates. Basmati rice can be
identified commonly by three factors; Aroma, Taste and appearance. It is characterized by superfine grain, soft
texture, extreme grain elongation and pleasant aroma. It best grows under warm, humid, valley like conditions.
In western Punjab where 91.2% of all Pakistan Basmati crops are grown, Basmati acreage increased by 39.7% in
ten years, yield increase by 32.8%. Annual export of
Basmati rice is 328373 MT (Metric Tons) of Pakistan during
2012-13. (REAP). Pakistan earned 319.518283 million
dollars in 2012-13 by exporting Basmati rice. (REAP). But
still low yield can be observed in Pakistan with 1721 kg/ha
in 2006 in western Punjab as compared to 2116 kg/ha for all
rice produced. While in eastern Punjab 3858 kg/ha and 3051
kg/ha in Haryana, are the major Basmati producing regions
of India. If we talk about the reasons, it depends upon yield
improvement, substitution of Basmati instead of coarse
varieties, adoption of new breeding technologies,
introduction of new advanced extra long basmati rice
varieties, minimizing the harvest losses and improvement in
milling process etc. Basmati represented 61.6% of rice
acreage and 50.3% of production in Pakistan. According to
Mushtaq and Dawson, Basmati rice acreage is not responsive to price shocks but more sensitive to variation in
irrigated areas ( Mushtaq and Dawson, 2002).
Solutions:
Agricultural extension should;
Promote and aware farmers in order to keep them to use best practices in rice growing, yield improvement
mainly vary due to genetic selection and cross breeding.
Researchers should also work hard to help farmers in order to increase Basmati yield and spreading crop
areas (Singh et al., 2007; Abedullah, 2007) which will be economically benefical for Pakistan.
However end use characteristics are related to the growing place. The same seeds do not provide the same
final traits according to variation in planting location.
Hence the competition is now between yield, aroma size improvement and pure lineage in Basmati
percentage for new varieties. So we have to divert our minds and invest more on Basmati rice instead of
coarse varieties.
* Authors belong to Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
In the Nutshell, the competition
is now between yield, aroma
size improvement and pure
lineage in Basmati percentage
for new varieties. So we have to
divert our minds and invest
more on Basmati rice instead of
coarse varieties.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
8
AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH SHAHZAD A. MALIK
Founder of Modern Rice Sector of Pakistan
Rice Plus Team: Please share something about experiences of early life and brought up.
Shahzad Malik: I grew up in a business family struggling for business community particularly and general
public as well. I did my Graduation in 1978 and entered in the business of Auto Part- A unit of Guard Group of
Industries.
Rice Plus Team: What was the special feature which influenced your life most?
Shahzad Malik: I learned very unique business skills from my elders which framed my personality mostly.
Doing business ethically, respect and care for customer, quality concerns, good for others and business which give
profit to us but must be fruitful for others too. Along with successful business, I found my elders fighting for two
social objectives. 1) Working for the rights and good of business community and 2) Working for the welfare of
common people. I grew in such kind of environment and I continued on such patterns in my business life.
Rice Plus Team: Please share your entry in rice sector and early developments.
Shahzad Malik: We ventured into rice business in 1985 by realizing that we are far behind the world in rice
milling. Our aim was to promote modern rice milling in Pakistan. We started by importing rice machinery and selling
it in local markets. Gradually local engineering firms got encouraged to do reverse engineering and thus resulted in
local production of modern rice machinery in Pakistan.
The second breakthrough
we made in rice seed. We
realized that without better
variety, neither we will be
able to compete in the
world market, nor our
industry can grow. There
was variety in Rice
Research Institute-Kala Shah Kaku (RRI-KSK), called Super Basmati developed by Dr. Abdul Majeed. After
retirement, Dr. Majeed joined Guard Rice and we started multiplication of Super Basmati seed. We made extensive
struggle and got the variety accepted by more than 40% rice market within a span of six years. The farmers found
Super Basmati better and similarly, exporters and processors also trusted this variety due to wider acceptance in
national and international market.
Rice Plus Team: What is the role of Government and other bodies?
Shahzad Malik: The dynamics of rice market are changed. R&D people should understand that future is extra long grain. Variety was developed in Rice Research Institute-Kala Shah Kaku but the high risk was involved if not being properly commercialized. Guard Rice commercialized this variety which made Pakistan stand at the top in rice exporters of the world.
As far as the role of Government is concerned, they approved this variety after 6 years when it was widely cultivated and exported from Pakistan. We are not aware of any other role of Government or any other department in this development. The whole rice sector like exporters, processors, machinery manufacturers, farmers and traders have benefited from the development and commercialization of Super Basmati.
Rice Plus Team: How REAP was established and what were driving factors?
Shahzad Ali Malik is the pioneer of modern rice industry in
Pakistan, serving industry from the last two decades and has
influenced the sector to grow from minor to major export
sector. Mr. Shahzad inherited great values, national spirit,
welfare and business sense for the country from ancestors. He
exercised the same in his professional life. He is known as
man of R&D in rice, always trying to keep the sector on
competitive edge through latest technologies and new varieties.
We (Myself, Javed Agha Islam and Zahid Khawaja) set up REAP and mobilized exporters
to join REAP to safeguard their interest. We did fight with Government for two years and
finally Ishaaq Dar helped us to get license for REAP. After the license, we were heard by
EU and Dr. Majeed made lot of briefings to convince the policy makers of EU.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
9
Shahzad Malik: This is a very interesting story and shows how industry survives by taking various
initiatives. We started facing tough competition with other countries due to duties imposed by European Union 1995.
We were no more competitive in EU market and our export would down to great extent, if newly imposed duties
continue, we found at that time. India was given more relaxation than Pakistan. We (Myself, Javed Agha Islam and
Zahid Khawaja) set up REAP and mobilized exporters to join REAP to safeguard their interest. We did fight with
Government for two years and finally Ishaq Dar helped us to get license for REAP. After the license, we were heard
by EU and Dr. Majeed made lot of briefings to convince the policy makers of EU. Thanks God, that we got relaxation
in duty.
I have also taken a recent initiative of setting up Seed Association of Pakistan. I am hopeful that this will also promote
Seed industry of Pakistan like REAP.
Rice Plus Team: Are we left behind other countries in rice varieties? What Guard Rice is doing in this regard?
Shahzad Malik: It is true that we are left far behind other countries in rice varieties. The dynamics of rice
market have been changed now. We still love old conventional approach which was successful in yesterday, but today
latest technology and innovation has provoked to adopt this way.
Markets are moving toward extra long grain of rice and our R&D
people are unable to understand this trend. Hybrid rice is the
future of rice market. Only hybrid rice can guarantee to this great
alarming challenge of food security due to increasing food
demand of the world. Our R&D stakeholders should work on
the development of hybrid variety of rice. We must learn this
from China how to excel in this field.
Guard Rice has also introduced 5015 as extra long grain variety which is gradually being promoted. We do hope that
Government of Pakistan will register these varieties to boost our rice export, which is now second largest export item
after textile. We have also extended our R&D sector in the pipeline, and we will serve this nation and industry by
developing more varieties in order to meet the growing challenges of rice industry.
Rice Plus Team: How do you find Free Trade with India and its effects on rice industry of Pakistan?
Shahzad Malik: Regarding Trade with India a level playing field is required as import duty in Pakistan is
10% whereas in India it is 70% on import of rice. How can Pakistan export rice to India under the circumstances
when the import duty in India is so high.
Rice Plus Team: What drives your passion to make such breakthrough developments?
Shahzad Malik: I
strongly believe that business has
dual meaning, not only to earn
profit but also to work for the
welfare of community. I inherited
this spirit from my elders. My
family is very active in social welfare as we manage a large hospital for the poor community. We are also active in
promoting and protecting interests of business community so that we may not left far behind in the race of
development. Here lies business opportunity as well as area to serve the country.
Secondly development plays a great role in the live hood of poor people. For example the income of Sindhi farmers
doubled due to the high yield variety. We need such varieties to improve the live hood of agro community .
Rice Plus Team: Which areas of R&D need to be addressed by research community of Pakistan?
Shahzad Malik: In my view following issues must be resolved through national R&D sectors:
Less water consuming varieties
Development of high yield varieties
Acre under rice cultivation needs to be increased than plant population
Extra long grain varieties should be developed
Local harvester for rice crop to be developed
Rice Plus Team: Any advice for new investments in rice sector?
Shahzad Malik: Sure, but not only in rice export as it reached to optimum level now. However investment
in value addition and by products of rice is very much needed. New investments must be appreciated like Rice bran
oil, Value added products , High tech tools and techniques in rice cultivation and Processing, Improving storage and
Transportation of rice and Lab testing facilities in Pakistan.
Rice Plus Team: What is your advice to young generation?
Shahzad Malik: Honesty, integrity and hard work is a key of success for personal growth business development and
progress of our nation. Short term and unfair means may produce temporary results but in fact takes you towards long term
I found my elders fighting for two social objectives. Working for the rights and good of business
community
Working for the welfare of common people. I grew in
such kind of environment and I continued on such patterns in my business life.
Hybrid rice is the future of rice market. Our R&D stakeholders should work on the
development of hybrid variety of rice. We must learn this from China how to excel
in this field.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
failure.
10
U.S. Rice Imports from Asia – Data Insights
A famous report titled as “World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates 2013” presents following
very encouraging trends of rice primarily exported by Asia countries.
“U.S. rice imports have increased in recent decades, largely because of the growing demand for aromatic
varieties, partly driven by the expanding population of rice-consuming ethnic groups. Aromatics, primarily
jasmine and basmati rice are imported from Thailand, India, and Pakistan. U.S. plant breeders have yet to develop
aromatic rice varieties with the same characteristics as Asian varieties. Imports of aromatic rice are expected to
continue increasing until U.S. breeders develop varieties that satisfy this part of domestic demand”.
The import of long grain in total has increased from 9.15 to 17.65 in 2008. The import of long grain rice observed
slight decrease in next three years from 2009 to
2011 which recovered back and touched the figure
of 17.5 in 2012. (Millions in CWT). This trend
especially represents the above cited text by report.
There is another story of Asia rice export presented
by data inside the report. The story is based on 10
years export data of rice to USA by 5 Asian
countries. Each country presents a unique insight.
There are three trends observed in this entire data
of 10 years rice export by 5 countries to USA.
Trend 01. The Increase in Export – Vietnam and China
Vietnam is country which exported around 257 (matric
tons) in 2001 to USA. Vietnam experienced ups and
downs in next four years from 100 the lowest to 269
the highest in 2005. Vietnam just stepped up to 1162
which is almost four times higher growth. After down
in 2007, the export of Vietnam is grown up to 17478
and then 41554, the peak of export. And now Vietnam
is exporting 10846 (metric tons) to USA. The policy
makers in Rice sector can guess the growth rate and
penetration of this country.
Insight: export of Vietnam is net stable and constant. High fluctuation is area of concern for good export planners.
Similar to Vietnam, China also follows trend 01 of
increase in export. In total China has grown from 539 in
2001.02 to 2075 in 2011/12 registering a four times
increase in rice supply to USA market. The four times
growth is not the peak of supply in this decade. China
has supplied 39890 in 2002, 97318 in 2003, 119622 in
2006 and 122996 in 2007 making these years as the
highest selling years of rice to USA market. There are
decline years like 2004 (1139), 2008 (3951) and 2010
(3100) where rice export to USA has decreased. The
export has fallen sharply after drastic increase and decrease.
Insight: export of China to USA market is highly volatile and unstable. Such fluctuation leaves no choice for
prediction. The exporters of countries like Pakistan can take good share of China by gauging the next move of this trend.
Import of Long Grain
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Imports 9.155 10.037 9.79 10.515 12.254 14.249 17.656 15.859 16.496 15.815 17.5
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Vietnam 257 106 105 237 261 1162 557 17478 41554 15901 10846
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
China 539 39890 97318 1139 50753 119662 122996 3951 3787 3100 2075
Note: Statistics for analysis is taken from http://www.indexmundi.com
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
11
Trend 02. The Same Level of Export – India
India exported rice 47257 in 2001/02 and about same
quantity as 48361 in 2011/ 12 just repeating the export
history after a decade of increase and decrease. The
peak of export sale of Indian rice was observed in
2007/08 with 119054 of rice export followed by 94810
and 96454 in 2009 and 2010. These three years are
highest export of years. Export of Indian rice in other
years range between 52531 and 74050 during last
decade.
Insight: The Indian export of rice to USA market has
observed fluctuation and remains unstable. But as compared to China, India export is quite stable and maintained a
high end fluctuation without taking a big dip or decline.
Trend 03. The Decrease in Export – Pakistan and Thailand
Pakistan is among those countries who observed 50%
decline in export of rice to USA market. Pakistan
exported 11388 in 2001/02 and decreased to 6774 in
2011/12. Pakistan export quantity is very less as
compared to Vietnam and India and have downward
trends is more alarming for exports and policy makers
of Pakistan.
Pakistan has made good exports in 2009 and 2007 as
19387 and 19377 according. These two years are peak
years of Pakistan regarding rice export to USA.
Insight: Pakistan needs to revisit its planning for rice
export to USA market. By making better planning, Pakistan can exploit instability of export trend by other
countries.
Thailand has also exported slightly less in 2011/12 as
compared to 2011/12 as decreasing from 287848 to
215624. In other years of Thailand export remains
stable with slight fluctuation ranging from 300880 to
454383. Thailand is also one of the largest exporters to
USA market and has maintained its supply for entire
decade.
Insight: USA market is very promising for good
returns and effectively capitalized by Thailand. Such export stability also positively affects rice growers in the
country.
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
India 47257 53483 52531 56817 70345 71028 119054 74050 94810 96454 48361
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Pakistan 11388 12259 13779 16253 16668 16715 19377 16852 19387 17317 6774
Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Thailand 287848 315827 300880 331683 349094 394367 454383 422132 400977 393401 215624
Summary Highlights
Rice Industry needs to pay attention to market trends and changing scenario in the world market of rice. The
proven role of business to capitalize the gap between supply and demand. Sometime this gap is of few hours and
days. The traders of rice having command on pluses of market can play and win out of these opportunities.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
12
Whiff of Pearls Naeem Fiaz*, Farhan Khalid** and Muhammad Aleem Sarwar*
R ice is the largest source of nourishment to the world’s population. Scented rice fetches a higher
premium. In the 1990s, the demands for aromatic rice started to blow in the popular markets compel
the scientists to develop a number of specific cultivars with unique flavors and scents. The volatile
compounds responsible for aroma, get detected on perceiving by millions cilia (hair like) located on
epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity. The aroma combined more than 200 volatile compounds which are not
limited to the seed but present in the whole plant. Methods like microsteam distillation-solvent extraction,
simultaneous steam distillation-solvent, direct solvent extraction and static headspace are used for the isolation
of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method is developed and used for
its determination.
Important Types of Aromatic Rice
Basmati. The most popular types of scented rice liked and sold around the world. This long grain rice
tends to be fluffy but not sticky. Unfortunately, it has tendency of susceptibility to pests and disease, lower in
grain yield and shedding on maturity. The compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline is found responsible for fragrance and
a powerful food stimulant. It is present in basmati rice around 630 UGg/KG, that is many fold high than fluffy
popcorn (24μg/kg). Pakistan and India are well renowned for Basmati rice. 2-AP has simple chemical structure
but its biosynthesis is still unknown. Texmati. This rice exhibits the nutty flavor and rich aroma of basmati rice as well as the dry, fluffy
characteristics of American long grain rice. Perhaps the only cultivable (primarily in Texas, America) basmati
variety developed by crossing of American long grain rice and basmati. It is better in flavor and fragrance than
its American parent but lesser than basmati. It was developed to suit the tastes of the Americans who were got
crazy for Basmati. Jasmine. Thailand and China are famous
for this type of aromatic rice and it is harvested
green in some parts of Asia for its unusual
delicacy. Jasmine rice has been bred for easy
harvest, unlike Basmati it does not shatter when it
ripens. It had greater concentrations of other
compounds, responsible for aroma, like hept-2-
enal; 2-pentylfuran methyl salicylate; but-2-enal,
deca-2,4-dienal etc along with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
(present in Basmati). Wehani. Red-brown colored variant of long-
grain brown rice that splits while cooking and
emits a smell similar to popcorn. It is also called as
popcorn rice and was developed at the famous rice-
growing Lundberg Family (largest producers of
organic rice in the country) Farms, California.
Likewise Texmati, it is also developed
from basmati rice. A very distinctive form of
aromatic rice, created to appeal primarily to
American proletarian cooks. Wild Pecan. This scented, basmati hybrid,
rice also specifically created (in Louisiana, America)
to accommodate the growing demand for aromatic
rice in and the word "Wild" is just a marketing term;
there is nothing wild about it. It has aroma similar to
popcorn with a flavor giving rich nutty taste. There
has been a quest for over three decades to identify the
factors affecting the aroma and flavor of cooked rice.
Efforts are made to find numerous volatile compounds
responsible for aroma by studying the rice genetics, pre-
harvest, (cultural & environmental) and postharvest
(drying, milling, storage, cooking) aspects. A small region on chromosome 8 is potentially considered for aromatic gene in
rice but because of the lack of high throughput sensory evaluation, no one has reached the gene.
* Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
** Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Aroma is Affected by:
Nitrogen fertilizers play key role in the production of rice but
their improper use can deteriorate the crop. Aroma and amylose
(responsible for good texture of cooked rice) contents do not vary
significantly with higher N.
The higher concentration of 2-AP and lower levels of off-flavor
compounds (2- pentylfuran and n-hexanal) is observed when rice
was sun dried (30- 40°C).
Off-flavors and odors develop by hydrolysis lipids to form free
fatty acids, particularly linoleic and linolenic acids, that on
oxidation produce ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, furanones and
lactone etc.
High degree milled rice; it has more 2-AP than lower degree
milled rice.
Preservation of 2-AP is moderately affected by packing material.
Pre-cook soaking facilitates uniform cooking. During soaking,
thorough activation of amylases, a considerable amount of
oligosaccharides (which are not digested and accumulate in large
intestine and on anaerobic fermentation by bacteria, some gases
such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced) are
formed on outer layers that can be removed by repeated washing.
Water washing not only removes oligosaccharides but also 60-
80% of total surface lipids, thus preventing from off-flavor and
odors compound to develop.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
13
Game Changers in the Global Rice Market Samarendu Mohanty*
F or the past four decades, rice
market has been dominated
by a few exporters namely,
Thailand, Vietnam, the
United States, and Pakistan,
accounting for 60–70% of the total
exports. During this period, Thailand
has remained the top rice exporter in
the world. Unlike the export side, the
import side looks quite fragmented,
with many countries each importing a
small amount of rice. The top six
importers account for only 20−30% of
the market share.
New roles for China and
India
Through the years, both China and
India, the top two rice producers and
consumers in the world, have played a
minor role globally with occasional
exports and imports. Despite India's
rise as an exporter since the mid-
1990s, both these countries, which
account for half of global rice
production, have largely focused on
domestic food security. Trade is an afterthought for these two giants and it is mostly used to manage occasional
surpluses and deficits. But, with India’s meteoric rise to the top of the export chart and China's unexpected rise to near
the top of the import chart in 2012 (Fig.1), this might be a thing of the past. In2012, India displaced Thailand from the
top spot by exporting 10.4 million tons of rice vis-à-vis 6.9 million tons for Thailand. India’s removal of its export ban
on the non basmati market in late 2011 after a gap of 4 years, burgeoning domestic stocks, and a weak rupee definitely
increased India's export prospects in 2012. But, Thailand’s mortgage scheme should get most of the credit for India’s
rise to the top by making India’s broken and parboiled rice fly off the shelves like hotcakes.
Like India, nobody expected China to come close to displacing Nigeria as the top importer in 2012, with 2.9 million
tons of imports compared with 3.4 million
tons by Nigeria. A majority of these imports
have come from Vietnam and Pakistan.
Apart from rice, China also imported large
amounts of wheat and corn (maize) in 2012.
Altogether, Chinese grain (wheat, rice, and
corn) imports increased from 2.5 million
tons in 2011 to 11 million tons in2012 (Fig.
2). Tight corn supplies and greater demand
for wheat from the feed sector increased
their imports. But, it is still intriguing to
many why China is importing so much rice
because domestic production has no
apparent shortfall in the past few years, and
the carry over stocks (according to FAO and
USDA) suggest that these stocks have been
steadily rising since 2007. A plausible
explanation, shared by many, could be that
the large price spread between domestic and
international rice prices is making it
attractive for Chinese traders to import cheap foreign rice. Another reason could be that Chinese consumers are
* Dr. Samarendu Mohanty is the head of the Social Sciences Division at the International Rice Research Institute.
Source with thanks: Rice Today July-September, 2013
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
14
diversifying their food consumption, thus creating demand for different types of rice such as sticky rice from
Vietnam, Jasmine rice from Thailand, and long-grain rice from Pakistan. This raises another important question:
Will China go back to its traditional insignificant role in the global rice market (low imports and exports) and India
goes back to its familiar territory of mainly
exporting basmati rice and will self-
sufficiency remain their primary motto? Or will
they continue with the recent trend and evolve
as dominant players in the global rice market
in the coming years? Both India and China have maintained their respective positions as dominant exporters and
importers in the global rice market in the first quarter of 2013. From January to March 2013, China imported
692,200tons of rice (according to oryza.com) whereas India exported nearly 2million tons of rice (data compiled from
different sources). If this trend continues, they are likely to grab the top importer and exporter spots respectively by
the end of 2013.Some indications suggest that China and India are here to stay for the “long haul.” In India’s case, the
government wants to move non basmati rice area from the northwestern states of Punjab and Haryana, which are
plagued by water shortages and pest and disease problems, to eastern India. Several programs such as the National
Food Security Mission, National Rural Livelihood Mission, and Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India have
been rolled out by the
government to expand
rice production in the
eastern states, and the
impact is already
evident from the rapid
rise in production in
the last few years.
The Chinese
government is also
trying to expand rice
production to keep up
with the demand, but
the rapidly rising costs
of production and
pressure on rice area
from other competing
crops are likely to keep
imported rice a lot
cheaper than producing
rice domestically. Unless the Chinese government is strongly determined to achieve rice self-sufficiency through trade
measures, it is reasonable to assume that Chinese imports will continue in the near term to mid-term.
Some Implications
On the positive side, the greater participation of China and India in the rice market is likely to increase the volume of
trade, thus making the market more stable. Ideally, the global rice market should account for15−20% of total
production compared with 6−8% now. On the other hand, both countries will bring greater uncertainty to the market as
their politicians will continue to fiddle with domestic and trade policies to support farmers and achieve greater
domestic price stability, and in the process bring volatility to the international market. India’s export ban in 2007 on
non basmati rice and its repercussions on the global market is a good example of how these countries can adversely
influence the market. Similarly, Thailand has held the global market hostage through its rice pledging scheme, for
which nobody knows how and when the mortgage stocks will rock the market.
In addition, the disparity in the estimates of Chinese supply and use data by two major sources (USDA and FAO) is
likely to create problems in the functioning of the market if China remains in the global rice market as a dominant
player for the long haul. For example, FAO projects Chinese rice stocks to be more than50% greater than those of
USDA in 2012-13 (94.2 million tons vs 46.2million tons). In the past 3 years, the FAO estimates indicate more than a
20-million-ton rise in Chinese stocks compared with only 6 million tons in the case of USDA. The difference in
domestic consumption between USDA and FAO estimates for China is more than 10 million tons. All these disparities
in supply and use data did not really matters long as China was mostly self sufficient and didn’t trade much. But,
accuracy and timely availability of this information will be essential for proper functioning of the market once China
becomes a dominant player in the global rice market.
India and China are new forces to reckon
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
15
Rice, Health, and Toxic Metals Sarah Beebout*
A rsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are four ubiquitous trace elements known to have a harmful
effect on human health. These elements are naturally present at very low concentrations in the
environment, and human bodies are able to detoxify them in limited amounts. Most of what we know
about toxicity of these elements comes from case studies of people who were exposed to the toxins
through unrecognized pollution sources. In these cases, the people were exposed to the toxin through many ways
such as air, water, and food simultaneously. So far, no evidence shows clearly that rice consumption, by itself,
has had toxic effects on humans. But, since the effects of long term chronic exposure are not well known, people
are concerned that rice consumption might expose them to these elements and endanger their health..
Consumers need not change their rice-eating habits based on any known risks from toxic
elements. Scientists can now detect very low amounts of these elements in rice grains. Some studies are being done on
how these elements move within soil and rice plants. We hope that these will enable us to develop even safer rice
varieties and rice production techniques.
Arsenic, remains the
biggest concern. Arsenic can
move from the soil into rice grain, and rice produced in
high-arsenics oil has higher arsenic than average. The
arsenic in soil or irrigation water is sometimes high
enough to inhibit plant growth, resulting in low yield.
Scientists have already identified rice varieties that
grow well in high-arsenic conditions and can minimize
arsenic accumulation in the
grain. So, plant breeding programs can potentially
develop even safer varieties. Also, rice plants in more
flooded soil (anaerobic conditions) take up more
arsenic. So, an effective way to lessen arsenic uptake is to
use moderately dryer growing methods through irrigation
management. The relative
toxicity of different chemical forms of arsenic is still
debated. The science for differentiating among these
forms is progressing rapidly. I hope that we will soon know
which forms of arsenic are safer and which forms
accumulate in rice grains under different conditions.
Cadmium, is second as a
public concern about toxins in
rice. Rice plants can take up cadmium from polluted soil
and produce grains with elevated cadmium
concentration. However, very few reports have shown
cadmium concentrations higher than the “allowable
limit” for rice grains, even when they are grown in
moderately polluted soil. But, not everyone agrees on what
this allowable limit should be.
Cadmium is known to be more likely taken up by rice plants
when the soil is aerobic (the opposite of arsenic). So, one
way to minimize cadmium uptake would be continuous
flooding. Studies to understand and identify the genes that
control the movement of cadmium from rice roots into
the grains are in progress
including the identification of genes that essentially prevent
cadmium from reaching rice grains. These genes can be
helpful in plant breeding programs to ensure that all
new rice varieties have a very low cadmium risk.
Mercury, content of rice
has not received much public
attention because of other more important food sources
of mercury (most notably, fish). Mercury in rice is
reportedly lower than “allowable limits”—with the
same caveat that these “limits” are still under
discussion. A potential problem is that, although
mercury in rice is lower than in fish, a large amount of rice
consumed from some
contaminated areas may be enough to raise the overall
consumption of mercury to a worrisome level. Since
moderate mercury contamination is widespread
from coal-burning exhaust, some scientists have been
investigating how mercury contamination affects rice.
One of the more toxic forms,
methyl mercury, is formed in flooded or intermittently
flooded soils and is sometimes present in rice grains. Some
rice varieties are better than others at excluding mercury
from the grains, but we don’t know yet how they do this so
we cannot recommend which varieties are the safest.
Lead, on the other hand,
received the least public
interest until last month, when an unpublished study
indicating high lead in rice was presented at a scientific
meeting, causing a publicity stir. However, these
anomalously “high concentrations” have not been
published scientifically, and the preponderance of
published evidence so far indicates that very little lead
accumulates in rice grains,
even in areas with moderately polluted soil.
* Dr. Sarah Beebout is a soil chemist at IRRI.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
Conclusion
16
Rice Production in Pakistan vs India Muhammad Asif Rana*
G overnment of Pakistan always sets the Rice Production targets in the start of season keeping in view the area subjected for growth of various crops. Target set by Government of Pakistan in Year 2012-13 was 6.8 million tons but production remain under the target and total volume produced to be reported as 6.0 million tons. Total exports reported for the year 2012-13 are 3.50 million tons and rest 2.50 million tons consumed
locally. These exports also includes Basmati segment not exceeding 0.630 million tons which is 45% less than Basmati exports in same period in 2011-12. Prices of Basmati varieties are at higher end because area for Basmati growing is decreasing at one side whereas local consumption is standing at the same level. Government has also set target of 6.20 million tons of Rice in Pakistan but owing to floods expected figure has declined to 5.5 million Tons. This significantly low export of Basmati is directly linked with its production area. In 2008-09 Total Production area under Basmati Banner was 2.89 million acres which has been reduced to 1.89 million acre in year 2012-13. It is statistically reported that every years farmers leave to grow Basmati on area of 200,000 acres which show their less interest towards basmati because of low commercial viability when compare to 1121 and PK-386 Long Grain Rices. Current floods have also severely impacted on growing area of the Rice where most of the damage has been reported on leading Basmati growing areas. According to Agriculture Department of Pakistan, Total area affected by the Floods is 340,084 acres. Total area under production of paddy in year 2013-14 was designated to around 04 million acres and hence around 09% of the total area damaged by the Floods. There are various gossips about the loss of Basmati where some school of thoughts says that Floods has caused around 25% loss to Basmati but other don’t agree and says its loss will not exceed 10% where as Government has only released total loss in terms of Acreage. Further to floods, Rice crop particularly PK-386, Super Fine, 1121 and Super Basmati Rice is also attacked by Rice Grasshopper, Rice Blast and smuts which are causing to reduce per acre yield very significantly. Keeping in view the flood losses and also reduced basmati production with passage of time will support the prices to remain at higher side. Meanwhile currency of Pakistan also depreciated around 08 % since January 2013 which is natural where Indian has depreciated to 30% already. Pakistan has started receiving its long grain crop (KS-282 and IRRI-06) where the prices are yet higher than International competitors. KS-282 Long Grain and IRRI-06 Long grain are opened between USD-429 to 438 PMT FOB Karachi with 05% broken but its acceptance is little slow now where Thailand is standing at USD-445 and Vietnam at USD-390 PMT FOB.
India once again is coming to world with good competition. India has exported 10 million tons last year and
stood first in worldwide export ranking. After waving off ban from Long Grain Rice, India is giving hard time to all its
competitors in export both in Basmati in non-basmati segment. Where the crop size is miserably affected in Pakistan,
the same time these rains are proven blessed for Indians and enhanced their production from expected 103 million tons
to 105 million tons and will enable them to serve the world with sufficient quantity of Rice available surplus to their
domestic demand. Secondly swift depreciation of Indian Rupee has brought Indian to offer very competitive prices. In
last six months, Indian currency depreciated around 25% which ultimately means that prices become competitive 25%
just because of currency depreciation. Pressure of carryover stocks is also relaxed at India because it exported huge
quantities of rice leaving very less carryover stocks to enter next season. Indian is expecting the depreciation of their
currency further to Rs.70 against dollars in the next quarter but Government is claiming to keep it fixed at current
level. Till now Indian Government proven fail to keep their currency stable. India is highly speculative market and
every coming day bring with it a new gossip about the market. Sometimes news about the strengthening of countries
are heard where expert opined about the highly stable condition of Indian economy where reserves are yet surplus
available for next three years but the other hand reports of weakening of currency are received.
Indian Government has increased 10% minimum support price but currency depreciated around 30% in one
year which means that new prices of India should open at least 10% competitive than last year (if currency remains at
the same deprecated level) and
inflation rates stands around
10%
Same situation of
growing area in India too where
farmers has left sowing Pusa and
Traditional rice and tilted to
1121 Extra Long Grain Rice and
now 85% of area in Punjab and
Haryana of India is growing
1121 Rice. 1121 Extra Long
Grain parboiled Rice was sold at
such a lowest price level in 2009
-10 that its introduction has been reached to almost all the corners of the world where the world’s longest rice was sold
at price level of 750 to 850 dollars per ton, therefore no need of introducing this variety where it has become the eating
Variety Prices (USD) on FOB Basis
Pakistan India Thailand Vietnam
1121 Parboiled Rice (Crop 2012-13) 1500 1350 NA NA
Jasmine Hom Mali Rice (Crop 2012-13) NA NA 1150 650
Super Basmati White Rice (Crop 2012-13) Indian Tradtional Crop (2012-13)
1320 1400 NA NA
Super Basmati Brown Rice (Crop 2012-13)
Indian Traditional Brown Rice (2012-13) 1130 1230 NA NA
Long Grain White Rice (05% Broken) 437 415 445 385
PRICES OF VARIOUS RICE VARIETIES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
*Author is from Atlas Foods Pakistan.
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88
17
Up gradation of Basmati DNA Testing
AN INITIATIVE IN PAKISTAION BY NIBGE, PAKISTAN
R ice is third major cash crop of Pakistan, grown over 10% of the total cropping area with 6.7% value
addition in agriculture and 1.6% in GDP. Super Basmati is well known premium rice and accounts
for 2% of total export. It is renowned for unique fragrance, distinctive shape, long grain and top
quality, both in raw and cooked state. Consumer’s preference generates higher returns for customary
Basmati varieties.
Food adulteration is a major problem with serious
concerns worldwide. Admixtures of inexpensive normal long
grain rice in fine grain “Super Basmati” might be caused by
inhomogeneous seed material, seed mixing during cultivation,
cross contacts during transportation, handling or processing as
well as on purpose. These incriminations have disturbed
consumer trust and hence export volumes. According to a report
of Food Standard Agency, UK, 17% out of 363 tested Basmati
samples had non-Basmati mixing. It is inevitable to develop a
technique to protect the interests of consumers and rice-trading
community. Authenticity of Basmati rice samples is crucial to certify it for customers, international rice trade,
and to qualify for zero import duty. Moreover, a number of Basmati importing countries insist for mandatory
purity certificate based on a DNA test.
Dr. Muhammad Arif , Principal Scientist of NIBGE
is testing authenticity of Super Basmati rice since
2004. Currently Dr Arif and his team has upgraded
its facility with assimilation of a CEQ-8000
Beckman Coulter Genetic Analyzer, for the
identification of admixture level in premium
Basmati rice with other long grain rice in given
sample. Thus even small percentage of other
varieties can be identified easily with this facility.
NIBGE is the first institute in Pakistan that now
offers DNA Genetic Analyzer facility for
certification of Basmati rice.
Benefits of DNA Authenticity Test
for Seed Companies
To meet the requirements of EU
Commission
Regulation (EC) No 972/2006 for zero
import duty
Exploring potential of seed purity
Testing of F1 seed purity importing to
Pakistan
According to a report titled, Export of rice to
the USA “Pakistani Basmati rice is matchless in quality, known internationally
for aroma and exotic taste”. This highlights the great opportunity of Basmati rice export to EU and other countries.
For more details;
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
www.nibge.org
September 2013, Volume 5 - Issue 88