©richard c. jaeger 6/5/97 microelectroni circuit design table 1.1 - the worldwide electronics...

©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97

MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN

Table 1.1 - The Worldwide Electronics Market ($1,013 Billion) in 1992 [1]

Category Share (%)Data processing hardware 23Data processing software & services 18Professional electronics 10Telecommunications 9Consumer electronics 9Active components 9Passive components 7Computer integrated manufacturing 5Instrumentation 5Office electronics 3Medical electronics 2



Table 1.2 - Milestones in ElectronicsYear Event1884 American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE)

formed1895 Marconi first radio transmissions 1904 Fleming Valve (Diode Vacuum Tube)1906 Pickard - Solid-state Point-contact diode (Silicon)1906 Deforest - Triode Vacuum Tube (Audion) - Age of

electronics begins1910-1911 "Reliable" tubes fabricated1912 Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) Founded1907-1927 Diodes and Triodes - First Radio Circuits1920 Armstrong invents super heterodyne receiver1925 TV demonstrated1925 Lilienfeld files patent application on the field-effect

device



1927-1936 Multigrid Tubes1933 Armstrong invents FM modulation1935 Heil receives British patent on a field-effect device1940 Radar developed during World War II; TV in limited

use1947 Bipolar Transistors Invented by Bardeen, Brattain &

Shockley at Bell Laboratories1950 Color TV begins1952 Shockley describes the unipolar field-effect transistor

1952 Commercial production of silicon bipolar transistors at Texas Instruments

1956 Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley Receive Nobel Prize for Invention of Bipolar Transistors



1958 Simultaneous Development of the Integrated Circuit by Kilby at Texas Instruments & Noyce and Moore at Fairchild Semiconductor

1961 First commercial digital IC available from Fairchild Semiconductor

1963 AIEE and IRE Merge to become the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Your Professional Society!

1967 First Semiconductor RAM (64 bits) discussed at the IEEE International Solid-Sate Circuits Conference (ISSCC)

1968 Introduction of the first commercial IC operational amplifier - the A-709 - by Fairchild Semiconductor



1970 1-transistor dynamic memory cell invented by Dennard at IBM 1971Introduction of the 4004 microprocessor by Intel

1972 First 8-bit Microprocessor - The Intel 8008 1974 First commercial 1 kilobit memory chip 1974 Introduction of the 8080 microprocessor1978 First 16-bit Microprocessor 1984 Megabit Memory chip1995 Experimental Gb Memory Chip Presented at the IEEE

ISSCC



2000199519901985198019751970196510 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

10 8

10 9

10 10

Year

Chi

p D

ensi

ty (

Bit

s/C

hip)

Figure 1.2 - Memory chip density as a function of time based upon first paper presentation at the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)



200019951990198519801975197010 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

Year

Num

ber

of T

ransi

stor

s

P6Pentium

486DX 68040

386SX 68030

80286

8086

80856800

40048080

Figure 1.3 - Microprocessor complexity versus time



200019951990198519801975197010 -1

10 0

10 1

Year

Dyn

amic

Mem

ory

Feat

ure

Size

(um

)

Figure 1.4 Feature size in dynamic memory chips versus time (Courtesy ISSCC)



Table 1.3 - Levels of IntegrationDate Historical Reference Components/chip1950 Discrete components 1-21960 SSI - Small-scale Integration < 102

1966 MSI - Medium-scale integration 102 - 103 1969 LSI - Large-scale integration 103 - 104

1975 VLSI - Very-large-scale integration 104 - 109

1990 ULSI - Ultra-large-scale integration > 109



Amplitude

t

High Level

Low Level

"1"

"0"

Figure 1.5 - A time varying binary digital signal



t

v(t) or i(t)

Figure 1.6 - An analog signal



VO

Digital-to-Analog Converter

(DAC)

VFS

+

-

Binary Input Data

( b , b , b , ... b )1 2 3 n

Figure 1.7 - Block diagram representation for a D/A converter



vX

Analog-to-Digital Converter

(ADC)

VFS

+

- Binary Output Data

( b , b , b , ... b )1 2 3 n

+ -

Figure 1.8 - Block diagram representation for a A/D converter



Input Voltage

Bin

ary

Outp

ut

Code

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

0 VFSVFS2

3VFS4

VFS4

0 VFSVFS2

3VFS4

VFS4

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Input Voltage

Quanti

zati

on E

rror

(LSB

)

1 LSB1 LSB

1.9 - (a) Input-output relationship and (b) quantization error for 3-bit ADC



i1i 1

(b) CCCS

i1 1i

(d) CCVS

1A vv1

+

-

(c) VCVS

g vm 1v1

+

-

(a) VCCS

Figure 1.10 - Controlled Sources

(a) Voltage-controlled current source - (VCCS)

(b)Current-controlled current source - (CCCS)

(c) Voltage-controlled voltage source - (VCVS)

(d) Current-controlled voltage source - (CCVS).



R1

R2

v 2

+

-

SivS

8 k

2 k

v1+ -

10 V

Figure 1.11 - A resi st ive vol tage divider



Figure 1.12 - Current division in a simple network

R1

R2

v

+

-

Si

i 2

3 k2 k

i 1

5 mAs



(a)

R1

RS v O

+

-

i1

1 k

20 ki 1

v S

= 50

Figure 1.13 - (a) Two-terminal circuit and its(b) Thévenin and (c) Norton equivalents

RTH

v TH RTH

Ni

(b) (c)



R1

RSi1

1 k

20 ki 1

v X

Xi

(v = 0)S

= 50

Figure 1.14 - A test source vx is applied to thenetwork to find RTH.



R1

RSi1

1 k

20 ki 1

v S Ni

= 50

0

Figure 1.15 - Circuit for determining short-circuit output current



R = 282 TH

v = 0.718 vTH s

R = 282 TH

Ni = (2.55 x 10 S) v-3

s

iNTH

v

(a) (b)

Figure 1.16 - Completed Thévenin (a) and Norton (b) equivalent circuits for the two-

terminal network in Fig. 1.13 (a)



R1

R2

iS

vS 2i

g vm 1+

-

v1

2 k

3 k 0.1 v1

Figure 1.17 - Circuit containing a voltage-controlled current source



f

Amplitude

0 4.5 MHz

Figure 1.18 - Spectrum of a television signal



Table 1.3 - Frequencies Associated with Common Signals

Category Frequency RangeAudible sounds 20 Hz - 20 kHzBaseband video (TV) signal 0 - 4.5 MHzAM radio broadcasting 540 - 1600 kHzHigh frequency radio communications 1.6 - 54 MHzVHF television (Channels 2-6) 54 - 88 MHzFM radio broadcasting 88 - 108 MHzVHF television (Channels 7-13) 174 - 216 MHzUHF television (channels 14 - 69) 470 - 806 MHzCellular telephones 824 - 892 MHzSatellite television 3.7 - 4.2 GHz



Amplitude

tT 3T2T0

Amplitude

f

0 fo 3fo2fo 4fo 5fo

Vo

VDC

(a) (b)

Figure 1.19 - A periodic signal (a) and its amplitude spectrum (b)



vov

s A

Figure 1.20 - E lectronic symbol for an amplifier with voltage gain A



RF Amplifier and Filter

MixerIF

Amplifier and Filter

Local Oscillator

FM Detector

Audio Amplifier

Speaker

10.7 MHz 50 Hz - 15 kHz(88 - 108 MHz)

(77.3 - 97.3 MHz)

Antenna

Figure 1.21 - Block diagram for an FM radio Receiver



Amplitude

f

f H

f

fL

f

fL fH

f

fH

f

fL

A A A

A A

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

Amplitude

Figure 1.22 - Ideal amplifier frequency responses: (a) Low-pass (b) high-

pass (c) band-pass (d) band-reject and (e) all-pass

characteristics

©richard c. jaeger 6/5/97 microelectroni circuit design table 1.1 - the worldwide electronics...

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