riiccm207d spread and compact materials manually

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RIICCM207D Spread and Compact Materials Manually

Reference Material

November, 2014 — J/N 9329-3G — © www.pertrain.com.au Page i

Spread and Compact Materials Manually

Contents1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1

2. Operator Obligations ........................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Comply with Legislation and Site Procedures .......................................................................... 2

2.1.1 Environmental Legislation ........................................................................................ 4

2.2 Safety Obligations .................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Meet Quality Requirements ..................................................................................................... 5

3. Plan and Prepare for Operations ........................................................................................................ 6

3.1 AttendWorkBriefings .............................................................................................................. 6

3.1.1 Job Requirements ................................................................................................... 6

3.1.2 Site and Task Procedures ........................................................................................ 6

3.2 Interpret Information and Plan Work ....................................................................................... 7

3.3 Conduct Site Safety Inspections .............................................................................................. 8

3.4 Exclusion Zone ........................................................................................................................ 8

4. Work with Others ................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1 Communication ........................................................................................................................ 9

4.2 Verbal Communication ............................................................................................................. 9

4.2.1 Two-way Radio ...................................................................................................... 10

4.2.2 Mobile Phones ....................................................................................................... 10

4.3 Written Communication .......................................................................................................... 10

4.4 Signals ....................................................................................................................................11

4.4.1 Hand Signals ...........................................................................................................11

4.5 Signage .................................................................................................................................. 12

4.6 Demarcation Tape .................................................................................................................. 13

4.7 Barricades .............................................................................................................................. 13

5. Safety ................................................................................................................................................ 13

5.1 Safety and Health Management System ............................................................................... 13

5.2 Safe Work Method Statements .............................................................................................. 14

5.3 Permit to Work Systems ......................................................................................................... 14

5.3.1 Excavation Permit or Permit to Dig ........................................................................ 14

5.4 TrafficManagement ............................................................................................................... 15

5.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................................................................... 16

5.6 Manual Handling .................................................................................................................... 18

SPREAD AND COMPACT MATERIALS MANUALLY

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6. Hazards ............................................................................................................................................. 19

6.1 HazardIdentification .............................................................................................................. 19

6.1.1 Job Safety Analysis ................................................................................................ 20

6.1.2 Hazard Report ........................................................................................................ 20

6.1.3 Types of Hazards ................................................................................................... 21

6.2 Hazard Control Options ......................................................................................................... 22

6.3 Noise ...................................................................................................................................... 22

6.4 Dust and Fumes ..................................................................................................................... 23

6.5 Housekeeping ........................................................................................................................ 23

6.6 Hazardous Chemicals ............................................................................................................ 23

6.6.1 Safety Data Sheets ................................................................................................ 24

7. Basic Principles of Soil Technology ................................................................................................... 24

7.1 Soil and Fill Types .................................................................................................................. 25

7.1.1 Characteristics of Soil Types .................................................................................. 26

7.2 Moisture Control .................................................................................................................... 26

7.2.1 Applying Water ....................................................................................................... 26

7.2.2 Removing Water ..................................................................................................... 27

7.3 Visual and Feel Moisture Test ................................................................................................ 28

7.3.1 Speedy Moisture Tester.......................................................................................... 29

7.4 Soil Shrinkage ........................................................................................................................ 30

8. Principles of Soil Compaction ........................................................................................................... 30

8.1 Importance of Compaction ..................................................................................................... 31

8.1.1 Poor Compacting Techniques ................................................................................ 31

8.1.2 Mechanical Compaction ......................................................................................... 32

9. Select and Evaluate Equipment for the Job ...................................................................................... 33

9.1 Tools and Equipment for Spreading and Compacting ............................................................ 34

9.2 Choose the Correct Equipment .............................................................................................. 35

9.2.1 Machine Characteristics ......................................................................................... 35

9.3 Perform Equipment Checks and Inspections ......................................................................... 35

10. Operating Compacting Equipment .................................................................................................... 36

10.1 Pre-start Checks and Inspections .......................................................................................... 36

10.2 Plant and Equipment Start-up ................................................................................................ 37

10.3 Post Start Checks .................................................................................................................. 37

10.4 General Compacting Equipment Operating Techniques ........................................................ 38

10.5 Equipment Shutdown ............................................................................................................. 38

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11. Spreading Materials .......................................................................................................................... 39

11.1 Directing Trucks ..................................................................................................................... 39

11.1.1 Materials Delivery ................................................................................................... 40

11.2 Spreading Fill ......................................................................................................................... 40

11.3 Finishing by Hand .................................................................................................................. 41

12. Compacting Materials ....................................................................................................................... 41

12.1ChecktheWorkSpecifications .............................................................................................. 41

12.2 Perform Compacting Operations ........................................................................................... 42

12.2.1 Compacting Around Pipes ...................................................................................... 43

12.3CompactionSpecifications ..................................................................................................... 43

12.3.1 Sand Cone Test ...................................................................................................... 44

12.3.2 Liquid Test .............................................................................................................. 44

12.3.3 Electrical Density Gauge ........................................................................................ 44

12.3.4 Nuclear Density Gauge .......................................................................................... 45

12.3.5 Clegg Hammer ....................................................................................................... 45

13. Responding to Emergency Situations ............................................................................................... 46

13.1 Emergency Response ............................................................................................................ 46

13.2 Fires ....................................................................................................................................... 46

13.3 Spills ...................................................................................................................................... 47

13.4 First Aid .................................................................................................................................. 47

13.5 Evacuation Procedures .......................................................................................................... 47

14. Post Operational Tasks ..................................................................................................................... 48

14.1 Maintenance of Plant and Equipment .................................................................................... 48

14.2 Storing Tools, Plant and Equipment ....................................................................................... 49

14.3 Work Area Clean-up ............................................................................................................... 50

14.3.1 Hazardous Chemical Disposal ............................................................................... 50

14.4 End of Shift Reports ............................................................................................................... 51

15. Completing Your Training Program ................................................................................................... 51

15.1 Formal Assessment Process ................................................................................................ 51

16. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 51

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Disclaimer

This resource has been developed after extensive consultation with industry partners. It is a collaborative view

anddoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewofanyspecificbody.Forthesakeofbeingconcise,itmayomit

factors that could be pertinent in particular cases. This product is meant for educational purposes only and is not

a substitute or replacement for the workplace's existing policy and procedures.

While care has been taken in the preparation of this resource, Pertrain Pty Ltd does not warrant that any licensing

orregistrationrequirementsspecifiedhereareeithercompleteorup-to-dateforyourStateorTerritory.Pertrain

Pty Ltd does not accept liability for any damage or loss (including indirect and consequential loss) incurred by any

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Pertrain Pty Ltd, does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or the use of such

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November, 2014 — J/N 9329-3G — © www.pertrain.com.au Page 1


1. Introduction This training resource is provided to introduce you to the obligations you have to work safely when manually spreading and compacting materials. It also outlines the ways in which you can improve safety by applying personal and operational safety measures.

This resource contains information that will assist you to:

• plan and prepare for operations

• access and apply site safety procedures

• identify soil types

• spread and compact materials manually

• perform housekeeping activities.

NOTE This training resource is a guide only. Always follow your site standard operating procedures when performing work.

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2. Operator ObligationsYou have an obligation to ensure the safety and health of yourself and others and to protect the environment in which you work.

The following actions will help you to do this.

• Ensurethatyouarephysicallyandmentallyfitforworkbeforestarting any job.

• Comply with your organisation's Code of Conduct on how you interact with others, for example, no bullying, discrimination, unethical or unsafe behaviour.

• Donotattemptanytaskunlessyouarequalifiedandauthorisedto perform the task.

• Make sure that you have the required licences and permits to perform your work and that they are current. Advise your supervisor immediately if you lose your licence or permit.

• Select, check and use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE). Make sure that the PPEfitsproperlyandissuitableforthetask.

• Identify and report unsafe conditions, activities, incidents or near misses to your supervisor or safety representative.

• Report damaged or defective equipment for repair.

• Operateequipmentwithinmanufacturerspecificationsandlimitationsandaccordingtositeprocedures.

• Use your site lock and tag system.

• Adhere to site environmental guidelines to prevent damage to the natural environment and designated heritage sites.

2.1 Comply with Legislation and Site ProceduresDuringyourgeneralandsitespecificinductionsyouwouldhavebeenfamiliarised with organisational and site policies and procedures. These have been developed in accordance with legislation and are designed to ensure that work is undertaken safely.

Gather and read all relevant documents and procedures for the task that you are doing. Ensure that you understand the documents and how they apply to your work.

The general hierarchy of statutory and organisational compliance documentation is shown in the following table.

HERE‛S TO A SAFEDAY‛S WORK !

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7.3 Visual and Feel Moisture TestYou can estimate the texture and moisture content of soil by rolling a ball of soil material in your hand and comparing the results with the information in the table below.

Soil Moisture

Moderately Coarse Texture

Medium Texture Fine Texture

75-100% Upon squeezing, no free water appears on the soil but a wet outline of the ball is left on the hand.

50-75% Forms weak ball, breaks easily when bounced in the hand.

Forms ball that is pliable and slicks readily.

Easily ribbons out between thumbandforefinger.

25-50% Forms a ball but falls apart when bounced in the hand.

Forms ball and will slick under pressure.

Forms ball, will ribbon out betweenthumbandforefinger.

0-25% Appears dry and will not form a ball under pressure.

Crumbly, holds together from pressure.

Somewhat pliable and will ball under pressure.

0% Dry,loosesoilthatflowsthroughthefingers.

Powdery and crumbles easily.

Hard,difficulttobreakintopowder.

• Sandy soil will feel gritty and loose, and will not form a ball. The sample will fall apart when rubbedbetweenyourfingers.

• Loam(amixtureofsand,siltandclay)is smooth, slick, partially gritty and sticky, and will form a ball in your hand. The ball will crumble easily.

• Claysoilwillfeelsmoothandstickyand will form a ribbon when pressed betweenyourfingers.Claysoilrequires more pressure to form a ball than loam but does not crumble as easily.

Hand Test

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7.3.1 Speedy Moisture Tester

A speedy moisture tester may be used on site to measure the water content of materials.

• The device consists of a case containing alow-pressurevesselfittedwithanelectronic scale and a pressure gauge.

• A weighed amount of soil is mixed with a calcium carbide reagent in the sealed pressure vessel.

• The reagent reacts chemically with water in the soil sample, producing acetylene gas that increases the pressure within the vessel.

• The pressure increase is proportional to the amount of water in the sample and the moisture content can be read directly from the pressure gauge.

CAUTION

The calcium carbide reagent is a hazardous substance and must be handled in accordance with the relevant SDS.

Testing Procedure

NOTE

Follow the manufacturer instructions for using the moisture testing device.

Measure the moisture content using the following general procedure.

1. Ensure that the vessel is empty and clean.

2. Prepare and weigh the material sample using the electronic balance.

3. Place the sample in the vessel.

4. Add the reagent (calcium carbide) to the material and seal the vessel.

5. Shake the device to mix the reagent with the sample according to the instructions.

6. Read the moisture content from the gauge.

7. Record the results.

8. Release the pressure and dispose of both sample and reagent according to the SDS.

9. Clean the vessel thoroughly after use.

Speedy Moisture Tester

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7.4 Soil ShrinkageSome soils will change volume depending on their moisture content, swelling when wet or shrinking as they dry. This can cause pavements to sink or heave up, resulting in cracked or uneven surfaces.

• The problem is usually associated with fine-grainedclaysoilsandoccursintheupper layers of soil.

• The reduction in soil moisture content is caused by:

- evaporation from the soil surface - lowering of the groundwater table - drying of the soil caused by trees

utilising all available water during dry periods.

• Soil will change appearance from shiny to dull as it dries out.

• Dry soil or other material will not compact as effectively as material that is at the right moisture level.

Performavisualcheckofthesoilorfillmaterialforvisiblesignsofcrackingorshrinkage.Laboratorytests that dry out a measured sample in an oven can be performed to measure the exact shrinkage.

8. Principles of Soil Compaction

Compaction is the process of removing the air and moisture.

• Compaction occurs naturally over time with rain and the weight of upper level soil applying pressure to the lower levels. This is a long process taking monthsorevenyearsbeforethefillisstable.

• Using mechanical compaction equipment can achieve the required results quickly.

Soil Shrinkage

Uncompacted with voids of air and moisture

Compacted with no voids and denser particles

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Effect of Compaction



8.1 Importance of CompactionCompactionisasignificantpartofthebuildingandcivilconstructionprocesstoensurestablefoundations and safe roads and bridges.

Soilorotherfillmaterialsdonotachievefullstrengthuntilalltheparticlesarejammedtightlyagainsteach other and air voids are eliminated. Compaction pushes the rock or soil particles together so that they form a mechanical interlock. The resulting friction resists movement by sliding or rolling. This ensures that the material has greater stability, especially if the material is very dense. Stability is also providedtosomeextentbythecementingactionoffinesoilparticlesdevelopedduringcompaction.

Compaction is essential to:

• increasetheload-bearingcapacity

• increasethegroundstability

• reducegroundsettlement

• reduceswellingandcontraction

• reducewaterseepage

• preventfrostdamage.

8.1.1 Poor Compacting Techniques

Incomplete compaction may result in structural damage and unnecessary repair costs.

Duringbuildingconstructionifthefillmaterialisnotcompacted tightly:

• the material settling over time may cause the building to crack or collapse.

• voidswillform,allowingwatertoinfiltrateandweakenthefill.

• the resulting damage can be dangerous and expensive.

Iffillisnotproperlycompactedinroads,theroadsurface will fail leading to:

• pot holes

• humps

• broken pavement

Depressions in sealed road surfaces are often the resultofpoorcompactionofbackfillmaterialaftera trench has been cut through the road for cable or pipe laying purposes.

Results of Poor Compaction

Basement and PoolCracks and Leaks

Pipe Leakageand Breaks

Under AbutmentsErosion Gullies

Slab Cracks

Foundation Erosion

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Utility Trench Settling

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Depression

Subsidence

PipeEffect on Uncompacted Material Used in

Pipe Installation



14.2 Storing Tools, Plant and EquipmentCorrect storage of plant and equipment increases equipment life, and is an important part of general site housekeeping. Follow site procedures and manufacturer guidelines when storing equipment in designated areas so that the small plant and equipment can be easily accessed if required.

Ensure that the equipment is stored the right-way-up and positioned according to manufacturer recommendations. Do not stow defective or damaged equipment. It is your responsibility to tag out defective equipment and notify your supervisor that the equipment requires repair or replenishment.

In general, all plant and equipment should be stored under cover in a cool, dry place. The following table contains recommended maintenance and storage information for general spreading and compaction equipment.

Item Maintenance Storage

Shovels, rakes • Check the handle for splinters and cracks

• Check that the handle is firmlyattachedtotheblade

• Lean the tools against a barrier to prevent:

- tripping hazards

- rust

Petrol/Diesel Powered Plant and Equipment (pumps, vibrators, compactors etc.)

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• Inspect the equipment for fuel, oil and coolant leaks

• Check fuel and other lines arefirmlyconnected

• Check safety guards are secure and in place

• Check vibration plate or roller for build-up of compaction material

• Replenishfluidsasnecessary

• Store all petrol/diesel equipment in an area that is:

- dry

- well-ventilated

- away from extreme heat and dust

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Terms and AcronymsThe following are terms commonly used on some sites. Space is provided over the page for you to add terms and acronyms common to your site.

Term Meaning

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

A risk management process that focuses on job tasks to identify potential hazards, assess risks and determine suitable controls to manage risks.

A JSA:

• must be completed before a high risk task commences

• is a written record that could be used in a court of law if a serious incident occurs in the workplace

• must be signed off by all parties who have responsibility for the work to be performed under the JSA.

Also called a Job Step Analysis (JSA), Job Safety and Environment Analysis (JSEA) or Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).

Permits Permits are required for certain jobs that have high risk potential. Some permits used on work sites include Hot Work Permit, Permit to Dig/Penetrate,ConfinedSpaceandWorkatHeightsPermits.

Site Procedures Site procedures are documented ways of working to achieve an acceptable level of risk. A procedure can be a Standard Work Procedure (SWP), Safe Work Instruction (SWI) or Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Procedures are a legal requirement and outline the workplace method and processes for carrying out tasks safely and in an environmentally sustainable way. Procedures are developed after consultation with workers and are monitored and amended as required. Procedures contain detailed information such as:

• a description of the task

• a list of tools and equipment required

• informationonidentifiedhazardsassociatedwiththetask

• risk controls, including training requirements

• sequentialstepstoperformthetasksafelyandefficiently

• references to applicable workplace health and safety acts, regulations and policies.

Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS)

A SWMS documents a process for identifying and controlling health and safety hazards and risks. A SWMS must be prepared for all high-risk activities and contains detailed information such as:

• the type of high risk work to be performed

• associated hazards and risks

• risk management controls to be put in place

• how the risk controls will be implemented, monitored and reviewed.



Supporting Document RegisterUse this register to note the location of important supporting documentation such as your site operating and safety procedures, work instructions, relevant standards, equipment manuals and safety alerts/bulletins.

Document Name Document Description Location/How to Access Document

P +61 7 5445 2233 F +61 7 5445 2245

E [email protected]

PostalPO Box 713

Buderim Qld 4556Australia

Office8 Ure Court

Buderim Qld 4556Australia

Copyright © 2011 Pertrain Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

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riiccm207d spread and compact materials manually

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