Ancient Rome - the Ancient Rome - the bright sample of bright sample of

the architecture of the architecture of the ancient Romansthe ancient Romans

CContents: ontents:

• 1. Theme and objective of the 1. Theme and objective of the project research work. project research work.

• 2. Contents.2. Contents.• 3. General characteristics of the 3. General characteristics of the

architecture of the ancient Rome.architecture of the ancient Rome.• 4.4 The Roman Forum – the 4.4 The Roman Forum – the

centre of Rome: centre of Rome: • 5. Via Sacra. 5. Via Sacra. • 6. The Temple of Saturn.6. The Temple of Saturn.• 7. The Temple of Vaspasìana.7. The Temple of Vaspasìana.• 8. The 8. The Arch of Septimius Arch of Septimius

SeverusSeverus..• 9. The Curia and Rostral Tribune.9. The Curia and Rostral Tribune.• 10. Assemblies, Lapis Niger and 10. Assemblies, Lapis Niger and

Golden pillar.Golden pillar.

• 11-12. The Coliseum:11-12. The Coliseum:• 11. The Flavian Amphitheatre 11. The Flavian Amphitheatre • 12. The architecture of the 12. The architecture of the

Coliseum.Coliseum.• 13. The Circus Circo Massimo.13. The Circus Circo Massimo.• 14. The Domus Aurea.14. The Domus Aurea.• 15. The Mausoleum of Adrian.15. The Mausoleum of Adrian.• 16. Summary of the project 16. Summary of the project

research work.research work.• 17. Thank you for your attention.17. Thank you for your attention.

General description of the General description of the architecture of ancient architecture of ancient

RomeRomeThe architecture of ancient Rome had made a great contribution to The architecture of ancient Rome had made a great contribution to

the world culture. In that period the Romans had mainly built the world culture. In that period the Romans had mainly built constructions practical purpose -constructions practical purpose - city walls, roads, bridges, city walls, roads, bridges, aqueducts, basilicas, storage facilities, circuses, etc. The Appian aqueducts, basilicas, storage facilities, circuses, etc. The Appian Road, built in 312 BC, the aqueduct Aqua Appia length 16 km Road, built in 312 BC, the aqueduct Aqua Appia length 16 km 617 m. are functioning to the present time.617 m. are functioning to the present time. The remains of the The remains of the Basilica of Emìlïïv had been saved tooBasilica of Emìlïïv had been saved too..

The Romans were geniuses in the organization of space. They invented The Romans were geniuses in the organization of space. They invented new design -arch. The greatest discovery and innovation, was the use new design -arch. The greatest discovery and innovation, was the use of concrete.of concrete.

The Romans were the first who begin to build "typical" cities, a prototype of The Romans were the first who begin to build "typical" cities, a prototype of which were the Roman military camps . The city center built on the which were the Roman military camps . The city center built on the crossroads of two perpendicular streets - the cardo and dekumanum. crossroads of two perpendicular streets - the cardo and dekumanum. Urban planning subordinate strictly designed scheme, we will talk about Urban planning subordinate strictly designed scheme, we will talk about it on example of the legendary city of Rome.it on example of the legendary city of Rome.

The Roman Forum – the centre The Roman Forum – the centre of Rome:of Rome:

The construction works had really begun at the The construction works had really begun at the time of dictatorship of Caesar in Rome. He had time of dictatorship of Caesar in Rome. He had reinvented urban Centre - the Roman Forum. reinvented urban Centre - the Roman Forum. That was the old square in valley between three That was the old square in valley between three houses: Platinom, Kapìtolìêm, Eskvìlìnom. It was houses: Platinom, Kapìtolìêm, Eskvìlìnom. It was the Centre of public life where people had the Centre of public life where people had traded, celebrated religious holidays, and there traded, celebrated religious holidays, and there were public authorities too. Therefore the Forum were public authorities too. Therefore the Forum appearance had changed repeatedly.appearance had changed repeatedly.

Via-Sacra - Via-Sacra - the sacred the sacred road road

From West to East the Roman From West to East the Roman Forum had been crossed the Rite Forum had been crossed the Rite road of the Roman Empire – the road of the Roman Empire – the place of triumphal processions of place of triumphal processions of Republic and Empire. The Republic and Empire. The triumphal procession began on triumphal procession began on Champ de Mars with the Champ de Mars with the exclamations of the people, across exclamations of the people, across the city to the Forum. It had been the city to the Forum. It had been ended near the State Capitol. ended near the State Capitol. Procession led by Senators and Procession led by Senators and magistrates, they’d carried the magistrates, they’d carried the military trophies. They were riding military trophies. They were riding her chariot, which was it self her chariot, which was it self victor. There were soldiers after victor. There were soldiers after chariot who took part in the battle. chariot who took part in the battle. Ended the Via Sacra near the Ended the Via Sacra near the Temple of Saturn. Temple of Saturn.

The tThe temple Of Saturnemple Of Saturn• The Saturn Temple was built in The Saturn Temple was built in

495, BC, after the victory of the 495, BC, after the victory of the Romans over the Etruscan Kings Romans over the Etruscan Kings of Tarquinia. It was burn several of Tarquinia. It was burn several times. So, in 42 year BC, it was times. So, in 42 year BC, it was again rebuilt after burning in the again rebuilt after burning in the time of the reign of Karina.time of the reign of Karina.

• The temple was a Treasury house The temple was a Treasury house in Republic. Near the temple on in Republic. Near the temple on December 17, were held the December 17, were held the annual feast of Saturnalia. There annual feast of Saturnalia. There was the difference between the was the difference between the master and slave master and slave disappeared.disappeared.

• Only a few columns of the temple Only a few columns of the temple were preserved to present time. were preserved to present time.

The tThe temple of Vespasianemple of Vespasian• Construction began, by the Construction began, by the

decision of the Senate after decision of the Senate after the death of the Emperor the death of the Emperor Vespasian in 79, and ended Vespasian in 79, and ended with Emperor Domitian. It was with Emperor Domitian. It was dedicated to Flavìâm: dedicated to Flavìâm: Vespasìanu and his son Tìtu. Vespasìanu and his son Tìtu. There was the podium on There was the podium on which stood two divine which stood two divine emperors inside the temple.emperors inside the temple.

• There were only three columns There were only three columns of Corinthian kapiteliya of Corinthian kapiteliya remained . remained .

The The Arch of Septimius Arch of Septimius SeverusSeverus

• The Arch of Septimius Severus The Arch of Septimius Severus was built in 203, in honour of was built in 203, in honour of the Emperor and his sons the Emperor and his sons Caracalla and Geta. They Caracalla and Geta. They were successful conquerors were successful conquerors and fought with Arabs and and fought with Arabs and Assyrians. The height of the Assyrians. The height of the building was 20.9 m, width 23, building was 20.9 m, width 23, 3 m, and it was built of bricks 3 m, and it was built of bricks and travertina. and travertina.

• There was a large building of There was a large building of the Curia near about.the Curia near about.

The The Curia and Rostralnat Curia and Rostralnat TribuneTribune

• The Curia was the The Curia was the meeting-place of the meeting-place of the Senate. It was built by Senate. It was built by ordinance Tullius Ostia. ordinance Tullius Ostia. In the Middle Ages it was In the Middle Ages it was processed into the processed into the church, but Mussolini church, but Mussolini restored antique bas-restored antique bas-reliefs. There was the reliefs. There was the Rostral Rostrum. It was Rostral Rostrum. It was named after decoration named after decoration with noses of enemy with noses of enemy ships (Rostra), captured ships (Rostra), captured by the Romans in 338 by the Romans in 338 BC.BC.

AAssemblies, ssemblies, LLapis Niger, apis Niger, GGold pillarold pillar

• The Roman assemblies were The Roman assemblies were located before the Curia and - located before the Curia and - a place of meeting of the a place of meeting of the people representatives for the people representatives for the election of judges.election of judges.

• There was black tomb stone There was black tomb stone Lapis Niger - where Lapis Niger - where accordingly to the legend, accordingly to the legend, Romulus was killed. The Gold Romulus was killed. The Gold pillar was near the stone and pillar was near the stone and the object of the count of the object of the count of reference distances reference distances between between important settlements of the important settlements of the Empire and provincial centers.Empire and provincial centers.

The The Flavian Flavian AmphitheaterAmphitheater

• Another prominent representative Another prominent representative of Roman architecture is the of Roman architecture is the Flavian Amphitheater. In 98, Flavian Amphitheater. In 98, Emperor Nero died and was Emperor Nero died and was replaced by Vespasian of Flavian replaced by Vespasian of Flavian dynasty. He’d destroyed the old dynasty. He’d destroyed the old palace of Nero, and had laid the palace of Nero, and had laid the foundationfoundation of a large arena, called of a large arena, called now - the Coliseum. now - the Coliseum.

• But the first name of it But the first name of it was ,,Flavian Amphitheatre”. It was ,,Flavian Amphitheatre”. It was built during eight years. The was built during eight years. The Vespasian had built it to show the Vespasian had built it to show the residents of Rome, that he cared residents of Rome, that he cared about their own people.about their own people.

The The Architecture Architecture ColiseumColiseum

• The Coliseum was built in the shape of an oval . Outside The Coliseum was built in the shape of an oval . Outside it was decorated with marble and beautiful statue on its it was decorated with marble and beautiful statue on its perimeter. From the top to the bottom there were 80 perimeter. From the top to the bottom there were 80 rows, where the audience sat. They had 64 inputs that rows, where the audience sat. They had 64 inputs that were from different parties. There were places for the were from different parties. There were places for the nobles of Rome and, of course , the throne of the nobles of Rome and, of course , the throne of the emperor. emperor.

• On each tiers there were three columns made in different On each tiers there were three columns made in different styles. Statues which were made by the best Roman styles. Statues which were made by the best Roman sculptures were installed on the second and third tiers . sculptures were installed on the second and third tiers .

• Arena’s floor was made by wood and it was usually Arena’s floor was made by wood and it was usually sprinkled with sand. But sometimes the arena had sprinkled with sand. But sometimes the arena had flooded with the help of locks and canals of Nero to flooded with the help of locks and canals of Nero to arrange a real sea battles.arrange a real sea battles.

The The Circus Circo Circus Circo MassimoMassimo

• Between the Palatine hill and Between the Palatine hill and Aventyne was the Circus Circo Aventyne was the Circus Circo Massimo or the Circus Grand. It Massimo or the Circus Grand. It occurred near 4 BC. It was round occurred near 4 BC. It was round

or oval surroundedor oval surrounded at first at first wooden, later stone staircase .wooden, later stone staircase .

• Caesar arranged on the arena Caesar arranged on the arena great celebration. And Augustus great celebration. And Augustus built imperators lodge on the built imperators lodge on the slopes. For the safety of slopes. For the safety of spectators around the arena had spectators around the arena had been dug a defensive ditch, put been dug a defensive ditch, put the wall. Besides, on the wall had the wall. Besides, on the wall had been fixed pipe freely spinningbeen fixed pipe freely spinning under legs of animals, not letting under legs of animals, not letting them get to the arena.them get to the arena.

The The Domus AureDomus Aure• This palace complex was built This palace complex was built

by the Emperor Nero in 64 BC. by the Emperor Nero in 64 BC. Its total area was near 40-120 Its total area was near 40-120 acres. It had its own palace. acres. It had its own palace. The living room had such The living room had such height that there was a height that there was a colossal statue of the emperor colossal statue of the emperor height of 36 m. There was a height of 36 m. There was a pond , like the sea, in the pond , like the sea, in the middle, and surrounded by middle, and surrounded by buildings, small fields, buildings, small fields, pastures, forests. In the pastures, forests. In the chambers ceiling were made chambers ceiling were made from plates that were returned from plates that were returned to sprinkle flowers.      This to sprinkle flowers.      This palace had been destroyed palace had been destroyed and on its place had been and on its place had been built the Colosseum . built the Colosseum .

The MThe Mausoleum of ausoleum of AAdriandrian

• The mausoleum was built The mausoleum was built in 130 BC. It was the in 130 BC. It was the tomb.tomb. On 271 was On 271 was redesigned Adriano lock. redesigned Adriano lock. The building is based on The building is based on the square length of 89 the square length of 89 km and a height of 15 m. km and a height of 15 m. On this basis, the drum On this basis, the drum set up 21 m, the center of set up 21 m, the center of which was a room with a which was a room with a bucket of pores bucket of pores emperors.emperors.

So summarize. The main So summarize. The main types of buildings in the types of buildings in the

Roman Empire:Roman Empire:• - Forum;- Forum;• - Arc de Triomphe;- Arc de Triomphe;• - Roman Theatre;- Roman Theatre;• - Amphitheatre;- Amphitheatre;• - Circus;- Circus;• - Terms; - Terms; • - Churches;- Churches;• - Residential buildings, villas and palaces.- Residential buildings, villas and palaces.

Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention

Presentation made by the pupils of the 8Presentation made by the pupils of the 8thth form: Partyka V, Shchypel M, Sendak A.form: Partyka V, Shchypel M, Sendak A.