Rinderpest

Cattle PlagueRPV

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OverviewOverview

• Organism• Economic Impact• Epidemiology• Transmission• Clinical Signs• Diagnosis and Treatment• Prevention and Control • Actions to take

The Organism

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The OrganismThe Organism

• Family Paramyxoviridae• Genus Morbillivirus• Other members of the family include

−Peste des Petits Ruminants virus−Measles virus−Canine distemper virus −Phocid distemper virus

of sea mammals• Relatively fragile virus

Importance

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HistoryHistory• 1184 BC:

− The siege of Troy− War and movement of armies

• 1762:− First veterinary school established in France

in response to Rinderpest • 1885:

− “Great African Pandemic”• 1960’s:

− Eradicated from most of Europe, China, Russia and Far East

• 1992: − Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP)

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Economic ImpactEconomic Impact

• Destroys entire populations of cattle• Leads to famine in cattle-dependent

areas• 1982-1984 outbreak: $500 million• $100 million

spent annually on vaccination

Epidemiology

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

Species AffectedSpecies Affected

• Mainly a disease of cattle and domestic buffalo, including water buffalo

• Most wild and domestic cloven-footed animals can become infected−Zebu, sheep and goats, pigs, and wild

ungulates in contact with cattle

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Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution

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Morbidity/ MortalityMorbidity/ Mortality

• Naive populations mortality may reach 100%

• Endemic areas−Susceptible stock are

immature or young adults

Transmission

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Animal TransmissionAnimal Transmission

• Direct contact −Nasal/ocular secretions−Feces, urine, saliva, and blood

• Contaminated food or water• Indirect contact

−Fomites

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Animal TransmissionAnimal Transmission

• Aerosol transmission only very short distances

• Most infectious period: 1-2 days before clinical signs and 8-9 days after onset of clinical signs

• Vector transmission unknown• No chronic carrier state• Wildlife not a reservoir

Animals and Rinderpest

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Clinical SignsClinical Signs

• Incubation period−3-15 days, usually 4-5 days

• Four forms of disease−Classic, Peracute, Subacute, Atypical

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Clinical SignsClinical Signs

• Classic form−Fever, depression, anorexia−Constipation followed by hemorrhagic

diarrhea−Serous to mucopurulent nasal/ocular

discharge−Necrosis and erosion

of the oral mucosa −Enlarged lymph nodes−Death in 6-12 days

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Clinical SignsClinical Signs

• Peracute−Young animals, high fever with

congested mucous membranes, death in 2-3 days

• Subacute−Mild clinical signs with low mortality

• Atypical− Irregular fever, mild or no diarrhea− Immunosuppression leading to

secondary infections

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions

• Esophagus−Brown and necrotic foci

• Omasum−Rare erosions and hemorrhage

• Small intestine, abomasum, cecum and colon−Necrosis, edema and

congestion−“Tiger striping”

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions

• Lymph nodes−Swollen and edematous

• Gall Bladder−Hemorrhagic mucosa

• Lungs−Emphysema, congestion and

areas of pneumonia

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Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis• Bovine viral diarrhea• Malignant catarrhal fever• Foot and mouth disease• Bluetongue• Salmonellosis• Paratuberculosis• Peste des petits

ruminants

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SamplingSampling

• Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted

• Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• Clinical−Rapidly spreading acute febrile illness in

all ages of animals−Accompanying clinical signs consistent

with RPV • Laboratory Tests

− Isolation and confirmation of virus

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• Samples to Collect−Live animals

Viremia drops when fever falls and diarrhea begins

Blood sample Swabs of lacrimal fluid Necrotic tissue of oral cavity Aspirations of superficial lymph nodes

−Dead animals Spleen, lymph node, tonsil

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

Treatment Treatment

• No known treatment• Diagnosis usually means slaughter of

effected animals• Supportive care with antibiotics in

rare cases of valuable animals• Preventative measures are key

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004

Public Health SignificancePublic Health Significance

• Rinderpest virus does not cause disease in humans

Prevention and Control

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Recommended ActionsRecommended Actions

• Notification of Authorities−Federal:

Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/area_offices.htm

−State veterinarian www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/official.htm

• Quarantine

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DisinfectionDisinfection

• Chemical−Glycerol and lipid solvents

• Natural −pH 2 and 12

For at least 10 minutes Optimal survival for the virus is at pH 6.5-7

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VaccinationVaccination

• Most commonly used vaccines−Cell-culture-adapted

• Colostral immunity interferes with vaccination−Vaccinate calves annually for 3 years

• Heat stability of vaccine an issue

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PreventionPrevention

• Endemic areas−Vaccinate national herd according to

recommendations• High-risk countries

−Vaccination of susceptible animals• Rinderpest free countries

− Import restrictions on susceptible animals and uncook meat products from infected countries

Additional Resources

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Internet ResourcesInternet Resources

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) website−www.oie.int

• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases – “The Gray Book”−www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book

• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations−www.fao.org

Acknowledgments

Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.

Authors:

Co-authors:

Reviewer:

Jamie Snow, DVM, MPHKatie Steneroden, DVM

Anna Rovid Spicker, DVM, PhDKristina August, DVMRadford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM

Bindy Comito Sornsin, BA

Acknowledgments