rinosino kuliah may 08
DESCRIPTION
rinosinusitisTRANSCRIPT
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RhinologyRhinology
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Anatomy of the Nose
The nose consist : stabel comprises : the
nasal bone & the bony cartilageneos septum with the triangular cart.(upperlat cart.)
mobile frame work consists : alar cartilage with med & lat.crus(lower lat.cart.)
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Os nasale
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Fig. 147 Nasal skeleton; ventral view.
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Fig. 149 Nasal skeleton; lateral view.
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Fig. 148 Nasal cartilages, Cartilagines nasi; inferior view.
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Fig. 151 Arteries and nerves of the nasal septum, Septum nasi; paramedian section; most of the mucous membrane has been removed; lateral view (right). Note: in old age the pharyngeal tonsil is much smaller and often difficult to identify.
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Septum of the Nose
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Fisiology of nasalAir way
olfaction
Air conditioning
Protection
Resonantion
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Pathology of the nose
congenital
Trauma
Corpus alienum
Degeneration
inflamation
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Choanal atresia
Rare Failure of canalization of the
bucconasal membran Natural commnc.nose –pharynx Blocked : unilat –bilat Bony or membranous
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Clinical features
Bilateral----at birth-----severe resp.difficulty( neonatus obligate nasal breathers)
unilateral-----present later Symptoms:of complet unilat blockage
& mucoid discharge Dx:soft catheter & ct.scan Tx :bilat----emergency(ET) ----surgery
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dullTrauma sharp
organic
Corpus alienum an organic
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Corpus alienum=foreign bodies
Young children /psychiatric cases
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Symptom & Sign
1.nasal obstruction
2.Rinorhe3.hypoosmia
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Symptom & Sign
Nasal obstruction anterior rhinoscopy
Choncha hipertr septal deviation Mass not clear
endoscopy
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Olfactory disorder
Quantitatif: anosmia
decrease
hyposmia
increase hyperosmia
change parosmia
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Qualitatif
* local cause
peripher * area olfactory
* undefferentiated
There are
* illution/halusination
central * ab n. sense
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External nose Infection
cellulitis
Loc.dorsum nasi.tipsympt:inflam.sign +
causa:staplc,streptoc.T/ Ab
Loc: sebsseus/hair folc. Subcutaneus tissue
T/analgetic & AB topical & sistemic, Insition
Vestibulitis/ furunculosis
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Acut Infection Rhinitis
C,Cold,.acut CoryzaRhinitis simplex,,
Causa : virus rhino,coxacki,adenoInkub :1-3days
2 stad.:related to immun syst.
>> young child.
R. Influenza
Causa :virus Infl :A,B,C.complication
spesific nicrosis epitth.>>secondary bacter
Ial infectionNose symptom :+/-
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management
Should be isolated(highly contagious) Tx /symptomatic Self limiting Steam inhalation/topical nasal
decongestans Anti pyretic to control pyrexia &
musc.pain Anti biotic if secunder infection
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Complication of acut coryza
Secretory otitis media A.O.M/ O.M.A Cervical lympadenopati
Acut sinusitis nasopharyngitis pnemonia. laringitis
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Erysiphelas
Symptom : febris,
rubor,color,tumor and dolor
spesific sign: butterfly shape
Incub. : until-2days
Micro orgsm : Streptococcus
Th/ : AB until 8days after symp.less
Prognosis : ad bonam
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Chronic Rhinitis
Non spesifik
HypertropiCause : recc.infection
Symp. : nasal obstruct. , Anosmia
Rh py anterior:konka inferior&media >> irreg
Th/ operatif
Atropi =ozaenaCausa : klebsiela OzaenaTeory :hormonal <<,gizi ,
auto imun,women >>,tanaage>> Early Stad, chronic inflam.
Last Stad. :nicrosis&atropspesfc:yellow –green crusta
sympt :obstrut,hiposmi,foetorTh/ konservatif ,surgical
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Spesific Chronic Rhinitis
I.Rhinitis Tuberculosa:• Rare, • Lesi or nodule/ulseration on: septum, choncha media dan inferior • Primer a sekunder • Symptom :pain,obstruction, secret ++ mucopurulent• Physical exam.: red nodule w/w.out ulseration• Dx.:swab (biopsi • Th/ Anti TB & Nose toilet
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II. Rhinitis luetika (siphylis)
Causa: :triponema Pallidum
Primer :lesion on vestibulum & external nose, papula with ulceration hard & no pain
(3-4weeks after contact) , spontan dissapear(6-10 mgg,serology test + /- )
Sekunder :>> 10 weeks >> infecsius ( like simplex Rhinitis )
serologi test +++
Tertier : spesific Gumma destruction of bone & cartilage ------ sadle noseTh/ PPO
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III .Rhinitis Leprae
Granulomatosa spesifik Causa mycobacterium leprae
There are 3 type : 1.Tuberkuloid type : anast lesion.,macula hypo/hyperpigm.
2 .Lepromatosa type :infilt. difus on skin,mucosa & neural 3.border line type
Incubation : until 10 years Dx/ clinis ,laboratoric, histopatology
Th/ anti lepra : Diapsone,rifampicin
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Rhinitis non Allergy
there are diseases ----many causes List the causes : parmacology
abn structur
irritation
hormonal
substance abbuse
emotions
idiopathic etc
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Rhinitis medicamentosa
Drug induce rhinitis Caused : by rebound nasal congestion Asscosiated.prolonged use topical decongestan. Induce vasoconst.-----ischemic---by time-----
metab.accumulation of vasodelat.---respb—rebound vasodelatation.-----vasc.atony
Become irreversible Tx/stopped topc.deconges. Nacl spray
&syst.decong.topical steroid
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Occupational rhinitis
2 type : a. Irritants b. Dust,chemical,formaldehyde,air
pollution(smoked.sulfurdioxide) Can cause nasal congestion&rinorrhea
(dirrect irrit. Effect on mucosa---toxic damage to mucosa)
The symptom not relieve with short rest or cessation of work
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Hormonal Rhinitis
Pregnancy Menstruation Oral contraceptive Estrogen level associated----inhibit
acetylcholinesterase----R+para sympatetic vasc.tone & tissue edem
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Vasomotor rhinitis
Idiophtic nasal congestion &rinorrhea Not associated with sneezing,itching Dx/after other causes are ruled out Disorder ---autonomic imbalance---
parsympathetic predominace----vasodelation &hyperesponsive glands
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Treatment 0f NAR
In general----direct to spesific cause Symptomatic ----steroid,sympt.agent
(topical & systemic) Anticholenergic Surgery if needed(mechanical
obstruction
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infection
trauma
Vaskuler ab N
Degenerasi/systemic
Epistaxis
congenital
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Epistaxsis
Anterior associated with plex. Kiesellbachs
Eassy to stopped often: in children freq.trauma or dryng
Th/ tampon anterior
Posterior
Much more freq.in adult older , male >>systemic and tumor >>>
: a. Sphenopalatina ,
a.ethmoid posteriorTh. Medica mentosa
Tampon Balloque
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TAMPON POSTERIOR
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Penatalaksanaan
Tiga prinsip utama penanggulangan epistaksis : 1. Menghentikan perdarahan 2. Mencegah komplikasi 3. Mencegah berulangnya epistaksis Alat-alat yang digunakan : lampu kepala, spekulum hidung,
alat hisap, forseps bayonet, spatel lidah, kateter karet, pelilit kapas (cotton applicator), lampu spiritus, kapas, tampon posterior (tampon Bellocq), vaselin, salep antibiotik, larutan pantokain 2% atau semprotan silokain untuk anestesi lokal, larutan adrenalin 1/10.000, larutan nitras argenti 20-30 %, larutan triklorasetat 10 %, atau elektrokauter.
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Periksa keadaan umum dan tanda vital. Anamnesis singkat sambil mempersiapkan alat.
Menghentikan perdarahan secara aktif :
- pemasangan tampon
- kaustik Pasien diminta duduk tegak (agar tekanan vaskuler berkurang dan mudah
membatukkan darah di faring). Bila dalam keadaan lemah atau syok, pasien dibaringkan dengan bantal di
belakang punggung. Sumber perdarahan dicari dengan bantuan alat hisap agar hidung bersih dari
bekuan darah. Kemudian pasang tampon anterior yang telah dibasahi dengan adrenalin dan lidokain atau pantokain untuk menghentikan perdarahan dan mengurangi rasa nyeri untuk tindakan selanjutnya. Biarkan 3-5 menit dan tentukan apakah sumber perdarahan di bagian anterior atau posterior.
Pada anak yang sering mengalami epistaksis ringan, perdarahan dihentikan dengan cara menekan kedua cuping hidung ke arah septum selama beberapa menit.
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Perdarahan Anterior
Jika terlihat, sumber perdarahan dikaustik dengan larutan nitras argenti 20-30 % (atau asam triklorasetat 10 %) atau elektrokauter. Sebelumnya digunakan analgesik topikal.
Bila dengan cara ini perdarahan masih terus berlangsung maka diperlukan pemasangan tampon anterior, yaitu kapas atau kasa menyerupai pita dengan lebar kira-kira 0,5 cm yang diberi vaselin atau salep antibiotik agar tidak melekat sehingga tidak terjadi perdarahan ulang saat pencabutan. Tampon anterior dimasukkan melalui nares anterior, diletakkan berlapis mulai dari dasar sampai puncak rongga hidung dan harus menekan tempat asal perdarahan. Tampon dipertahankan 1-2 hari.
Jika tidak ada penyakit yang mendasarinya, pasien diperbolehkan rawat jalan dan diminta lebih banyak duduk serta mengangkat kepalanya sedikit pada malam hari. Pasien lanjut usia harus dirawat.
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Perdarahan Posterior
Terjadi bila sebagian besar darah yang keluar masuk ke dalam faring, tampon anterior tidak dapat menghentikan perdarahan, dan pada pemeriksaan hidung tampak perdarahan di posterior superior.
Perdarahan posterior lebih sukar diatasi karena perdarahan biasanya hebat dan sukar melihat bagian posterior dari kavum nasi.
Dilakukan pemasangan tampon posterior (tampon Bellocq), yaitu tampon yang mempunyai 3 utas benang, 1 utas di tiap ujung dan 1 utas di tengah. Tampon harus dapat menutup koana (nares posterior). Tampon dibuat dari kasa padat berbentuk bulat atau kubus dengan diameter sekitar 3 cm.
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Cara memasang tampon Bellocq :
kateter karet → nares anterior → orofaring → ditarik keluar melalui mulut → ujung kateter diikat pada salah satu benang yang ada pada salah satu ujung tampon → ditarik melalui hidung sampai benang keluar dari nares anterior → ditarik dan dengan bantuan jari telunjuk tampon tersebut didorong ke arah nasofaring → benang yang keluar dari nares anterior diikat pada sebuah gulungan kasa di depan lubang hidung → ujung benang yang keluar dari mulut, dilekatkan pada pipi. Benang tersebut berguna bila hendak mengeluarkan tampon. Jika dianggap perlu, dapat pula dipasang tampon anterior.
Pasien dengan tampon posterior : - Harus dirawat - Ditampon selama 2-3 hari - Diberikan analgesik atau sedatif yang tidak menyebabkan depresi pernapasan.
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Sinus Paranasal
4 SINUS PARA NASAL 1. Sinus Frontal 2. Sinus Sphenoid3. Sinus Ethmoid4. Sinus Maksila
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Fungsi sinus Air conditioning Keseimbangan kepala Menjaga suhu Resonansi
Fungsi normal sinus tergantung pd ventilasi & drainase yg baik
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Anatomi Sinus
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Sinus Maksila Terbesar, piramid Basis : dinding lateral rgg hidung Apek : proc Zygomatikus
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Sinus Maksila
Batas2 : Anterior : permk fasial sinus maksila Posterior : fosa infra temporal &
Pterigomaksila Medial : dinding lateral hidung Superior : dasar orbita Inferior : proc alveolaris & palatum
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Sinus maksila Anatomi klinik
Dasar sinus dekat dengan
gigi PM 1 & 2 Batas superior dekat mata Osteum sinus lebih tinggi
dari dasarnya Diameter ostium 1-3mm
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Sinus maksila Terbentuk sejak lahir Pada anak : dasar sama / > tinggi dari
dasar rongga hidung Ukuran Sinus
Lahir : 7-8 x 4-6 mm
Dewasa : Medio lateral : 3-5 cm Antero posterior : 2-5 cm
Volume : 15-30 mL
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Sinus maksila
Histologi & fisiologi :
Mukosa : . lanjutan cavum nasi ( > tipis )
. epitel kolumner pseudo-
komplek bersilia
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Sinus frontal
Sempurna usia > 8 tahun
Batas dengan orbita tipis
Muara di meatus medius
( bersama dg sinus maksila & sinus ethmoid )
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Sinus Paranasal
4 SINUS PARA NASAL 1. Sinus Frontal 2. Sinus Sphenoid3. Sinus Ethmoid4. Sinus Maksila
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Fungsi sinus Air conditioning Keseimbangan kepala Menjaga suhu Resonansi
Fungsi normal sinus tergantung pd ventilasi & drainase yg baik
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Anatomi Sinus
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Sinus Maksila Terbesar, piramid Basis : dinding lateral rgg hidung Apek : proc Zygomatikus
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Sinus Maksila
Batas2 : Anterior : permk fasial sinus maksila Posterior : fosa infra temporal &
Pterigomaksila Medial : dinding lateral hidung Superior : dasar orbita Inferior : proc alveolaris & palatum
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Sinus Ethmoid
3-16 Sel-sel ( sarang lebah )
volume total 3 ml Letak : bula ethmoid, diantara
konka media & ddng medial orbita
Jumlah : 2 kelompok S. Ethmoid anterior muara
meatus media S. Ethmoid posterior muara
meatus superior
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Sinus Maksila
Batas2 : Anterior : permk fasial sinus maksila Posterior : fosa infra temporal &
Pterigomaksila Medial : dinding lateral hidung Superior : dasar orbita Inferior : proc alveolaris & palatum
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Sinus maksila Anatomi klinik
Dasar sinus dekat dengan
gigi PM 1 & 2 Batas superior dekat mata Osteum sinus lebih tinggi
dari dasarnya Diameter ostium 1-3mm
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Sinus maksila Terbentuk sejak lahir Pada anak : dasar sama / > tinggi dari
dasar rongga hidung Ukuran Sinus
Lahir : 7-8 x 4-6 mm
Dewasa : Medio lateral : 3-5 cm Antero posterior : 2-5 cm
Volume : 15-30 mL
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Sinus maksila
Histologi & fisiologi :
Mukosa : . lanjutan cavum nasi ( > tipis )
. epitel kolumner pseudo-
komplek bersilia
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Sinus frontal
Sempurna usia > 8 tahun
Batas dengan orbita tipis
Muara di meatus medius
( bersama dg sinus maksila & sinus ethmoid )
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Sinus Paranasal
4 SINUS PARA NASAL 1. Sinus Frontal 2. Sinus Sphenoid3. Sinus Ethmoid4. Sinus Maksila
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Fungsi sinus Air conditioning Keseimbangan kepala Menjaga suhu Resonansi
Fungsi normal sinus tergantung pd ventilasi & drainase yg baik
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Anatomi Sinus
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Sinus Maksila Terbesar, piramid Basis : dinding lateral rgg hidung Apek : proc Zygomatikus
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Sinus Maksila
Batas2 : Anterior : permk fasial sinus maksila Posterior : fosa infra temporal &
Pterigomaksila Medial : dinding lateral hidung Superior : dasar orbita Inferior : proc alveolaris & palatum
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Sinus Ethmoid
3-16 Sel-sel ( sarang lebah )
volume total 3 ml Letak : bula ethmoid, diantara
konka media & ddng medial orbita
Jumlah : 2 kelompok S. Ethmoid anterior muara
meatus media S. Ethmoid posterior muara
meatus superior
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Sinus Ethmoid
Batas – batasnya Lateral : Lamina papirasea ( mata) Superior : Lamina kribosa Posterior : Sinus sphenoid
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Sinus Sphenoid Letak : di dalam os sphenoid Batas – batas :
Superior : fosa cerebri media Inferior : atap nasofaring Lateral : sinus cavernosus &
a. carotis interna Posterior : Pons / fosa cerebri
posterior
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Komplek ostiomeatal
Celah sempit yg merupakan unit drainase fungsional ta : bula ethmoid, prosesus uncinatus, infundibulum ethmoid, hiatus semilunaris, ostium sinus maksila, resesus frontalis
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Osteo-meatal Complex
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The ostiomeatal complex
Collection term : Uncinate P(UP) Ethmoid Bulla(EB) Infundibulum Hiatus
semilunaris (HS) Frontal recess Ost. Sin maxilla
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SINUSITIS
Inflamasi pada mukoperiost satu atau lebih
sinus paranasal baik karena infeksi dan
non infeksi dg gejala :
* hidung buntu,
* nyeri fasial dan ingus kental /purulen.
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American Academy of Otolaryngology –Head and Neck American Academy of Otolaryngology –Head and Neck Surgery ( 1996 ) : Sinusitis Surgery ( 1996 ) : Sinusitis Rinosinusitis Rinosinusitis
SINUSITIS
Alasan : • Mukosa hidung & sinus secara embriologis berhub• Pend sinusitis juga rinitis ( jarang yang tidak) • Gjl pilek, hidung buntu, hiposmia ada pd keduanya• CT pend C Cold inflamasi mukosa hdng & sinus• Kasus sinusitis lanjutan dari sinusitis
konsep “ one air one disease “
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Morbiditas tinggi AS : 30 juta penderita ( 1989 ) 90 % ke pelayanan primer Indonesia :
data epidemiologik : ( - ) dx dasar konfirmasi : x – foto therapi tidak adekuat kronik
SINUSITIS
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Pengetahuan Patogenesis
Ketrampilan diagnosis sinusitis Pemberian terapi tepat dan adekuat Menurunkan :
Morbiditas Angka absen Lama sakit Biaya pengobatan
penting untuk :
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PATOGENESIS Dengan C.T. :
- Struktur sinus
- Kompleks ostiomeatal
Sinusitis disertai kelainan
kompleks ostiomeatal Sinus sehat : bakteri aerob dan
anaerob dlm sinus
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PATOGENESIS
- Kelainan/ obstruksi komplek ostiomeatal
- Bakteri dalam rongga sinus
- Adanya faktor predisposisi
SIKLUS SINUSITIS
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Faktor predisposisi
• Berbagai kondisi -------- obstruksi sinus : infeksi & alergi
• Variasi anatomis : septum deviasi, konka bulosa, Kurvatura paradoksal konka media
• Gangguan klirens mukosilia : sindrom diskinesia ( Kartegener, silia imotil ), fibrosis kistik.
•Imunosupresi atau imun defisiensi
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SIKLUS SINUSITIS
Sekret kental
Perubahan met. gas mukosa
Silia & epitel rusak
Perbhn lingk. baik utk pertumb bakteri di rgg tertutup
Sekret yg tertimbun inflamasi jaringan
Infeksi bakteri dalam rongga sinus
Penebalan mukosa sumbatan lebih lanjut
Ostium tertutup
Kongesti mukosa / obstruksi anatomik hentikan aliran udara
dan drainase
Sekret terbendung
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Etiologi / penyebab sinusitis
• Virus : Corona virus, Rhinovrus, Influenza A, RSV • Bakteria aerob: Streptokokus pnemoni, H influenzae, Moraxella catarhalis, Streptokokus pyogenes, Staphylokokus aureus • Bakteri anaerob
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Diagnosis Sinusitis Anamnesis
Sering dianggap pilek biasa yg tak
sembuh2 Ingus kental Suara kadang sengau / nasolalia klausa Sakit kepala, sesuai lokasi sinus yang sakit Batuk, terutama pada anak Foetor ex nasi
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Pemeriksaan fisik Nyeri ketok daerah pipi / dahi (akut,sub akut) Rinoskopi anterior :
* mukosa hidung edem, hiperemi
* sekret mukopurulen kental
* warna kuning-kehijauan di kavum nasi dan
meatus medius Pemeriksaan faring :
Drainase post nasal
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Sinus Headache
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Konfirmasi diagnosis
X – foto sinus para nasal Pungsi sinus CT – Scan
Cairan dalam sinus
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Kriteria Saphiro & Rachelefsky 1992
• Rhinorhe purulen
• Drainase post nasal
• Batuk
Mayor
• demam
• nyeri kepala dan sinus
• foetor
Minor
Sinusitis : 2 mayor
1 mayor + 2 / lebih minor
Diagnosis Klinik sinusitis :
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Task Forse AAOA dan ARS ( 1997)
Gejala mayor : Sakit pada muka ( pipi, dahi,
hidung) Buntu hidung Ingus purulen Gangguan penciuman pem hidung : ingus purulen
Gejala minor :Batuk, demam ( yang akut )Nyeri kepalaNyeri gerahamHalitosisTenggorok berlendir
Dua gejala mayor atau lebih, atau
Satu gejala mayor disertai 2 gejala minor
SINUSITIS ?
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PENGOBATAN
Sinusitis Akut Antibiotika spektrum luas
Dosis cukup, 10-21 hari Dekongestan hidung ( topikal/ sistemik ) Mukolitik
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PENGOBATAN
Sinusitis Kronik
- Antibiotika sesuai hasil kultur
- Dekongestan hidung
- Mukolitik minimal 10-14 hari
tak terkontrol ?
* Irigasi sinus (maks 5x) tak sembuh ?
* FESS
* Operasi Cald-Well-Luc (CWL)
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.Thanks