rise of modern japan
TRANSCRIPT
The Rise of Modern Japan
Partners
Japanese Comic Books Comic books are most popular in Japan Comics were invented in the U.S.
1987 survey said only 15% of American high school students read comics vs. 69% of Japanese
In Japan, most successful comic strip artists are as famous as actors or musicians
Respected art form, read by adults and children Often hundreds of pages and explore many genres
Comedy, drama, science fiction, and nonfiction Political parties publish comic books Stock market investing tips through comic books
Rise of Modern Japan You don’t have to take notes!!! Instead, you are going to create a comic
strip of key historical ideas. Here is an example...
Barefoot Gen: A Cartoon of Hiroshima
2.2A: Key Ideas for Creating a Comic Strip on the Rise of Modern Japan
Highlight the key ideas you want to use for a comic strip
Here is an example of a completed comic strip about Feudal Japan…
Creating Comic Strips Be creative, but do not change facts Include important elements We will examine a picture as a class I will give you information
I will give you 5-10 minutes to brainstorm with your partner a comic strip
Sketch a rough draft Complete the comic strip later (once we have been
through all the events)
Feudal Japan: Divinity of Japanese Emperor
Emperor Jimmu was founder of Imperial State in 660 B. C. Relative of Amaterasu the Sun Goddess As descendant of Sun Goddess, Emperor
embodies religion and government
Feudal Japan: Dual Government 1192: Emperor appoints a powerful Shogun after
years of wars with neighbors “barbarian conquering general” Shogun sets up “Tent Government”
Emperor ruled in theory Actual authority in Shogunate
Similar to Kings in Europe Shogun did not have absolute power Shared political power with lesser lords (shogu) Japan’s warrior class, Samurai, expected to be strong and
virtuous Similar to knights in Europe
Feudal Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate Established in 1600 Expelled Christian missionaries Closed borders to foreigners 250 years of isolation from west
Japanese business grew without foreign competition Japanese culture flourished in isolation
Kabuki theater Bunraku (puppet theater) Haiku
Feudal Japan: Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate 1800s Shogunate showing signs of decline Increasing debt with no attempt to finance Increasing tension between traditional warrior class, samurai,
and new wealthy merchant class Samurai = 7% of population
Dedicated to moral life and selfless service Shameful to open business or consider own financial benefit
Financial Crisis 1800’s impacted Samurai New “dishonoarable” merchant class grew wealthy and powerful Old “high status” samurai class became poor
Feudal Japan: Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate
Opening of Japan Matthew C. Perry forced shogun to agree to
international trade Ended 250 years of economic and cultural
seclusion Revealed Shogun was poised for a larger fall
Feudal Japan: Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate 1858: Shogun dies without an heir
Chaos and turbulence 1860: Shogun, Ii Naosuke,
Assassinated by disgruntled samurai “Revere Emperor” and “ expel the barbarians”
1866: outnumbered army from Choshu province defeated Shogun’s army Showed inferiority of national government
2 years later local army forces from several provinces seized imperial palace and overthrew Shogunate Proclaimed the restoration of the Japanese Emperor to power Ended 700 years of Shogunate domination
The Meiji Restoration Rebel Samurai who overthrew Tokugawa
Shoganate in 1868 “restored” emperor as source of authority 16 year old Meiji Emperor
Actual Power with group of former Samurai Ruled behind the scenes
Dismantled power of lords and samurai Moved capital to Tokyo
Meiji Japan looks West Govt. aggressively pursued Western ideas Leaders traveled to Europe
Awed by industry and modernization Japan quickly set out to imitate
Feared being dominated by economic and military strength
“There is no other way to preserve our independence except through the adoption of Western civilization.”
Emperor starting wearing western military uniform Adults played golf and baseball
Economic Modernization Laid groundwork for modern economy West = private companies, little help from
govt. Japan = govt. started companies and then
sold to private sector for cheap
Disadvantages of Industrialization Crowded cities caused frequent epidemics
and fires 1 in 4 houses burned between 1876 and 1892
Rise of Empire Japan participated in land grab as colonial
power “Enrich the country, strengthen the army.”
Modernized army and navy Quickly became most potent military in east
1894 took Taiwan and Korea from China 1904 took Manchuria from Russia
Japanese Empire and WWII: Rise of Militarism Early 1930’s: Worldwide depression Military leaders blamed government
Too much Western influence Left Japan dependent on foreign resources
Powerful Japanese military gained control of govt. Took Manchuria from China Western nations refused to recognize new “puppet state”
Military success made leaders popular Leaders sought to extend empire
World War II Late 1930’s
Japan controlled Korea, Taiwan, and much of China
WWII, 1939 Japan allies with Germany and Italy after early Nazi
success
Japanese leaders claimed the mission was to create a coalition of Asian nations
Reality: Japan wanted control of East Asian resources to become economically self sufficient
WWII cont… Japan felt foreign dependence made them vulnerable
1939: 85% of oil from US 1941: Japan moves troops into southern Indochina
US and Europeans impose sanctions Refuse to trade scrap iron and oil
Choice: Sever ties with Axis and Retreat from colonies = lose $
Or: Go to war December 7, 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Defeat of Japan Japanese strategists
No resources to fight longer than 18 months
1942: Battle of Midway Japan’s Navy seriously crippled
US industry out produces Japan Aircraft carriers and submarines Strangle Japanese trade, navy immobilized
1 week after atomic bombs, Japan surrenders First time emperors voice was heard by public
Allied Occupation: Japan in Ruins Allied bombing destroyed 25% of factories
and 20 % of houses Allied forces demanded Japan give up
colonies form past 50 years First time Japan was under foreign
occupation Destroyed old system, opportunity for new
growth
General MacArthur and the Allied Occupation
Goals: Demilitarize Japan Political and economic reforms to bring
about stable democracy Japan cooperated and no Allies wanted
revenge “No other conquered people in history was
treated more humanely and benefited more at the hands of its conquerors.”
Japan’s New Constitution May 1947: Occupation officials wrote new
constitution and Diet passed it Diet highest political authority Independent Judiciary system Basic rights of people (education, equality,
suffrage) Article IX: renounced war
Role of Emperor Emperor Hirohito = War criminal? MacArthur feared rebellion
Found place in new govt for Hirohito
“Symbol of State and unity of the People” No longer divine 1946: Emperor publicly denied his divinity
Reforms of Occupation Farmland reform law
Landowner could own 7 ½ acres for himself and rent another 2 ½
Excess land sold to govt. Created a more equal distribution Helped develop middle class Agriculture first economic sector to recover after war.
Dismantled large industrial companies Paved way for smaller companies : Honda and Sony
1952: Japan declared independent
The Foundations of Economic Success1950’s and 1960’s
After independence in 1952, Japan experienced 3 decades of economic growth Economic Miracle
Legally prevented from spending $ on military (except small amount on self defense) Focused resources on economic growth
Economic Recovery in the 1950s War torn nation’s economy boomed from independence and
early 1960s Mid 1950s
Economic production increased 155% from prewar levels Economy showed signs that foreign export would soon boom
Leading shipbuilder 3rd largest producer of iron and steel
Learned to translate foreign technology into industrial strength
# of researchers employed by private companies doubled from 1952-1958 Not simply stealing ideas
Quality Control Occupation experts brought quality control to
Japanese Industries W. Edwards Deming
Deming introduced Statistical sampling to check quality of finished products
Japanese managers adapted idea to fit conservationist values Did not want to waste resources by rejecting poor finished
products Created ways to have workers check quality during
manufacturing process
Quality Control cont… 1960 Ishikawa Karou devised “quality control
circles” Small groups of shop floor workers monitored and
improved their own productivity
Prewar Japanese products considered shoddy and cheap
Postwar Concentrated on products that required high quality
Cameras, watches, radios, TV, electronics, appliances
Stable Government After WWII, Japan developed one of the
most stable democratic governments in the world Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
Conservative political party Remained popular through 1990’s because of
uninterrupted economic success
Govt. encouraged people to relate economic success and political stability
Continued Economic Success in the 1960s Industries regained strength in 1950s 1960s
Workers wages increased Consumers had $ to spend Business prospered
TV broadcasting started in 1952 By 1969, 25 million TVs in Japan
Private cars 1950: 48,309 cars 1969: 6.9 million cars
Continued Economic Success cont.. Cars
1950: produced only 1,593 cars 1969: produced 2,611,499 World’s 3rd largest producer of cars
Per Capita Income 1958: $284 1968: $1,122
1960-1969 Wages increased by 10% each year
“Economic Miracle”:1970s and 1980s Export economy had been growing for two decades
1970s and 1980s gained world dominance 1970: $19 billion exports 1989: $270 billion exports
1981: 70% of world computer chip market Adapted from US
1989: 25% of cars manufactured world wide Over 2 million more than US (8.8 to 6.8 million)
1982: researchers predicted Japan would have highest Gross National product by 2000 Reached milestone in 1991
“Economic Miracle” cont… Economic Growth combined with lack of
resources caused many to refer to period as “Economic Miracle”
Did not just rise from the ashes after WWII Underwent consistent and impressive growth
over a century starting with Meiji era.
Analyzing Economic Miracle Govt. policies protect business and encourage enormous
exports Management style emphasizes group cohesion and long term
company loyalty Traditional social values encourage hard work, discipline and
company loyalty Spirit of Japanese artisans attention to detail and quality lives
on in modern factories Japanese citizens also tend to save personal income
1980: Japanese saved 18% of income. US. 7% Banks have $ to lend to business
Technological, Political, and cultural factors led to miracle
Economic and Social Problems Two-tiered society
Successful students reap huge rewards Unsuccessful students cut off from prosperity
Governments protection of native industries create high prices Late 1980s
Gas: $4.10 per gallon Cherries: $16 pound Top grade beef: $80 pound
Consumers still pay high prices to protect Japanese industries
Social Problems cont… 40 years of economic success led to severe overcrowding of cities
and pollution Housing is most expensive in the world Japan is close to size of CA
Land value in 1988 $15 trillion 5 times value of US which is 24.5 times bigger
Occupation largely unsuccessful at strengthening legal rights of women Social, political and economic conditions have not improved significantly
Outsiders treated unfairly 1 million Koreans brought over to “work” (slaves) after WWII 700,000 remain
Hard to find job Achieve citizenship
Comic Books: Final Draft At least 4 sections Make sure it is factual
Get key ideas in Make sure you and I can understand it Use narratives if necessary Use dialogue when you can Use color Computers
Not all of it on computer (writing, some pics) You might want to make a second draft before you make final