risk analysis for veterinary biologics: case studies · risk analysis for veterinary biologics:...
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Risk Analysis for
Veterinary Biologics:
Case Studies
Richard E. HILL, Jr., Patricia FOLEY
Center for Veterinary Biologics Veterinary ServicesAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAmes, Iowa USA
Center for
Veterinary Biologics
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Topics
► Risk Analysis for Biotechnology-
derived Biologics (brief summary)
► Case Studies
► Vectored vaccines (review of risk
decisions and mitigations)
► Transgenic Plant-derived Vaccines
(additional considerations and example)
► Emerging Issues and Unique
Biologics
Risk Review of
Biotech-derived Applications
► Data: Summary Information Format (SIF)
– The biologics firm provides the requested information
using the pertinent SIF, reviewed by USDA
► Risk Assessment (RA) outline
– Completed by the firm, evaluated by USDA
► Risk analysis by USDA of proposed field safety trials
– Environmental assessment (EA) of any potential effects
• On animal safety, public health, or the environment
Biotech Risk Assessment
Objective of Studies: ID Hazards
► Examine genotypic and phenotypic stability in target
host animals (reversion to virulence?)
► Evaluate changes in tissue tropism
► Assess shed/spread capabilities
► Assess host range specificity
► Consider recombination potential and consequences
► Identify effect of overdosing
► Assess survivability in environment
► Expected risk: Risk Rating = [(L) x (D)] x [(C) x (D)]
Formal Risk Review of
Biotechnology-Derived Products
► USDA conducts Master Seed & prelicense serial testing
► The firm provides to USDA
– Confidential business information-deleted SIF/RA
► For live vaccines: Federal Register Notice of pending
trials
– CBI-deleted SIF/RA & EA available to the public
– Public comment period
– Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
– Approval of field trials if no issues arise
► Licensure
– If the field trials showed the product to be safe and all
other requirements are met
Request to Ship + Test
an Experimental Biologic – 9 CFR 103.3
Analysis of pre-license data & information
Hazard Identification &
Release Assessment
Risk Characterization
Low:
Acceptable Risk
Approve Request
Medium:
Unacceptable Risk
Satisfactory
Mitigation
Yes: Approve Request No: Deny Request
High:
Unacceptable Risk
Deny Request
Environmental Considerations
► Deliberate release of any organism containing
recombinant DNA into the environment is subject to
review and approval by appropriate Federal
agencies.
► Under normal husbandry and laboratory practices,
injected veterinary biologicals are not considered to
be released into the environment if testing shows the
agents are not shed.
Overview
► Each biotech product is evaluated individually
to determine the appropriate requirements to
establish purity, safety, potency, and efficacy.
► Replication proficient products must undergo
an environmental risk assessment.
► Killed or inactivated (non-replication
competent) biotechnology products must
undergo an abbreviated risk assessment.
Case Studies
► Vaccinia-vectored oral baited rabies vaccine
(V-RG) for wildlife
► Canarypox-vectored vaccines
► Transgenic plant-derived vaccines
► Risks
– < 1960, mostly domestic animals
– Now: > 90% of animal cases in
wildlife (carnivores, bats)
– Livestock: most often cattle & horses
► Costs
– > $300 million/year in US for oral rabies vaccine (ORV)
– FY2007: 11,361,002 ORV baits in 17 states
► Need new ORVs, baits & biomarkers
– Current ORV effective in raccoon, coyote, gray fox
– Need vaccines for use in skunk, bat, mongoose
Rabies
U. S. Risks and Costs
Licensed Global Vaccines
►ORV - attenuated strains (various SAD vaccine
viruses, ERA G 333) – red foxes, raccoons
► ORV - freeze-dried or encapsulated SAG2 – dogs,
red foxes, raccoons
► Cell culture or nerve-tissue KV for use in dogs,
cats, ferrets, horses, cattle, or sheep
► Live poxvirus vectored vaccines, per WHO, 2004:
● > 75 million doses of V-RG – red foxes
(Belgium, France, Israel, Luxemburg, Ukraine);
raccoons (Republic of Korea); coyotes,
raccoons, grey foxes (Canada, US), domestic
dogs (Sri Lanka)
Rabies Virus
V-RG Oral Rabies Vaccine
Case Study
►1983: Vaccinia-vectored vaccine developed containing
Rabies glycoprotein G – unique, baited, oral use in wildlife
►Extensive studies in containment, then in the field (Belgium,
France): contact with baits in a wide variety of species
►Safe in rabbits, various spp. mice + voles, woodchucks,
squirrels, badgers, fox, raccoon, skunk, coyote, wild boar,
gulls, hawks, owls, buzzards, kestrels, crows, magpies, jays
►Risk review for environmental release in the US:
NEPA: recombinant, air- + land-based bait drops
Public health: zoonotic concerns
Review by subject matter experts, public meetings
V-RG Oral Rabies Vaccine
Raccoons
►1st North American test: August 20,1990, the Wistar Institute
initiated a field trial on Parramore Island, Virginia
►1991: field trials in Pennsylvania
►1992-94: field trials in New Jersey
►April 20, 1995, Conditional license for use in raccoons
►Today: 16 states use V-RG to control raccoon rabies,
1 state uses for gray fox + coyote rabies
►Example: Ohio with 59 positive raccoons in 1997, but no
positive cases in 2000, only 1 in 2001
V-RG Oral Rabies Vaccine
Coyote and Fox
►1994 Efficacy studies in coyotes & foxes
prior to field trials with experimental vaccine
►1995 Experimental field use in Texas
►Annual use of experimental vaccine in Texas, with
manufacturer submitting reports of the testing results
►May 16, 2002, USDA accepted data supporting a label
claim for use in coyotes
►Currently, fully licensed for use in raccoons, coyotes;
conditionally licensed for use in gray foxes.
Request to Ship + Test
an Experimental Biologic – 9 CFR 103.3
Analysis of pre-license data & information
Hazard Identification &
Release Assessment
Risk Characterization
Low:
Acceptable Risk
Approve Request
Medium:
Unacceptable Risk
Satisfactory
Mitigation
Yes: Approve Request No: Deny Request
High:
Unacceptable Risk
Deny Request
Canarypox Vectored Vaccines
Case Study► The backbone strain “ALVAC” is derived from an
attenuated vaccine strain KANAPOX®
► Tested in humans and animals: NIH Risk Group 1 (lowest)
► Host range is restricted: no replication in mammalian cells,
but protein is expressed for an immune response
► Many back passage and shed-spread studies, tests in target
and non-target species, incl. 4 spp. of mosquitoes
► Vaccines are for canine distemper (1st), feline rabies, several
strains of equine flu, West Nile virus, feline leukemia
► Field trials in at least 3 different geographical areas for each
of these prelicense vaccines
Request to Ship + Test
an Experimental Biologic – 9 CFR 103.3
Analysis of pre-license data & information
Hazard Identification &
Release Assessment
Risk Characterization
Low:
Acceptable Risk
Approve Request
Medium:
Unacceptable Risk
Satisfactory
Mitigation
Yes: Approve Request No: Deny Request
High:
Unacceptable Risk
Deny Request
Category I: Non-replicating
Recombinant Antigen(s)
► Subunit or Killed Vaccines – examples:
► Feline Leukemia, Porcine Circovirus
► Diagnostic Kits – examples:
► Antibody Test Kits for EIA, IBD, AI, PRRS Viruses
► Antibody Test Kits for Anaplasma, Babesia Equi,
B. Caballi
DNA Vaccines - examples:
► West Nile virus, Canine Melanoma
Category II: Live Gene-Deleted
► Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine
► Poultry
► Escherichia Coli Vaccine
► Poultry
► Salmonella Dublin Vaccine
► Bovines
► Pseudorabies Vaccine
► Swine
Category III Licensed Live
Vectored Vaccines
► ~15 live vectored vaccines: some are made by several
companies +/or are in combination vaccines
► Antigens in fowl pox vector: from avian influenza H5,
Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus
► Antigens in turkey herpesvirus vector: from Marek‟s
disease virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal
disease, infectious laryngotracheitis virus
► Rabies glycoprotein in vaccinia virus vector
► Marek‟s disease virus: herpes-chimera
► Antigens in canarypox vector: from canine distemper,
rabies, equine influenza, West Nile, feline leukemia virus
Transgenic Plants
as Bioreactors
► Potential for high levels of accumulated
recombinant proteins: faster, less cost, easier
► Expression by transient vectors, or stable transgenes
(through nuclear or chloroplast transformation)
► Glycosylation differences apparently not problematic;
post-translational modifications occur
► Compartmentalization within the cell (e.g. chloroplast)
► Natural storage stability in certain organs (e.g. seeds)
► No contamination from animal byproducts
► Ease of delivery: possibly oral, with no „cold chain‟
requirement for refrigeration
Types of Plant-Based Biologics
► Vaccines
– Feed-based for oral mucosal immunization
• Whole plant or partial plant
– Purified protein
• Parenteral subunit or feed additive
► Plantibodies
► Diagnostic kit components
– Antigens, plantibodies
Safety Considerations
►Environmental effects
– Non-target animals
– Pollen drift: spatial & temporal
• Food crops
• Wild/weedy relatives
– Confinement, persistence, dormancy
►Accidental release to food/feed facility
– Viable/nonviable material
– Health risk: toxin, allergen,
immunotolerance?
– Loss of public confidence in segregation
Guidance Documents
► USDA/FDA, 9/12/02 – Guidance for Industry
– Drugs, biologics, and medical devices derived from
bioengineered plants for use in humans and animals
► USDA/APHIS, 7/9/08 – Guidance
▬ APHIS Permits for Field Testing or Movement of
Organisms Intended for Pharmaceutical or Industrial
Use
► USDA/APHIS, 10/9/08 – Proposed Rule
▬ Importation, Interstate Movement, and Release Into the
Environment of Certain Genetically Engineered
Organisms
Requirements for Oral Vaccines
► Outline must state pesticide, herbicide use
► Serial: mixed as a batch or representative sampling to
demonstrate homogeneity
► Purity: within accepted levels for mycotoxins, pesticides,
herbicides, soil-borne contaminants, naturally occurring
plant toxins, etc.
► Target Animal Safety: overdose/tolerance study but not
reversion-to-virulence; reproductive safety; response in
young/old
► Environmental safety: use, manufacture, disposal
► Potency & stability: identify & measure the protective Ag
or Ab in bulk or finished product
Transgenic Plant Cell Line
Producing a Subunit Vaccine
► 1st plant cell-derived vaccine: Newcastle Disease Vaccine,
Subunit, licensed in 2006, modified tobacco cell line
► Testing=9CFR, Parts 101-124 (conventional regs), plus:
► Genetic and phenotypic ID of the Master Cell Line
► Transformation event and passage history
► Testing for host plant cell-specific pathogens and unwanted
secondary metabolites
► Genetic, phenotypic stability at X and X + _
(highest pass used in production)
– Methods other than karyology
Transgenic Plant-Derived
Proteins for Animal Vaccines*
► Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
– VP60 in potato (injection)
► Foot-and-mouth disease virus
– VP1 in Arabidopsis (injection)
– VP1 in alfalfa (injection, oral)
► Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
– S protein in Arabidopsis (injection)
– S protein in tobacco (injection)
– S protein in maize (oral)
*Daniell et al., Trends in Plant Science 6:219-226, 2001
Additional Transgenic
Plant-Derived Animal Vaccines
► Infectious bursal disease virus VP2: in Arabidopsis (oral)
► Enterotoxigenic E. coli binding inhibitor: from tobacco (oral)
► Canine parvovirus VP2: from recombinant plant virus,
also tobacco chloroplasts (injection)
► Classical swine fever virus E2: tobacco chloroplasts (injctn.)
► Foot and mouth disease virus VP1 epitope: in Arabidopsis,
alfalfa, and potato (injection, oral)
► Bovine rotavirus epitope eBRV4: in alfalfa (injection, oral)
► Bovine viral diarrhea virus E2: in alfalfa (injection, oral)
► Newcastle disease virus: from tobacco plants
Unique Vaccines/Emerging Issues
► Foreign animal diseases: [example: Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Vaccine, Live Adenovirus Vector (pending field
trials, testing on US mainland)]
► Compendium of Veterinary Vaccines for Transboundary
Diseases: www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Vaccines/index.php
► Innovations: [example: modified live vaccines for use in
pregnant animals (e.g. Bovine virus diarrhea {BVD} virus,
special testing requirements)]
► Public perception of risk (Biotechnology)
► Domestic/wildlife interface
► “One Health” approach (zoonotic agents)
► Regulatory flexibility and product innovation