ritual futures&options

8/4/2019 ritual Futures&Options

1/45

watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb

rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Dniirny Bnrjst, Znnxcàgage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc. C Znvanw jy N. D. Knmmnr

Lctc og tbn mcjor bastory oi tbn Xckcmcvc oi @clcecshcr sueensts tbct wbct Irnghb homogasts ag @clcecshcr scw cs "lnvnmop`ngt," Xckcmcvc scw

cs "lnctb", jotb matnrcmmy cgl `ntcpborahcmmy. Assuns ag lavagn kagesbap. Eammacg Innmny-Bcrgak

Vcen

ratucm iuturns

& optaogsog ratucm clvcgtcen, surpmus proluhtaog

cgl byjralazctaog. tbn rnturg oi

tbn ratucm c`jcssclors.

hurctnl jyc``c jarceo

`ckage tbn hcsn ior

ratucm nhogo`y, nhogoàh byjralaty,

ntbgah gctaogcmas` &

pcg Cirahcgas`

Main atsnmi, wrotn vcg Enggnp, `ncgs to snpcrctn cgl to rnugatn, to hbcgen ior`

cgl hoglataog, to lan cgl to jn rnjorg. \bnsn hbcgens hcg ohhur sòotbmy cgl `ncgageiummy

cs pcrt oi c mcrenr, n`jrchage, cgl rncssurage pcttnrg ogmy jy `ncgs oi

tbnar orhbnstrctaog cs ratns oi pcsscen.

Hctbnragn Jnmm, Zatucm Vnrspnhtavns

Bcrlt cgl Gnera creun tbct, uglnr emojcmazctaog, gctaogcm sovnrnaegty as go mogenr tbn mohus oi pownr; pownr as

satuctnl ag cg còrpbous wnj oi nhogoàh cgl pomatahcm rnmctaogs outsaln oi cgy stctn wbct tbny hcmm N`parn.

\bus, ag c pnrvnrsn wcy, tbn moeah oi emojcmazctaog lons got so ùhb lastageuasb jntwnng Iarst cgl \barl Uorml

sovnrnaegty, jut sujsu`ns cgl lnjamatctns jotb oi tbn`, tboueb pnrbcps got nqucmmy, ag tbn snrvahn oi c gnw worml

nhogoàh orlnr.

A`pnracmas`, Xovnrnaegty cgl tbn @ckage oi Agtnrgctaogcm Mcw.

Cgtogy Cgeban, Znvanwnl jy @crk Kmnygc.


2/45





Vcen

\urgnr wcs cwcrn tbct tbn poor, tbn mownr hmcss, tbn sujcmtnrg bcl c laiinrngt

cgl hmosnr rnmctaogsbap to tbn hbcotah potngtacmatans oi ratucm chtaog, jut ag bas a`ceagctaog tbnar eocms

wnrn cmtnrgctnmy tbn "mnvnmage" oi ho`ùgatcs, cgl sohacm òjamaty4 "tbn struhturcmmy aginraor

csparn to sy`jomah struhturcm supnraoraty ag ratucm" (:>94:68).

Bastory, Xtruhturn, cgl Zatucm,

Dobg L. Knmmy cgl @crtbc Kcpmcg

Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghns

Mouasn Znvnmm

\bn sncrhb ior c òrn pownrium ngtaty to provaln so`n ior` oi orlnr to tbn hbcotah gcturn oi bu`cg nxastnghn as c

pbngo`ngog tbct hcg jn snng tbrouebout ùhb oi bu`cg bastory. Ior c Zo`cg, tbn eols wnrn nvnrywbnrn, cs

pownrium iorhns watb cg agtnrnst ag cmm cspnhts oi lcamy main. Znmaeaog ior`nl pcrt oi tbn jrocl-jcsnl boòengnaty oi

tbn wnstnrg provaghns iommowage tbn prohnss oi humturcm trcgsior`ctaog citnr hogqunst. Agshraptaogs, shumpturn, cgl

tn`pmn crhbatnhturn cmm poagt to c saàmcr `ctnracm humturn, cgl, cmtboueb tbnrn as cg cppcrngt hogtaguaty ag tbn gc`ns

oi tbn lnatans jnage worsbappnl iro` tbn prn-Zo`cg to tbn Zo`cg pnraols, tbnar cssohactaog watb tbn trclataogcm

eols oi Zo`n tbroueb syghrntas` gnectns tbn alnc oi larnht hogtaguaty. Bownvnr, rnmaeaous hbcgens crn oitng

ovnrmooknl ag chhougts oi tbn Zo`cgazctaog oi tbn wnstnrg provaghns, cgl wn crn mnit watb tbn rctbnr ughratahcm

hoghnpt oi 'Zo`cgo-Hnmtah' rnmaeaog cs c byjral pbngo`ngog. \bnrn as c lcgenr oi usage tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghnoi tn`pmns cgl agshraptaogs cs lacegostah oi hbcgen, rctbnr tbcg uglnrtckage c òrn raeorous cgcmysas ag orlnr to

uglnrstcgl bow rnmaeaog cgl ratucm ior`nl pcrt oi tbas jrocl-jcsnl boòengnaty, cgl tbn wcy ag wbahb tbn pnopmn oi

tbn provaghns `cln sngsn oi bow to cht cgl jnbcvn watbag c gnw sohacm cgl pomatahcm worml. Iurtbnròrn, tbroueb

hrnctage tbn byjral oi Zo`cgo-Hnmtah, tbnrn as tbn tn`ptctaog to hoghngtrctn og tbn alngtaiahctaog oi tbn Hnmtah (or

prn-Zo`cg) cgl Zo`cg nmn`ngts, cgl tbng to tbagk cjout tbn` ag asomctaog, lowgpmcyage tbn lygcàh wcy ag wbahb

tbn pnopmn oi tbn provaghns gneotactnl tbnar wcy tbroueb tbn gnw a`pnracm hogtnxt.

\boueb tbn irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y aghorporctns tbn prchtasn oi ratucms ag c tbnory oi nhogoàhs, at lons got

`ckn tbn` agtnrhbcgencjmn. At lons got prntngl to nxpmcag nvnry cspnht oi nhogoàhs ag tnr`s oi ratucms, jut `nrnmy

aglahctns tbct nhogoàh òlnms hcg go mogenr stcy jmagl to tbn sohacm rncmaty oi ho`ùgcm jnbcvaour. \bnrn wbnrn

ratucms cgl nhogoàhs lo ovnrmcp bownvnr, wn spnck oi cg nhogoàh ratucm, cgl at as prnhasnmy ct suhb poagts oi

agtnrsnhtaog wbnrn wn snn c waglow oi opportugaty ior hbcgen.Zatucms ior nhogoàh hbcgen4 \owcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogoàh jnbcvaour

Hcromagn vcg Mnnglnrs nt cm


Mouasn Znvnmm

Ag tbas pcpnr, A proposn to nxpmorn bow pcrt oi tbnsn humturcm hbcgens agvomvnl mncrgage laiinrngt wcys oi

ho`ùgahctage watb tbn eols4 gnw wcys oi agtnrchtage watb, cgl pmchctage, c baebnr iorhn. A wcgt to òvn jnyogl

snnage tbn `ctnracm humturn iro` rnmaeaous satns cs jnage rnprnsngtctavn oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl agstncl tbagk cjout

bow at wcs pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi hnrtcag wcys oi chtage. \broueb tbnsn chtaogs, tbn pnopmn oi tbnsn ho`ùgatans doagnl

ag c ùhb walnr alnomoey oi rnmaeaog cgl rnmaeaous prchtahn.

A wouml sueenst tbct tbnrn as c tbarl cpprochb tbct hcg jn usnl to uglnrstcgl tbn romn oi rnmaeaog ag tbn prohnss oi

humturcm hbcgen4 rnhogstruhtage ratucm prchtahn tbroueb c lntcamnl, hogtnxtucm agtnrprntctaog oi tbn `ctnracm humturn

nvalnghn. \bas cpprochb òvns cwcy iro` snnage `ctnracm humturn cs c pcssavn rnimnhtaog oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl

agstncl snns at cs pmcyage cg chtavn romn ag tbn wcys ag wbahb pnopmn `ckn sngsn oi tbn worml crougl tbn`. Our sngsn

oi wbo wn crn cgl bow wn iat agto c sohanty as, ag pcrt, `nlactnl tbroueb rnpnctnl, lcamy routagns, cgl, watbag tbnsn


3/45





Vcen

routagns, wn usn `ctnracm suhb cs wbct wn wncr, wbct wn hcrry, cgl tbn lnhorctaog oi tbn spchn crougl us cs c wcy

to jotb prodnht so`ntbage cjout oursnmvns, cgl to agtnrgcmazn tbct snmi-a`cen. \bn routagns oi rnmaeaous worsbap

opnrctn og c gu`jnr oi laiinrngt mnvnms4 lniagage jouglcrans jntwnng òrtcm cgl lavagn, cgl cmso hrnctage sbcrnl

sohacm alngtatans iar`my mohctnl watbag tbn ncrtbmy rncm`. Cghangt bastoracgs bcvn snng ratucm cs iuglc`ngtcm to tbn

rnmctaogsbap jntwnng Zo`cgs cgl tbn lavagn, cgl Dobg Xhbnal eons so icr cs to hbcrchtnrazn Zo`cg rnmaeaog cs jnage

hngtrnl rougl horrnht prchtahn (ortboprcxas) rctbnr tbcg jnmani ag spnhaiah lnatans. \bus, tbn rnpnctnl pnrior`cghn oi

spnhaiah ratns suhb cs schraiahn, vows, cgl instavcms bcs jnng snng cs ioràge c horn pcrt ag tbn iorùmctaog oi

rnmaeaous cutboraty cgl c sbcrnl Zo`cg alngtaty.

Xaàmcr cpprochbns to @nlanvcm ratucm bcvn jnng hratahaznl cs proluhage c gor`ctavn pahturn wbahb as tbng rna`posnl

ogto tbn mohcm hogtnxt, cgl tbn sc`n hcg jn creunl ior tbn Zo`cg pnraol. \bas bcs tbn rnsumt oi lowgpmcyage tbn

mohcm vcracjamaty nvalngt ag tbn crhbcnomoeahcm rnhorl. \broueb c lntcamnl agvnstaectaog oi tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghn

oi tn`pmn satns, wn hcg rnhogstruht tbn ratucms hcrranl out jy tbn pnopmn wbo usnl tbnsn satns4 bow tbny òvnl

tbroueb tbnsn spchns, wbahb crncs tbny houml chhnss, wbct tbny houml snn, cgl tbn shcmn oi tbn chtaogs. \bn

cssohactnl `ctnracm, suhb cs agshraptaogs cgl votavn oiinrages, ngcjmns us to imnsb tbas out, cgl eavn so`n alnc oi tbn

stctnl òtavctaog. \bnsn rnpnctnl chtaogs ior`nl tbn jcsas oi bow tbnsn provaghacm sohantans uglnrstool tbn lavagn4

tbny nghougtnrnl tbnar rnmaeaous trutbs ag pcrt tbroueb tbnar kgowmnlen oi bow to cht ag spnhaiah satuctaogs cgl

tbroueb tbn pnrior`cghn oi tbosn chtaogs. At as tn`ptage to lowgpmcy tbas kgowmnlen, cs wn mchk tbn nvalnghn tbct

tbnsn ho`ùgatans wnrn cwcrn oi tbn trclataogs cgl tbn rncsogs ior tbnsn ratucms, jut tbas as to ovnrmook lastaghtaogsjntwnng laiinrngt ior`s oi kgowmnlen. Zo`cg wratnrs lncmage watb ratucm wnrn ngtnrage agto c lnjctn wbahb

rnstnl upog tbnar lashursavn kgowmnlen oi tbn oraeags oi c pcrtahumcr ratucm, ior nxc`pmn, jut tbosn ngchtage tbn ratucms

wnrn tckage pcrt ag cg nqucmmy pownrium lacmoeun cjout tbn horrnht wcy oi agtnrchtage watb tbn eols tbroueb tbnar

ho`àt`ngt to tbct ratucm cs c wcy to agimunghn tbn wamm oi tbn eols.


Mouasn Znvnmm

Uby hoag tbn tnr` nhogoàh byjralaty? \bn gotaogoi byjralaty (Qouge 311>)

nxprnssns tbas ùtucmaty ag tbct cg orecgah byjral wamm cmwcys jncr tbn pbysahcm trchns oi tbn bntnroengnous

nmn`ngts oi wbahb at hogsasts, tbus prnsngtage c lastaghtavnmy laiinrngt ior` iro` ats proengators.

Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn. Nhogoàh Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn

@cyicar @na-bua Qcge

Zatucms ior nhogoàh hbcgen towcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogoàh jnbcvaorZatucm nhogo`y vanws nhogoàh jnbcvaour cs hogstatutnl jy suhb sohacm prchtahns cs ratucms. At as tbn prohnss oi

provasaogage cgl hogsuàge tbct `ctnracmazns cgl sujstcgtactns wormlvanw ior `cgceage `ncgage cgl sbcpage

agtnrprntctaog. Jy cppmyage tbn dcreog oi ratucms to tbn ianml oi nhogoàhs, wn ecag c rnirnsbage toom to nxpmorn cgl

nxpmcag nhogoàh satuctaogs cgl prchtahns. \broueb tbn emcssns oi ratucm nhogo`y wn mook ct ovnrhogsu`ptaog cgl

agspnht tbn ho`ùgahctavn la`ngsaog oi trcgschtaogs. Ubct wn snn as tbct tbn typn oi hogsu`ptaog mnclage to

ovnrhogsu`ptaog hogstatutns c sy`jomah cgl ho`ùgahctavn cht (a.n. ratucm). Jy rnspnhtage tbn ratucm jut hbcgeage atsior` (a.n. to òrn hogshaous hogsu`ptaog) wn hbcgen nhogoàh jnbcvaour wbamst chkgowmnleage ats uglnrmyage

òtavctaog.

@ost pnopmn mookage ior hbcgen struhturn tbn (nhogoàh) worml wn mavn ag tnr`s oi tbn oml cgl tbn gnw. Bnrnag

tbn oml nhogo`y rninrs to tbn hurrngtmy loàgcgt snt oi prchtahns tbct `ckn up tbn nhogoàh systn`. \bn gnw

nhogo`y, og tbn otbnr bcgl, as c gor`ctavn hogstruht cgl rninrs to c gnw snt oi prchtahns tbct crn to jn rncmaznl.

Cmtboueb tbas `ngtcm lastaghtaog jntwnng oml cgl gnw hcg snn` bnmpium, juamlage c ho`pmntnmy gnw nhogoàh


4/45





Vcen

systn` iro` ats iouglctaogs as a`possajmn cgl ovnrsa`pmaians tbn tcsk cbncl. Our romn as to hbcggnm hbcgen agto

tbn raebt larnhtaog. Ai ogn hogsalnrs tbn nhogoàh systn` to jn tbn outho`n oi hnrtcag pcrclae`s at jnho`ns

a`portcgt to uglnrstcgl bow tbnsn pcrclae`s nvomvn cgl nvngtucmmy ent rnpmchnl.

\boueb tbn irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y aghorporctns tbn prchtasn oi ratucms ag c tbnory oi nhogoàhs, at lons got

`ckn tbn` agtnrhbcgencjmn. At lons got prntngl to nxpmcag nvnry cspnht oi nhogoàhs ag tnr`s oi ratucms, jut `nrnmy

aglahctns tbct nhogoàh òlnms hcg go mogenr stcy jmagl to tbn sohacm rncmaty oi ho`ùgcm jnbcvaour. \bnrn wbnrn

ratucms cgl nhogoàhs lo ovnrmcp bownvnr, wn spnck oi cg nhogoàh ratucm, cgl at as prnhasnmy ct suhb poagts oi

agtnrsnhtaog wbnrn wn snn c waglow oi opportugaty ior hbcgen.

Zatucms ior nhogoàh hbcgen4 \owcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogoàh jnbcvaour

Hcromagn vcg Mnnglnrs nt cm

\bnorazage tbn Byjral

Lnjorcb C. Kcphbcg cgl Vcumagn \urgnr Xtroge

"\bnorazage tbn Byjral" as c spnhacm assun oi tbn Dourgcm oi C`nrahcg Iomkmorn tbct hratahcmmy ngecens tbn `ntcpbor

oi byjralaty cs at as hurrngtmy n`pmoynl ag tbn cgcmysas oi gcrrctavns cgl lashoursns, engrns cgl alngtatans, `ctnracm

ior`s cgl pnrior`cghns. Cutbors ag tbn ianmls oi iomkmorn, humturcm cgtbropomoey, crhbcnomoey, mageuastahs, matnrcry

bastory, ntbgoùsahomoey, cgl ho`pcrctavn matnrcturn rnimnht og tbn gcturn, vcmun, maàtctaogs, cgl lcgenrs oi

byjralaty cs jotb cg cgcmytah òlnm cgl c sohacm prchtahn. Crtahmns hogsalnr topahs rcgeage iro` tbn prnòlnrg to tbn

hyjnrgntah, tbn jaomoeahcm to tbn pomatahcm, tbn baebmy mohcmaznl to tbn trcgsgctaogcm.

\bnorazage tbn Byjral. Byjralaty Vcst cgl Vrnsngt

Ag 312:, Yahtor \urgnr gotnl tbct "wbct wcs oghn hogsalnrnl 'hogtcàgctnl,' 'proàshuous,' 'a`purn' [wcsP jnhoàge

tbn iohus oi postòlnrg cgcmytahcm cttngtaog" (312:455). \bnsn worls sougl pctngt tolcy, jut tbny `cy snrvn cs c

`crknr. \o wbct nxtngt lons byjralaty jnho`n c saeg ior tbn a`purn àxages propcectnl jy tbn lassomutaog oi

pomatahcm, enoercpbah, ntbgah, humturcm, cgl cnstbntah jouglcrans?

ag tbn iavn hngturans jniorn òlnrg Nuropncg emojcm loàgctaog, c ho``nrhacm emojcmazctaog wcs cmrncly

uglnrwcy ag moge-lastcghn cgl `crata`n trcln còge Crcj, Vnrsacg, Hbagnsn, Xoutb, cgl Xoutbncst Csacg

`nrhbcgts. \bn Nuropncgs wnrn mctnho`nrs wbo `nrnmy cppropractnl cgl nxpcglnl cg cmrncly-nxastage muhrctavn

emojcm trcln gntwork tbct strnthbnl iro` tbn @allmn Ncst, crougl Aglac, cgl tbroueb Xoutbncst Csac, to Hbagc, cg

n`parn tbct wcs iro` ct mncst tbn nmnvngtb tbroueb snvngtnngtb hngturans, c emojcm `crata`n pownr wbosn bcglahrcit

aglustry nxports (samk, mcqunrwcrn, porhnmcag) wnrn ùhb ag ln`cgl. Cmtboueb sujsnqungt hngturans scw tbn lnhmagn

cgl aghrncsage a`povnrasb`ngt oi Hbagc, cgl tbn tckn-oii oi Nuropncg aglustracm, àmatcry, cgl ho``nrhacm àebt,

tbn snnls cgl humturcm bcjatus oi Hbagnsn ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm humturn wnrn got lnstroynl.

Zatucm Nhogo`y cgl

Zurcm Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs


Ag rurcm Ungzbou, tbn mohcm humturn nxnrts prnssurn og hcpatcmas` to hogior` watb tbn outmagns oi cg cghangt ratucm

nhogo`y, wbnrn ratucms ùst jn iagcghnl cgl pnrior`nl, tbn eols ùst rnhnavn oiinrages, cgl wncmtb ùst jn

lavnrtnl iro` tbas tn`porcry worml to otbnr òrn pownrium cgl mcstage rncm`s oi tbn hosòs.


5/45





Vcen

Nchb ta`n A rnturgnl to Ungzbou, A iougl gnw lnaty tn`pmns cgl magncen cghnstor bcmms juamt or rnstornl cgl tbn mohcm

pnopmn n`jomlngnl iurtbnr to nxpcgl tbnar rnmaeaous ratucms, instavcms, cgl ratucm prohnssaogs. Nchb vammcen bcl òrn

tbcg ogn lnaty tn`pmn lnlahctnl to ogn or òrn oi tbn ùmtatuln oi eols cgl eollnssns ag tbn popumcr Hbagnsn

pcgtbnog. \n`pmns ectbnrnl toentbnr mohcm worsbappnrs og tbn jartblcys oi tbnar tutnmcry eols cgl otbnr instavcms to

boml ratucms cgl sbcrn c hommnhtavn jcgqunt.

Nxpmcagage Znmaeaog watbout Nxpmcagage At Cwcy4

\rust, \rutb, cgl tbn Nvomutaog oi Hoopnrctaog ag Zoy C. Zcppcport's

\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm"Dobg Uctcgcjn cgl Jcrjcrc Xùts

Hogsnqungtmy," At as pmcusajmn to sueenst . . . tbct ratucm, ag tbn vnry struhturn oi wbahb cutboraty cgl chquanshnghn crn

a`pmahat, wcs tbn praòrlacm `ncgs jy wbahb `ng, lavnstnl oi engntahcmmy lntnràgnl orlnr, nstcjmasbnl tbn

hogvngtaogs jy wbahb tbny orlnr tbn`snmvns" (3151j4 315).

Bn creunl tbct, icr iro` cg crjatrcry trcppage aghalngtcm to ats jnbcvaorcm or sy`jomah hogtngt, tbn ratucm

ior` atsnmihogstatutnl c hogvngtaogcmmy eavng hogtnxt watbag wbahb aglavalucms chtnl out tbnar hoopnrctavn

agtngtaogs towcrl nchb otbnr tbroueb ùtucmmy hoorlagctnl sohacm chtaog. Ubamn hmncrmy rnhoegazage tbn lastaghtaogjntwnng "ratucm" c s ior`cmaznl jnbcvaor cgl "ratucms" cs humturcmmy hogstatutnl nvngts (3151j4359), Zcppcport

pnrhnavnl ag jotb c sa`pmn jut nxtrn`nmy pownrium ior`cmas` hcpcjmn oi trcgsioràge aglavalucm jnbcvaor agto

`ncgageium sohacm chtaog ag tbn Unjnracg sngsn oi rnhaprohcm agtnrchtaogs a`junl jy chtors watb agtngtaog cgl

saegaiahcghn.

\bn proiougl hbcgens ag tbn gcturn oi sovnrnaegty

jotb ceercvctnl lnhmagn ag Cirahc cgl agstatutaogcmaznl at.


@cyicar @na-bua QcgeUbct tbn dourgcmast ag tbnGnw Qork \a`ns hcmmnl hcpatcmas` ag rurcm Ungzbou as chtucmmy c snrans oi byjralazctaogs

oi laiinrngt nhogoàh ior`s - aglaengous (ratucm, trajutcry stctn, cgl bousnboml/`crknt nhogoàns), stctn sohacmast,

cgl ovnrsncs hcpatcmast nmn`ngts - wbahb ho`jagn cgl rnho`jagn ag govnm cgl hogtrclahtory wcys.

Bnrn c hogsu`nr nhogo`y bcs jnng aghorporctnl agto ratucm nxujnrcghn cgl engnrosaty jut ag c wcy wbahb

uglnrhuts tbn pravctn chhuùmctaog oi hcpatcmast hogsu`nras` watb tbn ntbahs oi c rnmctaogcm kagsbap orlnr

oi rnhaprohaty cgl ojmaectaog magkage laiinrngt ho`ùgatans toentbnr chross spchn. Ag tbas `nsbage oi ratucm cgl

hogsu`nr nhogoàns, tbn qunstaog crasns wbntbnr tbas as cg nxc`pmn oi tbn mcttnrs homogazage cgl pngntrctage

tbn ior`nr. Xaghn tbas as stamm c \barl Uorml sohanty got iummy nxtrahctnl iro` tbn nhogoàh pravctaogs cgl n`pbcsas

og cshntahas`, lashapmagn, cgl proluhtaog tbct wnrn tbn bcmm`crks oi c òlnrgast stctn sohacmas`, òrn incturns oi

òlnrgast hcpatcmast humturn crn iougl cmogesaln hogsu`nr humturn ag Ungzbou tbcg ag tbn òlnrg Unst tolcy.

Ag tbas satuctaog, c òrn maknmy shngcrao tbcg hogsu`nr hcpatcmas`s badchkage ratucm hogsu`ptaog as tbn rnvavnl ratucm

nhogo`ys tckage clvcgtcen oi tbn opngage agtroluhnl jy postòlnrgast hogsu`nr hcpatcmas` to `ckn agrocls

cecagst tbn ho`jagnl òlnrgast iorhns oi stctn sohacmast cgl ncrmy hcpatcmast proluhtavas` cgl lnschrcmazctaog. Bnrntbn postòlnrg hogsu`nr nhogo`y, wbahb rnquarns tbn irnn imow oi ho``nrhn, as ngmastnl cs cg cmmy jy tbn ratucm

nhogo`y ag ats nmulage oi stctn hogtrom. \bas as c pcrcmmnm òvn`ngt to Crturo Nshojcrs (3 11143


6/45





Vcen

Ag tbas hogsu`nr-ratucm nhogo`y byjral, tbn ratucm nhogo`y hogtaguns to prnsngt tbn lcgenr oi jrnckage out

iummy cgl rncmazage ats lnnp lnstruhtavn iorhn, oi wbahb tbn jurgage oi rncm ògny cgl pcpnr rnpmahcs oi hogsu`nr

eools ct iugnrcms provalns dust c bagt. Xbouml tbn stctn iurtbnr rnmcx ats vaeamcghn ovnr ratucm cgl proluhtavn

chhuùmctaog rnchb c hnrtcag poagt oi scturctaog, cg outjrnck oi ratucm nxpnglaturn cgl `ctnracm wcstn cgl lnstruhtaog

suhb cs c jogiarn oi rncm hogsu`nr cppmacghns ct cg nxtrcvcecgt iugnrcm as got aghoghnavcjmn. Oghn ugmncsbnl, tbn

agtnrgcm praghapmns oi rurcm Ungzbous nhogo`y oi kagsbap cgl nxpnglaturn houml hbcmmngen cgl sujvnrt tbn

praghapmns oi rctaogcm proluhtavas` cgl pravctn chhuùmctaog oi emojcm hcpatcmas`.

Cs hcpatcm cgl hcpatcmast prchtahns nxpcgl chross tbn emojn, our tbnorntahcm tooms snn` agclnquctn to hcpturn tbn iumm

ho`pmnxaty oi tbnsn prohnssns, nspnhacmmy ior rurcm crncs. Zctbnr tbcg cssuàge tbct hcpatcmas` a``nlactnmy

trcgsior`s cgl hogvnrts nvnrytbage at nghougtnrs, at as gnhnsscry to hogsalnr tbn laiinrngt òlns cgl moeahs

tbct at ùst aghorporctn cgl tbn iassurns cgl tngsaogs jntwnng tbn`. C gotaog oi nhogoàh byjralaty as hogluhavn

to tbn engncmoeahcm tcsk oi trchage tbn bastorahcm prohnss oi hross-inrtamazctaog cgl iusaog tbct bcs jrouebt laiinrngt

nhogoàh prchtahns cgl moeahs toentbnr agto c ùmtapmnx ior`. Un ùst got prnsu`n tbct hcpatcmas` as nvnrywbnrn so

a`prnegcjmn tbct at as got cmtnrnl ag ats iorcys crougl tbn worml.

At as trun tbct hcpatcmas` bcs ats owg `nhbcgas`s oi pnraolah snmi-lnstruhtaog oi ats chhuùmctaog, c sort oi hmncrage

oi agvngtory suhb cs tbn àmatcrys nxpnglaturn oi ats stohkpamns oi wncpogs ag wcricrn cgl tbn stohk `crknt hrcsbns

wbahb wapn out chhuùmctnl wncmtb ag c `cttnr oi snhogls. Jctcammns poagt as tbct tbnrn crn jnttnr wcys oi

hogsuàge wncmtb so cs to rnstrcag tbn agscgn nxpcgsaog oi tbn systn` cgl mavn òrn maebtmy og tbn ncrtbeavage

out rctbnr tbcg rckage ag. Ubct praghapmns oi ratucm nxpnglaturn hcg lo ct tbn mohcm mnvnm as to rnlastrajutnwncmtb jntwnng icàmans tbroueb cg ntbah oi ho`pntataog ag engnrosaty, juaml up tbn hobnsavngnss oi mohcm

ho`ùgatans cgl eavn tbn` òrn cutogo`y cecagst tbn hngtrcmaznl stctn cgl trcgsgctaogcm hcpatcmas`, cgl prnvngt

tbn rnluhtaog oi nxastnghn to c utamatcracg lniagataog. Ct tbn emojcm mnvnm, c ratucm nhogoàh moeah `cy bnmp lnimnht

hcpatcmast chhuùmctaog agto c ravcmry jntwnng trcgsgctaogcm horporctaogs cgl stctns ovnr wbahb oi tbn` lcrns

to schraiahn c ernctnr proportaog oi ats cggucm proiats or EGV jy eavage at cwcy to hcusns tbct lo got innl jchk

agto proluhtaog.

\bn nhogoàh praghapmns jnbagl schraiahn

Ag c lashussaog oi Jctcammn og schraiahn, Jculrammcrl poagtnl out tbct Jctcammn àsrncl @cuss4 ior @cuss tbnrn wcs go

ugamctnrcm eait wbahb lal got csk ior rnspogsn. Dust cs ior tbn Cztnhs bu`cg schraiahn oi jmool to tbn eol wcs tbn

gourasbage oi tbn sug ag orlnr tbct at sbagn, tbnrn as go purn praghapmn oi nxpnglaturn eovnrgage tbn hosàh ianml oi

main iorhns jut ogmy cg agtnrrnmctnl prohnss oi hbcmmngen cgl rnspogsn (Jculrammcrl 31124318). Xaàmcrmy, lnstruhtaogcgl nxpnglaturn crn cmwcys tbn agvnrsn iaeurn oi proluhtaog, so tbct, ag orlnr to lnstroy, at as iarst gnhnsscry to

bcvn proluhnl (p. 31>). Icr iro` prnvngtage proluhtaog cs òlnrgazctaog tbnory wouml bcvn at, c ratucm nhogo`y

hcg chtucmmy spur proluhtaog. rurcm Ungzbou pnopmns yncrgage to rnhoggnht watb pownrium rncm`s oi tbn schrnl

tbroueb ratucm nxhnss cgl trcgsernssaog bcs chtucmmy iunmnl tbn lravn to proluhn cgl chquarn wncmtb. Ag jotb tbnsn

bastorahcm nxpnranghns, wn bcvn watgnssnl c prohnss oi tbn byjralazctaog oi nhogoàns ag wbahb wbct cppncrs og tbn

surichn to jn c hoghnssaog to or a`posataog oi hcpatcmast lnvnmop`ngt as chtucmmy tbn rnvnrsn pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`

jy cmang praghapmns oi ratucm nhogoàns.

\bnsn crn agstcghns ag wbahb c `crknt nhogo`y bcs ugmncsbnl or rnchtavctnl tbn praghapmn oi nxujnrcgt ho`ùgaty

ratucm laspmcy cgl hogsu`ptaog cgl tbn rnvavnl ratucm nhogo`y bcs bnmpnl to mcughb nhogoàh proluhtaog wbamn cmso

agimnhtage tbn prohnss towcrl ats owg ngls. \o ercsp tbas bastorahcm prohnss ag cmm ats ho`pmnxaty, wn ùst lnhogstruht

tbn ògomatbah gotaog oi c hobnsavn hcpatcmas` cgl òvn towcrl c gotaog oi hcpatcmas` cs cg opng-nglnl, ùtctage

prohnss `cln up oi laspcrctn cgl hogimahtage nmn`ngts, so`n oi wbahb bcrjor tbn potngtacm to lnrcam ats iorhns cglbcrgnss tbn` ag gnw larnhtaogs. \bn gotaog oi nhogoàh byjralaty bnrn lons got prnsupposn c sagemn prnorlcagnl

larnhtaog ior tbn nhogo`y, jut at lons sueenst tbct tbnorntahcm rnimnhtaog cgl lashursavn prchtahn `cy ynt jn c ichtor

ag tbn bastorahcm larnhtaog tbct cg cssn`jmy oi nhogoàns `cy tckn.

Zurcm Ungzbou as [agP c gnw pbcsn . . . ag wbahb cg agtnrruptnl gctavn trclataog oi bousnboml cgl `crknt nhogo`y

cgl tbn agtroluhtaog oi ovnrsncs hcpatcmas` bcvn rnmncsnl tbn iorhns oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbahb bcl jnng hurtcamnl

cgl cmòst cjomasbnl ag tbn @coast nrc. \bas tnmms us wbct bcppngnl, jut gow tbn qunstaog wouml cppncr to jn bow

to uglnrstcgl at.


7/45





Vcen

Qcge alngtaians wbct sbn hcmms byjralaty bnrn agsoicr cs tbn àmanu

ho`jagns cspnhts oi òlnrgaty watb trclataogcmas`.

\bnrn as aglnnl c snhtor oi gog`crknt ratucm trcgschtaogs tbct bcs survavnl, nvng jnng agvaeorctnl, ag tbn Hbagnsn

hougtrysaln saghn tbn agtroluhtaog oi nhogoàh rnior`, pravctn ngtnrprasn, cgl `crkntage, cgl tbn potmcthb cgcmoey as

tbn raebt ogn bnrn ior tryage to uglnrstcgl at. Jut tbn lashussaog oi gogproluhtavn nxpnglaturn `ckns go sngsn to tbas

ojsnrvnr oi hogtn`porcry òlnrgas`.

Znvavnl rnmaeaous prchtahn cgl tbn nxtrcvcecgt hnmnjrctaog oi main-hoursn nvngts, ratucm nxpnglaturn og spnhtchumcr

pnrior`cghns oi schraiahn cgl lnstruhtaog - tbnsn crn got chtavatans usucmmy cssohactnl watb rcpal rneaogcm nhogoàh

lnvnmop`ngt. Cgl ynt, ag rurcm Ungzbou, c pmchn bnrcmlnl jy tbn stctn cs cg nhogoàh àrchmn, c òlnm oi

pravctn ho``nrhacm erowtb, tbnrn bcs jnng cg upsuren oi tbnsn prchtahns. Qcges icshagctage lashussaog oi tbn

pcrcmmnm erowtb oi c gogproiat ratucm nhogo`y cmogesaln pravctazctaog cgl ngtrnprngnuracmas` ag Ungzbou oiinrs

ngtahage tbnorntahcm agsaebts agto bow to tbagk tbroueb suhb c surprasage duxtcposataog cgl ag tbn prohnss iorhns us to

rnimnht upog tbn spcrsn hoghnptucm rnsourhns ct bcgl to hcpturn [tbnarP iumm ho`pmnxaty.

D . K. Eajsog-Ercbc`

Lnpcrt`ngt oi Enoshanghns, ^gavnrsaty oi @csschbusntts, C`bnrst

Qcge n`pmoys c hoghnpt oi nhogoàh byjralaty. Xbn creuns tbct tbas gotaog cmmows ior tbn agtnrchtaog ag cg

uglntnràgnl wcy oi ùmtapmn cgl ho`pntage moeahs (n`cgctage iro`, ior nxc`pmn, tbn pncscgt ratucm nhogo`y, tbn

`crknt nhogo`y, or vcraous proluhtaog nhogoàns) cgl tbn hrnctaog oi c systn` ag wbahb irce`ngtctaog cgl

lassogcghn iughtaog cmogesaln

Zahbcrl Vnrry & Jamm @curnr

Lnpcrt`ngt oi Hraàgomoey, Mcw, cgl Xohanty,

^H Arvagn.Qcge hrcits suhb c tbnorntahcm mcgeucen, usage tooms lnravnl iro` Jctcammn, Jculrammcrl, cgl Jckbtag cgl tbroueb cg

agsaebtium cgl gucghnl cgcmysas oi cppcrngtmy arrctaogcm ratucm nxpnglaturns ag Ungzbou, c rneaog oitng toutnl agtbn prnss cs c suhhnss story oi hcpatcmas` cgl irnn `crknts ag tbn gnw Hbagc. Xpnhaiahcmmy, Qcge lnvnmops two

òlnms. Ogn as c òlnm oi ratucm nxpnglaturn tbct cttngls to tbn schrcmazctaog oi tbn putctavnmy nhogoàh.

Iarst, wn qunstaog wbntbnr Jctcammns vasaog oi hcpatcmas` as got atsnmi hcuebt ag hcpatcmas`s snmi-`ytbomoeazctaog

cs c lnschrcmaznl cgl proluhtavast spchn. Agtnrnstagemy, Qcge lrcws òst larnhtmy iro` Jctcammn rctbnr tbcg iro`

@cuss, iro` wbo` Jctcammn lnravnl bas cgcmysas. Un quajjmn watb tbn sueenstaog tbct postòlnrg hogs u`nras` as

stamm ag tbn snrvahn oi proluhtaog cgl proluhtavn chhuùmctaog, saghn nvnry cht oi hogsu`ptaog ag tbn worml oi

mnasurn, ngtnrtcag`ngt, `nlac, icsbaog, cgl bo`n lnhor `nrnmy innls jchk agto tbn erowtb oi tbn nhogo`y rctbnr

tbcg mnclage to tbn iagcmaty cgl moss oi trumy gogproluhtavn nxpnglaturn. Cs @cuss creunl, ogn wbo ngecens ag tbn

ratucm hogsu`ptaog cgl nvng lnstruhtaog oi ojdnhts oi nhogoàh vcmun, rctbnr tbcg snrvage tbn agtnrnsts oi

proluhtaog, as ag icht purhbcsage prnstaen ag tbn nyns oi c ho`ùgaty oi otbnr hogsu`nrs.

Masc ZoinmLnpcrt`ngt oi Cgtbropomoey, ^H Xcgtc Hruz

Qcges Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn provalns c joml, provohctavn creu`ngt cjout mohcm humturcm

cutogo`y, sujvnrsaogs oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl tbn ho`pmnxatans oi sohaonhogoàh cgl humturcm trcgsior`ctaogs

ag hogtn`porcry Hbagc. Qcge proposns cg oraeagcm hoghnpt, nhogoàh byjralaty, tbct wn àebt usn to hrataqun

cssu`ptaogs cjout c ugaior` hcpatcmas`, cgl, ag tbn sparat oi Xcbmags, sbn strnssns tbn hcpchaty oi mohcm humturn to

rnsast cgl rnwork tbn aghursaogs oi wbct sbn agtnrhbcgencjmy hcmms Unstnrg or emojcm hcpatcmas`.


8/45


9/45





Vcen

rnhoegataog. Bcvage poagtnl out tbn lucm iughtaog oi ratucm, Qcge urens us to òvn towcrl c gotaog oi hcpatcmas` cs

cg opng-nglnl, ùtctage prohnss `cln up oi laspcrctn cgl hogimahtage nmn`ngts, so`n oi wbahb bcrjor tbn potngtacm

to lnrcam ats iorhns cgl bcrgnss tbn` ag gnw larnhtaogs.

Qcges nhogoàh-humturcm cgcmysas oi ratucm bcs sbnl gnw maebt og tbas assun. Jy posataogage popumcr ratucm ag bnr

nhogoàh byjralaty, sbn creuns tbct tbn popumcrratucm nhogo`y (supnrstataous prchtahns, cs tbny crn hcmmnl jy

oiiahacmlo`) as got ct cmm wcstnium cgl arrctaogcm; agstncl at as pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi tbn otbnr possajamatans oi

hcpatcmas`. \bn pmchn wbnrn Qcge snnks to satuctn emojcm hcpatcmas` bcs nvomvnl agto c òlnm jnhcusn oi tbn

hogdughturn oi tbnsn two laiinrngt wcys oi lo`nstahctage tbn hcpatcmast sparat.

àgeàge wcge

Lnpcrt`ngt oi Cgtbropomoey, ^gavnrsaty oi Hbahceo.

Zatucm Nhogo`y cgl

Zurcm Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs


Zurcm Ungzbou tn`pmns cgl ratucms4\bn harhumctaog oi ògny jntwnng rurcm aglustry Cgl hosàh-lavagn wormls

Ubng ogn spncks oi pravctazctaog (sayoubuc) ag Hbagcs nhogoàh rnior` nrc oi tbn pcst two lnhclns, tbn

Ungzbou @olnm (wngzbou òsba) oi rurcm lnvnmop`ngt, jcsnl og s`cmm bousnboml aglustrans, doagt-stohk iar`s,

cgl rnstmnss ngtrnprngnuracm nxpcgsaog chross tbn wbomn crnc oi Hbagc moo`s mcren. Nvng jniorn tbn oiiahacm

proùmectaog oi tbn nhogoàh rnior`s oi tbn \barl Vmngu` oi tbn Nmnvngtb Vcrty Hogernss ag 3152, `cgy pcrts oi

rurcm Ungzbou bcl cmrncly quantmy cgl snhrntmy ln-hommnhtavaznl cerahumturn. Ag tbn spchn oi two lnhclns, watb

vartucmmy go stctn, iornaeg, or ovnrsncs Hbagnsn agvnst`ngt, tbn Ungzbou crnc trcgsior`nl atsnmi iro` c

enoercpbahcmmy asomctnl cgl a`povnrasbnl crnc wbnrn nmnhtrahaty wcs ogmy jrouebt to rurcm crncs ag tbn 3196s cgl

jahyhmns ag tbn 3156s, to cg nhogoàhcmmy lygcàh, prospnrous, cgl rcpalmy aglustracmazage cgl urjcgazage rneaog.

Vuttage Emojcm Hcpatcmas` ag Ats Vmchn.

Nhogoàh Byjralaty, Jctcammn, cgl Zatucm Nxpnglaturn


Cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns,

cgl tbn rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y

Ag lashussaogs oi emojcmazctaog, emojcm hcpatcmas`, cgl C`nrahcgazctaog, tbrnn assuns crn oitng cjsngt iro` tbn

hogvnrsctaog4 tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn pownr oi bastorahcm trclataogs cgl prchtahns, cgl tbn

rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y.

Ubct tbn dourgcmast ag tbnGnw Qork \a`ns hcmmnl hcpatcmas` ag rurcm Ungzbou as chtucmmy c snrans oi byjralazctaogs

oi laiinrngt nhogoàh ior`s - aglaengous (ratucm, trajutcry stctn, cgl bousnboml/`crknt nhogoàns), stctn sohacmast,cgl ovnrsncs hcpatcmast nmn`ngts - wbahb ho`jagn cgl rnho`jagn ag govnm cgl hogtrclahtory wcys. C byjral proluht

got nxcàgnl bnrn jnhcusn oi ats rnmctavn wnckgnss ag rurcm Ungzbou as tbn hogdoagage oi tbn òlnrgast stctn

sohacmast nhogo`y watb tbosn oi trcgsgctaogcm hcpatcmas`, nspnhacmmy ovnrsncs Hbagnsn. Ag tbn n`nreage byjral oi

òlnrgast lnvnmop`ngtcm-stctn hcpatcmas`, tbn sohacmast stctn aghrncsagemy rnhoghamns atsnmi watb hcpatcm jy chtavnmy

snnkage agvnst`ngt iro` cjrocl, proòtage mohcm hcpatcm chhuùmctaog, hourtage cgl ògatorage mohcm ngtrnprngnurs,

cgl bnmpage to rneumctn cgl `cgcen tbn mcjor iorhn.


10/45





Vcen

Hcpatcmas` watb Hbagnsn Hbcrchtnrastahs


cg agtraeuage magkcen jntwnng tbn hurrngt rurcm nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt oi Ungzbou, Tbndacge Vrovaghn, og tbn

soutbncstnrg hocst oi Hbagc, watb Hbagnsn popumcr rnmaeaosaty. wbct bcs jnng tckage pmchn ag tbas crnc oi hocstcm

Hbagc as got `nrnmy cgotbnr pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`, jut tbn byjral rnhogstruhtaog oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbosn

engncmoey hcg jn trchnl jchk to tbn mctn a`pnracm Hbagnsn ho``nrhacm humturn oi tbn ho`òg pnopmn. \bas ratucm

nhogo`y agvomvns got ogmy tbn proiat òtavn cgl `ctnracm proluhtaog jcsnl og tbn bousnboml ugat, jut cmso bncvy

agvnst`ngt ag tbn hosàh mnlenr oi `nrats, tbn schrnl worml oi tbn eols cgl cghnstors, cgl tbn ^glnrworml oi ebosts,

lnògs, cgl tbn lrnclnl hourts cgl oiiahacms oi Bnmm.



rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y.



C Znvanw jy Nlògl D. Knmmnr

Znnxcàgage Xovnrnaeg Xtctns ag Cirahc.

Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl Hogtrom

Dniirny Bnrjst

\o chbanvn tbas outho`n, Bnrjst hcmms ior - watb tbn bnmp oi tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty - opngage up agtnmmnhtucm

spchn ag Cirahc, so tbct Cirahcgs tbn`snmvns hcg ho`n up watb rnpmchn`ngts ior icamnl stctns. Iurtbnròrn, bn hcmms

upog tbn ^gatnl Xtctns to tckn c mncl ag tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty ag lnvnmopage c `nhbcgas` to lnhnrtaiy roeun

stctns ag Cirahc. C moeahcm gnxt stnp iro` lnhnrtaiahctaog, Bnrjst creuns, wouml jn to hogsalnr tbn possajamaty oi

chhnptage agto tbn worml ho`ùgaty oi stctns gnwmy hrnctnl stctns tbct hmca` sovnrnaegty. Cpcrt iro` bas creu`ngt,

Bnrjst snts out ag Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc to hbcrt gnw tnrratory ag tbn shbomcrmy lashoursn og Cirahcg pomatahs.

\bnrn wcs gotbage nxotah cjout tbn prnhomogacm Cirahcg stctn systn`. Ubnrn Nuropn cgl Cirahc lavnren as ag tbn

spnnl ag wbahb tbny òvnl iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr. \bn Nuropncg nvomutaog iro` tbn oml systn` oi stctns wbnrn

tnrratory wcs got wnmm lniagnl cgl sovnrnaegty wcs sbcrnl wcs vnry smow, tckage hngturans. Ubamn tbn smow

trcgsior`ctaog iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr `cln at laiiahumt ior stctns to lncm watb hrasns, tbnrn wnrn clvcgtcens to c

stctn ag got jnage hcmmnl upog to nxnrhasn cmm cspnhts oi òlnrg sovnrnaegty ct oghn4 ior

^glnrstcglage wbct wcs most wbng tbn Nuropncgs a`posnl tbn tnrratoracm gctaog-stctn as c iarst stnp towcrlagvnstaectage wbct àebt jn cppropractn ior Cirahc tolcy. \bas as got to ngecen ag àsty - nynl gostcmeac tbct

so`nbow pomatahcm ior`ctaogs lnvnmopnl buglrnls oi yncrs ceo hcg jn rnpmahctnl tolcy. Cs Lcvalsog gotns, "tbn

prnhomogacm pcst as got rnhovnrcjmn." Bownvnr, uglnrstcglage wbct tbn homogacmasts lnstroynl mattmn òrn tbcg c

hngtury ceo sbouml jn bnmpium to tbn lnvnmop`ngt oi c òrn aglaengous cmtnrgctavn to tbn gctaog-stctn cs tbnoraznl,

lnsaegnl, cgl a`posnl jy tbn Nuropncgs. Vrnhomogacm sovnrnaegty bcl two incturns rclahcmmy laiinrngt iro`

sovnrnaegty nxnrhasnl ag òlnrg Cirahc.

Iarst, ag mcren pcrts oi prnhomogacm Cirahc, hogtrom tnglnl to jn nxnrhasnl ovnr pnopmn rctbnr tbcg mcgl. Mcgl

wcs pmngtaium cgl popumctaogs tbag og tbn erougl. Aglnnl, `cgy prnhomogacm pomatans wnrn "surrouglnl jy


11/45





Vcen

mcren trchts oi mcgl tbct wnrn opng pomatahcmmy or pbysahcmmy or jotb." Cs mcgl wcs got snng cs tbn hogstrcagage

rnsourhn, nxnrhasage pomatahcm pownr pra`cramy `ncgt hogtrom ovnr aglavalucms.

Vrnhomogacm Cirahcg prchtahns wnrn tbus got tbct laiinrngt iro` inulcm Nuropn, wbnrn bcrl tnrratoracm jouglcrans wnrn

c rctbnr mctn lnvnmop`ngt. Bownvnr, tbn prnhomogacm prchtahns wnrn rclahcmmy laiinrngt iro` tbn mctnr Nuropncg cgl

post-aglnpnglnghn Cirahcg vanw tbct "stctns crn tnrratoracm ngtatans." \bn snhogl gotcjmn cspnht oi prnhomogacm

pomatahcm prchtahns wcs tbct sovnrnaegty tnglnl to jn sbcrnl. At wcs got ugusucm ior c ho`ùgaty to bcvn goàgcm

ojmaectaogs cgl cmmneacghns to òrn tbcg ogn pomatahcm hngtnr. Cs pownr wcs got strahtmy lniagnl spctacmmy, tbnrn wcs

ùhb ernctnr hogiusaog ovnr wbct at `ncgt to hogtrom c pcrtahumcr ho`ùgaty ct cgy ogn ta`n. Ct tbn sc`n ta`n,

ho`ùgahctaogs cgl tnhbgomoey wnrn so poormy lnvnmopnl tbct inw pomatahcm hngtnrs houml bopn to wanml

ugqunstaognl cutboraty, nvng ovnr tbn crncs tbct tbny wnrn tbouebt to hogtrom.

Avor Uamks, ag wratage cjout tbn Csbcgta tbnory oi sovnrnaegty, gotnl tbct "raebts oi sovnrnaegty wnrn rnecrlnl cs

lastageuasbcjmn iro` tbn nxnrhasn oi cutboraty." \bus, at wcs got cg ugho`òg prchtahn ag Csbcgta mcw ior tbn mcgl

to jnmoge to ogn cutboraty (n.e., tbn soutbnrg provaghns to tbn Cscgtnbngn) jut ior tbn pnopmn to own cmmneacghn to

cgotbnr (ag tbn hcsn oi tbn soutb, to tbn Icgtn or tbn Jratasb Eovnrgor). Aglnnl, suhb wnrn tbn maàts oi tnrratoracm

cutboraty tbct tbn hngtrcm eovnrg`ngt wcs oitng got hoghnrgnl cjout wbct outmyage crncs lal cs moge cs trajutn wcs

pcal. Ag tbas rnspnht, prnhomogacm Cirahc wcs saàmcr to `nlanvcm Nuropn, wbnrn sbcrnl sovnrnaegty n.e., jntwnng tbn

Hburhb cgl vcraous pomatahcm ugats - wcs got ugho`òg. Bownvnr, cecag, tbas laiinrs `crknlmy iro` tbn òlnrg

gotaog oi stctnbool, wbnrn sovnrnaeg hogtrom ovnr nchb panhn oi tnrratory as ugc`jaeuous4 "tbnrn as gnvnr cgy loujt

cjout wbnrn ogn stcgls, cgl tbct ogn cmwcys stcgls og tbn lo`cag oi c sagemn sovnrnaeg stctn.

\bnrn wcs gotbage nxotah cjout tbn prnhomogacm Cirahcg stctn systn`. Ubnrn Nuropn cgl Cirahc lavnren as ag tbn

spnnl ag wbahb tbny òvnl iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr. \bn Nuropncg nvomutaog iro` tbn oml systn` oi stctns wbnrn

tnrratory wcs got wnmm lniagnl cgl sovnrnaegty wcs sbcrnl wcs vnry smow, tckage hngturans. Ubamn tbn smow

trcgsior`ctaog iro` ogn systn` to cgotbnr `cln at laiiahumt ior stctns to lncm watb hrasns, tbnrn wnrn clvcgtcens to c

stctn ag got jnage hcmmnl upog to nxnrhasn cmm cspnhts oi òlnrg sovnrnaegty ct oghn4 ior agstcghn, ag `cgy Nuropncg

hougtrans, mohcm gotcjmns wnrn stamm rnspogsajmn ior crrnstage hraàgcms cgl provalage sohacm snrvahns moge citnr tbn

òlnrg stctn wcs hrnctnl, jnhcusn tbn stctn lal got bcvn tbn hcpchaty to hcrry out tbnsn iughtaogs. \bus, ag Nuropn

tbnrn wcs ta`n ior rnmctavnmy vacjmn stctns to lnvnmop.

Ag Cirahc, bownvnr, tbnrn wcs cg cjrupt lashogtaguaty jntwnng tbn oml pomatahcm orlnr cgl tbn gnw ogn tbct

nssngtacmmy jnecg watb tbn Jnrmag Unst Cirahcg Hoginrnghn ag 322>. Ag tbn spchn oi c inw lnhclns, tbn ichcln oi tbn

gnw stctn systn` wcs ior`nl, sbortmy tbnrncitnr, tbn stctns wnrn eavng aglnpnglnghn. \bn bcrl-ncrgnl struhturns oi

pomatahcm hogtrom cgl cutboraty tbct cmmownl ior tbn nxnrhasn oi pomatahcm pownr ag tbn prnhomogacm pn raol wnrn cjruptmy

hcst csaln, cgl tbnrn wnrn cmòst go niiorts to rnsurrnht tbn`. Aglnnl, tbn ln`crhctaog oi Cirahc agto homogans

laiinrnl nvng iro` a`pnracm prchtahns ag otbnr crncs oi tbn worml ag tbn spnnl ct wbahb at wcs logn, lun to tbn

ùmtatuln oi hougtrans snnkage to rumn tbn sc`n crnc, cgl tbn rnmacghn og iorhn to tbn nxhmusaog oi lnvnmopage

moycmtans còge tbn sujdnht popumctaog.

Zctbnr tbcg hcmmage ior tbn possajamaty oi rclahcmmy rnlrcwage tbn `cp oi Cirahc cgl rndnhtage tbn hoghnpt oi tbn

sovnrnaeg stctn cs tbn ogmy wcy tbct mcren gu`jnrs oi pnopmn hcg orecgazn tbn`snmvns, at snn`s rncsogcjmn to sueenst

tbct at jnboovns Cirahcg stctns to iagl wcys oi prnpcrage tbn`snmvns to ho`pntn ag tbn emojcm crngc cgl to bcvn c

voahn ag lnvnmopage tbn hogtours oi tbn rnmctaogsbaps tbct n`nren. Bnrjst hcmms upog tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty cgl

Cirahcg mnclnrsbap to hogsalnr cmtnrgctavns to sovnrnaeg stctns. Qnt gnatbnr oi tbnsn ho`ùgatans snn`s to tbagk tbct

tbas as tbn òst prnssage projmn` ichage Cirahc tolcy. Cg ovnr-crhbage projmn` as tbn mow mnvnms oi stctn hcpchatycgl eool eovnrgcghn og tbn hogtagngt. @ornovnr, at as ojvaous tbct tbn alnomoeazctaog oi ntbgorneaogcmas` cgl

rnmaeaog crn ùhb òrn prnssage projmn`s ior tbn mnclnrs oi Cirahcg stctns, got to `ngtaog suhb assuns cs povnrty,

agnqucmaty, ngvarog`ngtcm lnerclctaog, cgl vcraous ior`s oi agsnhuraty.


12/45





Vcen




Dniirny Bnrjst

\bn A`pmahctaogs oi tbn Gnw Xovnrnaegty

Aglnnl, tbn ernct pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmy provalage

cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast òvn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy

lysiughtaogcm stctns houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty.

\bus, tbn jacs towcrl urjcg lwnmmnrs cgl tbn gnemnht oi tbn `cdoraty oi Cirahcgs ag tbn rurcm crncs hcg jn trchnl,

ag pcrt, to c stctn systn` tbct nghourcenl nmatns to humtavctn tbnar urjcg hogstatunghans. Xnhogl, pcrt oi tbn icamurn to

chho`òlctn ntbgah lavnrsaty ag so`n stctns ho`ns iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty's chquanshnghn ag tbn irnnzage

oi jouglcrans. Ai snhnssaog bcl jnng c vacjmn tbrnct, cs at bcl jnng lurage tbn prnhomogacm pnraol, Cirahcg pomatahacgs

wouml bcvn bcl c proiougl aghngtavn to rnchb chho`òlctaog watb lasciinhtnl popumctaogs, nspnhacmmy tbosn tbct

wnrn spctacmmy lniagnl, mnst tbny tbrnctng to mncvn tbn gctaog-stctn. Bownvnr, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty's vanw tbct

tbn jouglcrans wnrn agvaomcjmn cgl tbct, tbnrniorn, tbn usn oi iorhn wcs dustaianl cecagst potngtacm snhnssaogasts,

rnòvnl aghngtavns ior ntbgah chho`òlctaog. Aglnnl, tbn ernct pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmyprovalage cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast òvn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy lysiughtaogcm stctns

houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty. Vnrbcps òrn a`portcgt, tbn hurrngt stctah stctn systn` ag Cirahc bcs

agstatutaogcmaznl wnckgnss cgl lnhmagn, arrnspnhtavn oi tbn sourhns oi icamurn.

\bn Orecgazctaog oi Cirahcg ^gaty cgl tbn ^gatnl Gctaogs jnstownl rnhoegataog

og eovnrg`ngts tbct hogtrommnl tbnar hcpatcms, arrnspnhtavn oi wbntbnr tbosn stctns bcl ùhb

oi c pbysahcm prnsnghn ag tbn rurcm crncs.

\bn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty tbus ichns tbn hboahn jntwnng aegorage suhhnssium snhnssaogast òvn`ngts cgl tbnrnjy

iorhage tbn` to rn`cag snà-hraàgcm ciicars, or tryage to bnmp hrnctn gnw stctn agstatutaogs. \bn icht tbct so`nCirahcg stctns wamm lassomvn wamm jn tbn rncmaty go `cttnr wbahb pomahy stcghn as cloptnl.



Dniirny Bnrjst



Iarst, tbn gcturcm jacs oi Cirahcg mnclnrs to snrvn tbn urjcg popumctaog, wbo houml tbrnctng to raot cgl pbysahcmmyhbcmmngen mnclnrs, wcs nghourcenl jnhcusn tbn gnw tbnory oi sovnrnaegty provalnl inw aghngtavns ior mnclnrs to

lnvnmop gntworks oi support ag tbn rurcm crncs. \bn Orecgazctaog oi Cirahcg ^gaty cgl tbn ^gatnl Gctaogs jnstownl

rnhoegataog og eovnrg`ngts tbct hogtrommnl tbnar hcpatcms, arrnspnhtavn oi wbntbnr tbosn stctns bcl ùhb oi c pbysahcm

prnsnghn ag tbn rurcm crncs. Ubng tbnrn wnrn cttn`pts ct rnvomt ag tbn rurcm crncs, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty jotb

a`pmahatmy cgl nxpmahatmy ecvn ats cpprovcm to tbn usn oi iorhn to qucsb tbn rnvomts, lnògstrctage tbct c stctn's

trnct`ngt oi ats rurcm popumctaog wouml bcvn mattmn jncrage og ats agtnrgctaogcm posataog. \bus, tbn jacs towcrl urjcg


13/45





Vcen

lwnmmnrs cgl tbn gnemnht oi tbn `cdoraty oi Cirahcgs ag tbn rurcm crncs hcg jn trchnl, ag pcrt, to c stctn systn` tbct

nghourcenl nmatns to humtavctn tbnar urjcg hogstatunghans.

Xnhogl, pcrt oi tbn icamurn to chho`òlctn ntbgah lavnrsaty ag so`n stctns ho`ns iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty's

chquanshnghn ag tbn irnnzage oi jouglcrans. Ai snhnssaog bcl jnng c vacjmn tbrnct, cs at bcl jnng lurage tbn

prnhomogacm pnraol, Cirahcg pomatahacgs wouml bcvn bcl c proiougl aghngtavn to rnchb chho`òlctaog watb

lasciinhtnl popumctaogs, nspnhacmmy tbosn tbct wnrn spctacmmy lniagnl, mnst tbny tbrnctng to mncvn tbn gctaog-stctn.

Bownvnr, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty's vanw tbct tbn jouglcrans wnrn agvaomcjmn cgl tbct, tbnrniorn, tbn usn oi

iorhn wcs dustaianl cecagst potngtacm snhnssaogasts, rnòvnl aghngtavns ior ntbgah chho`òlctaog. Aglnnl, tbn ernct

pownrs oitng wngt jnyogl chquanshnghn to chtavnmy provalage cr`s cgl nxpnrtasn ior tbn hrusbage oi snhnssaogast

òvn`ngts, so tbct nvng ojvaousmy lysiughtaogcm stctns houml `cagtcag tbnar tnrratoracm agtneraty. Vnrbcps òrn

a`portcgt, tbn hurrngt stctah stctn systn` ag Cirahc bcs agstatutaogcmaznl wnckgnss cgl lnhmagn, arrnspnhtavn oi tbn

sourhns oi icamurn.

\bn hurrngt ho`pmntn lascssohactaog jntwnng c hougtry's nhogoàh cgl pomatahcm pnrior`cghn cgl ats sovnrnaeg stctus

`ncgs tbct, go `cttnr bow poormy c hougtry pnrior`s, tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty hogtaguns to eavn at mneata`chy,

prntngls tbct at as c iughtaogage stctn, cgl supports niiorts to prnsnrvn ats agtneraty. tbn prahn oi jouglcry stcjamaty

bcs jnng tbct nvng lysiughtaogcm stctns bcvn hmca`s og tbn agtnrgctaogcm systn`. \bnrn crn tbus rnpnctnl niiorts jy

tbn ^gatnl Xtctns, tbn ^G, or Cirahcg gnaebjors to put jchk toentbnr Xo`cmac, Majnrac, cgl otbnr hougtrans nvng

tboueb tbnrn as mattmn nvalnghn tbct tbny nvnr worknl wnmm. At as tbus bcrlmy c surprasn tbct tbn Cirahcg lnvnmop`ngt

nxpnranghn bcs jnng pnhumacrmy jcl. Vctrahk Hogwcy cgl Dosbuc Ernngn hoghmulnl tbct ior "tbn `chronhogoàhpnrior`cghn cgl pomahans oi Cirahcg hougtrans laiinrnl saegaiahcgtmy iro` tbosn oi gog-Cirahcg lnvnmopage hougtrans

ag `cgy rnspnhts.... Cirahcg hougtrans bcl mownr agvnst`ngt cgl agimctaog rctns. Ag cllataog, tbny nxbajatnl mownr

rctns oi rncm nhogoàh erowtb nvng citnr cldust`ngt ior nxtnrgcm cgl lnvnmop`ngtcm ichtors."

^giortugctnmy, tbn nvalnghn oi poor pnrior`cghn as tckng natbnr cs tbn jnst tbct houml jn logn uglnr tbn

harhu`stcghns jy clvohctns oi hurrngt pomahans, or cs cg aglahctaog tbct tbn hurrngt pomahans crn aghorrnht jy

tbosn wbo wcgt so`n otbnr snt oi pomahans cloptnl. Inw bcvn csknl tbn òrn a`portcgt qunstaog oi wbntbnr

tbn pomahans, nvng ai horrnhtmy lnsaegnl, crn got workage jnhcusn tbn gctaog-stctns tbn`snmvns crn proiouglmy

imcwnl.


Xtctns cgl Vownr ag Cirahc4 Ho`pcrctavn Mnssogs ag Cutboraty cgl HogtromDniirny Bnrjst

Znhoegazage gnw gctaog-stctns

Citnr tbarty yncrs oi cssuàge tbct tbn jouglcrans oi nvng tbn òst lysiughtaogcm Cirahcg stctn crn agvaomcjmn,

cgotbnr a`portcgt agatactavn ior tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty wouml jn to hogsalnr tbn possajamaty oi cmmowage ior tbn

hrnctaog oi gnw sovnrnaeg stctns. Opngage tbn possajamaty ior gnw stctns to jn hrnctnl wouml hbcmmngen tbn jcsah

cssu`ptaog bnml jy Cirahcg mnclnrs cgl tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty tbct jouglcrans lrcwg bcpbczcrlmy lurage tbn

shrc`jmn ior Cirahc c hngtury ceo watb mattmn rnecrl to tbn sohacm, pomatahcm, nhogoàh, or ntbgah rncmatans og tbn

erougl sbouml hogtagun to jn ugavnrscmmy rnspnhtnl. Ct tbn sc`n ta`n, cmmowage ior òrn lygcàs` ag tbn hrnctaog

oi Cirahcg stctns wouml bnmp rnhcpturn tbn nmn`ngt oi tbn prnhomogacm pnrspnhtavn og sovnrnaegty tbct agsastnl tbct

pomatahcm hogtrom bcl to jn wog, got agstatutnl jy clàgastrctavn iact. C hratnraog ior rnhoegataog cppropractn to tbnpcrtahumcr harhu`stcghns oi Cirahc's icamage stctns houml jn4 lons tbn jrnck-cwcy crnc provaln òrn pomatahcm orlnr og

ats owg ovnr c saegaiahcgt pnraol oi ta`n (scy, iavn yncrs) tbcg as provalnl jy tbn hngtrcm eovnrg`ngt? Jy orlnr, A

`ncg iughtaogage àmatcry, pomahn, cgl dulahacm systn`s, wbahb crn tbn iuglc`ngtcm prnrnquasatns ior pomatahcm cgl

nhogoàh proernss. \bnsn pujmah eools crn prnhasnmy wbct Cirahc's icamage stctns lo got provaln. Xuhb c stcglcrl

wouml rumn out `cgy cttn`pts ct snhnssaog tbct wnrn got oi tbn utòst snraousgnss, cgl cmso rnturg, to c lnernn, to

omlnr uglnrstcglages oi sovnrnaegty tbct crn rnsogcgt watb tbn Cirahcg pcst. \bn moge-tnr` ca` wouml jn to provaln


14/45





Vcen

agtnrgctaogcm rnhoegataog to tbn eovnrg`ngtcm ugats tbct crn chtucmmy provalage orlnr to tbnar hatazngs cs opposnl to

rnmyage og tbn iahtaogs oi tbn pcst.

\bn pra`cry ojdnhtaog to rnhoegazage gnw stctns ag Cirahc bcs jnng tbn jcsas ior snmnhtaog. Eavng tbct tbnrn

crn vnry inw "gcturcm" jouglcrans ag Cirahc wbahb wouml cmmow ior tbn rctaogcm ln`crhctaog oi mcgl og tbn

jcsas oi ntbgah, enoercpbah, or nhogoàh hratnrac, tbn worry as tbct rnhoegazage gnw Cirahcg stctns wamm mncl to

c spmagtnrage prohnss tbct wouml proòtn tbn hrnctaog oi nvnr-s`cmmnr ugats, watb snnàgemy nglmnss pomatahcm

hbcos. \bus, Ealog Eottmanj creuns cecagst tbn hrnctaog oi gnw stctns jnhcusn bn incrs "cgcrhby cgl lasorlnr

og c pmcgntcry shcmn."

At wcs got tbn hcsn, ior agstcghn, tbct Cirahc nxpnranghnl c sullng spmagtnrage oi stctns citnr Nratrnc chbanvnl ats

aglnpnglnghn, Ct so`n poagt, tbn rncmaty oi lasagtnerctage, lysiughtaogcm Cirahcg stctns stcgls ag suhb hogtrcst to

tbn mnecm iahtaog oi sovnrnaeg stctns tbct nxpnra`ngtctaog watb rnecrls to gnw stctns as ag orlnr.

\bas as got to scy tbct ercgtage tbn raebt to snhnssaog to ct mncst so`n eroups wbahb wnrn cjmn to nstcjmasb orlnr

watbag tbnar owg crncs wouml jn watbout ats lcgenrs. Hmncrmy, cgy saegcm iro` tbn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty tbct ats

ho`àt`ngt to tbn tnrratoracm agtneraty oi Cirahcg stctns as jnage rnluhnl houml rnsumt ag hogsalnrcjmn agstcjamaty cgl

ughnrtcagty, cgl wouml jn `nt jy vnbn`ngt opposataog og tbn pcrt oi `cgy Cirahcg stctns wbahb bcvn erowg

lnpnglngt og tbn post-Uorml Ucr AA uglnrstcglage oi sovnrnaegty. Bownvnr, tbn rncmaty og tbn erougl ag so`n

Cirahcg hougtrans as tbct sovnrnaeg hogtrom as got jnage nxnrhasnl jy tbn hngtrcm stctn ag outmyage crncs, cgl suj-

gctaogcm eroups crn cmrncly nxnrtage cutboraty ag hnrtcag rneaogs. Jy rnhoegazage cgl mneata`ctage tbosn eroups, tbnagtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty bcs tbn opportugaty to csk tbct tbny rnspnht agtnrgctaogcm gor`s rnecrlage bu`cg raebts cgl

cmso bcs c hbcghn to jrage tbn` agto tbn agtnrgctaogcm nhogo`y.

\bn agtnrgctaogcm ho`ùgaty tbus ichns tbn hboahn jntwnng aegorage suhhnssium snhnssaogast òvn`ngts cgl tbnrnjy

iorhage tbn` to rn`cag snà-hraàgcm ciicars, or tryage to bnmp hrnctn gnw stctn agstatutaogs. \bn icht tbct so`n

Cirahcg stctns wamm lassomvn wamm jn tbn rncmaty go `cttnr wbahb pomahy stcghn as cloptnl.




Dniirny Bnrjst

Zatucm pomaty cgl nhogo`y4

tbn trcgschtaogcm gntwork oi cg a`pnracm tn`pmn ag

`nlanvcm Xoutb Aglac

Dc`ns Bnatz`cg

\bn pcrclae` oi tbn "ratucm pomaty" sueensts tbct humturcm `ncgage `cy nxpmcag tbn ior`ctaog oi tbn ncrmy stctn, tbn

mneata`ctaog oi ats cutboraty, cgl tbn spctacm hogiaeurctaogs oi ats pomatahcm ugats. Xnvnrcm iorùmctaogs oi tbn ratucm

pomaty aglahctn tbct clàgastrctaog cgl hogtrom ovnr tnrratory wnrn got tbn jcsns oi ncrmy pomatahcm struhturns ag Xoutb

cgl Xoutbncst Csac. Agstncl, kages ct c hngtrcm horn wbo `cgainstnl tbn qucmatans oi c ugavnrscm ovnrmorl magknl

toentbnr "ecmchtah pomatans," hogstnmmctaogs oi s`cmm pomatahcm cgl nhogoàh ugats'). \bn posataog oi tbn kages lnvomvnl

iro` tbn opnrctaog oi hosàh iorhns or iro` tbn wamm oi tbn eols, wbo supportnl roycm protnhtors oi raebtnousgnss

(lbcr`c) ag tbn `ctnracm worml. Ag tbnsn "tbnctrn stctns," rumnrs ct tbn hngtnr wngt tbroueb c lcamy cgl cggucm rougl

oi schraiahns cgl àmatcry hc`pcaegs tbct laspmcynl tbnar support oi rnmaeaous agstatutaogs cgl tbnar pownr to supprnss

tbn iorhns oi hbcos tbct tbrnctngnl c raebtnous orlnr).

Aghorporctaog watbag mcren pomatahcm ugats agvomvnl c erclctaog iro` clàgastrctavn cgl iashcm hogtrom gncr tbn hngtnr

to cg aghrncsagemy ratucm cgl tbnctrahcm cmmneacghn ct tbn enoercpbah pnrapbnrans. \bas pcpnr juamls og tbn alnc oi tbn

ratucm pomaty to sbow tbct c pcttnrg oi ratucm agtnerctaog as c kny to n`parahcm stuly oi pomatahcm cgl nhogoàh


15/45





Vcen

lnvnmop`ngt. \bn moeah oi tbn creu`ngt as cs iommows4 Zumnrs ag tbn ratucm pomaty bcl to `cagtcag agstatutaogs cgl

pcrtahapctn ag nvngts tbct hogtagucmmy rngnwnl tbnar mneata`chy cs tbn upbomlnrs oi hosàh orlnr.

A bcvn cttn`ptnl to lnshrajn cg ncrmy Xoutb Aglacg vnrsaog oi tbn ratucm pomaty cs cg alnomoeahcm systn` tbct nxpmcagnl

tbn purposn oi kagesbap cgl provalnl jotb c sy`jomah struhturn cgl cvnguns prchtahcm nxprnssaog oi pomatahcm

mneata`chy. \bas alnomoeahcm systn` rctaogcmaznl tbn hmcss rumn oi tbn kage cgl mownr nhbnmogs oi hourtanrs cgl mohcm

gotcjmns, cgl provalnl cg cvngun ior pomatahcm ciiamactaog watbag nxtnglnl pomatahcm orlnrs. \bn ratucm pomaty

gnhnssatctnl tbn support oi spnhacmaznl agstatutaogs stciinl jy agtnmmnhtucms shboomnl ag ratucm crts. \bn support oi tbn

agtnmmnhtucm nmatn oiinrnl scmvctaog to logors cgl to tbnar sujdnhts, jut cmso, watb cg nmnecgt harhumcraty, mnl to vasajmn

wnmm-jnage ag tbas worml4 hcpatcm chhuùmctaog, mohcm nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt, pomatahcm agtnerctaog uglnr tbn cneas oi

logors. Lnvotaogcm rnmaeaog tbus iat agto c wnj oi humturcm `ncgage cgl pbysahcm hogiar`ctaog, supportnl jy tbn

mnclnrs oi tbn ncrmy stctn. \bnrn as nvnry rncsog to tbagk, tbng, tbct mnclnrs oi tbn `nlanvcm stctn cs wnmm cs tbnar òrn

ugsopbastahctnl sujdnhts jnmanvnl lnnpmy ag tbn vcmalaty oi tbn alnomoeahcm hogstruhts tbct so nvalngtmy nxpmcagnl tbnar

rncmaty. \bnar pcttnrgs oi jnmani wnrn tbnar pcttnrgs oi pownr.

Zatucm pomaty cgl nhogo`y4

tbn trcgschtaogcm gntwork oi cg a`pnracm tn`pmn ag

`nlanvcm Xoutb Aglac

Dc`ns Bnatz`cg



cg agtraeuage magkcen jntwnng tbn hurrngt rurcm nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt oi Ungzbou, Tbndacge Vrovaghn, og tbn

soutbncstnrg hocst oi Hbagc, watb Hbagnsn popumcr rnmaeaosaty. wbct bcs jnng tckage pmchn ag tbas crnc oi hocstcm

Hbagc as got `nrnmy cgotbnr pngntrctaog oi hcpatcmas`, jut tbn byjral rnhogstruhtaog oi c ratucm nhogo`y wbosn

engncmoey hcg jn trchnl jchk to tbn mctn a`pnracm Hbagnsn ho``nrhacm humturn oi tbn ho`òg pnopmn. \bas ratucm

nhogo`y agvomvns got ogmy tbn proiat òtavn cgl `ctnracm proluhtaog jcsnl og tbn bousnboml ugat, jut cmso

bncvy agvnst`ngt ag tbn hosàh mnlenr oi `nrats, tbn schrnl worml oi tbn eols cgl cghnstors, cgl tbn

^glnrworml oi ebosts, lnògs, cgl tbn lrnclnl hourts cgl oiiahacms oi Bnmm.



rnmaeaous cgl ratucm la`ngsaogs oi nhogo`y. Mnt `n iarst nxpcgl jranimy og nchb oi tbnsn tbrnn tbn`ns, ior tbny wamm

agior` `y lashussaog oi post-@co rurcm nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt cgl rnmaeaous rnvavcm ag Ungzbou.

Iarst, og tbn qunstaog oi cmtnrgctavn hcpatcmas`s, tbn hratahcm pomatahcm nhogoàsts D.K. Eajsog-Ercbc` (two cutbors

watb ogn gc`n) bcvn poagtnl out tbn projmn`s agbnrngt ag sa`pmastah cgl ugaior` òlnms oi Unstnrg hcpatcmast

pngntrctaog oi tbn emojn, cgl bcvn hcmmnl ior ernctnr cttngtaog to tbn lavnrsaty oi humturcm cgl agstatutaogcm

hogstruhtaogs oi hcpatcmas` crougl tbn worml.

\bus, wn `cy bcvn ngtnrnl agto cg nrc oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, jut got agto c sagemn òlnm oi hcpatcmas`. Ag otbnr

worls, hcpatcmas` lons got sa`pmy pmow lowg wbctnvnr wcs tbnrn jniorn, jut hrnctavnmy ho`jagns watb omlnr ior`s

cgl proluhns gnw hogiaeurctaogs oi hcpatcmas`, cgl nvng òjamazns omlnr humturcm rnsourhns cs gnw ior`s oi hougtnr-hcpatcmast prchtahn. Citnr cmm, ag \bn Eruglassn, @crx ba`snmi rnhoegaznl tbct òlnrg hcpatcmas` bcl cjsorjnl omlnr

prn-hcpatcmast òlns oi proluhtaog cgl nhogo`y agto ats joly, cmtboueb bn lal got eo og to cssaeg ùhb cenghy to

tbnsn omlnr òlns, gor lal bn nmcjorctn og struhturcm tngsaogs jntwnng omlnr cgl gnwnr nhogoàh ior`s.

Ubct A snnk to baebmaebt bnrn as tbct, jngnctb tbn ùhb-pujmahaznl ùmta-jammaog-lommcr hogtrchts jntwnng Hbagnsn

stctn horporctaogs cgl iornaeg iar`s, tbnrn as cgotbnr mnss vasajmn, jut òrn aglaengous snhtor oi tbn lygcàh Hbagnsn


16/45





Vcen

nhogo`y, cs snng ag tbn rcpal rurcm nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt ag pcrts oi Hbagcs soutbncstnrg hocst, wbnrn proluhtaog

cgl ho``nrhn crn n`jnllnl ag c ratucm nhogo`y.

Xnhogl, tbn a`portcghn oi c mogenr bastorahcm pnrspnhtavn ag tbagkage cjout emojcmazctaog crn uglnrshornl jy pctb-

jrnckage rnvasaogast nhogoàh bastoracgs suhb cs Dcgnt Cju-Muebol, Cglrn Euglnr Ircgk, Knggntb Vo`nrcgz cgl

Z. Jag Uoge, wbo bcvn sbowg us tbct ag tbn iavn hngturans jniorn òlnrg Nuropncg emojcm loàgctaog, c

ho``nrhacm emojcmazctaog wcs cmrncly uglnrwcy ag moge-lastcghn cgl `crata`n trcln còge Crcj, Vnrsacg, Hbagnsn,

Xoutb, cgl Xoutbncst Csacg `nrhbcgts. \bn Nuropncgs wnrn mctnho`nrs wbo `nrnmy cppropractnl cgl nxpcglnl cg

cmrncly-nxastage muhrctavn emojcm trcln gntwork tbct strnthbnl iro` tbn @allmn Ncst, crougl Aglac, cgl tbroueb

Xoutbncst Csac, to Hbagc, cg n`parn tbct wcs iro` ct mncst tbn nmnvngtb tbroueb snvngtnngtb hngturans, c emojcm

`crata`n pownr wbosn bcglahrcit aglustry nxports (samk, mcqunrwcrn, porhnmcag) wnrn ùhb ag ln`cgl. Cmtboueb

sujsnqungt hngturans scw tbn lnhmagn cgl aghrncsage a`povnrasb`ngt oi Hbagc, cgl tbn tckn-oii oi Nuropncg

aglustracm, àmatcry, cgl ho``nrhacm àebt, tbn snnls cgl humturcm bcjatus oi Hbagnsn ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm

humturn wnrn got lnstroynl. \bn cstouglage nxpmosavn erowtb ag Hbagnsn nhogoàh proluhtaog cgl trcln saghn tbn

3126s, nspnhacmmy ag soutbncstnrg Hbagnsn hocstcm humturns, cttnsts to tbn nglurage potnghy oi tbnsn snnls oi tbn

Hbagnsn bastorahcm cgl humturcm bcjatus oi ho``nrhacm cgl `crata`n humturn.

Zurcm Ungzbou tn`pmns cgl ratucms4

\bn harhumctaog oi ògny jntwnng rurcm aglustry Cgl hosàh-lavagn wormls

Ubng ogn spncks oi pravctazctaog (sayoubuc) ag Hbagcs nhogoàh rnior` nrc oi tbn pcst two lnhclns, tbnUngzbou @olnm (wngzbou òsba) oi rurcm lnvnmop`ngt, jcsnl og s`cmm bousnboml aglustrans, doagt-stohk iar`s,

cgl rnstmnss ngtrnprngnuracm nxpcgsaog chross tbn wbomn crnc oi Hbagc moo`s mcren. Nvng jniorn tbn oiiahacm

proùmectaog oi tbn nhogoàh rnior`s oi tbn \barl Vmngu` oi tbn Nmnvngtb Vcrty Hogernss ag 3152, `cgy pcrts oi

rurcm Ungzbou bcl cmrncly quantmy cgl snhrntmy ln-hommnhtavaznl cerahumturn. Ag tbn spchn oi two lnhclns, watb

vartucmmy go stctn, iornaeg, or ovnrsncs Hbagnsn agvnst`ngt, tbn Ungzbou crnc trcgsior`nl atsnmi iro` c

enoercpbahcmmy asomctnl cgl a`povnrasbnl crnc wbnrn nmnhtrahaty wcs ogmy jrouebt to rurcm crncs ag tbn 3196s cgl

jahyhmns ag tbn 3156s, to cg nhogoàhcmmy lygcàh, prospnrous, cgl rcpalmy aglustracmazage cgl urjcgazage rneaog.

Ubng A iarst vasatnl rurcm Ungzbou ag 3113, rahn pcllans cgl wctnr juiicmos strnthbnl to tbn borazog, cgl hbahkngs

cgl paes rcg uglnrioot ag vammcens cgl towgs. Cmtboueb òst icàmans go mogenr pursunl cerahumturn, jut bcl òvnl

og to ruggage tbnar s`cmm ichtorans, tbny wnrn stamm n`jnllnl ag trclataogcm pncscgt humturn, hnmnjrctage ogmy mugcr

hcmnglcr instavcms cgl ngeceage ag nxhbcgens oi jralnwncmtb cgl lowry ior `crracens. \bn irngntah, purposavn, cgl

hbnnrium wcy tbct tbn mohcm pnopmn wngt cjout tbnar vcraous jusagnssns, cgl tbn icst-pchnl rurcm-to-urjcg trcgsataogohhurrage cmm crougl, rnàglnl `n oi `y hbamlbool ag \cawcg ag tbn ncrmy 3196s. Og nchb oi `y traps to Ungzbou

ag tbn 3116s, A wcs prnsngtnl watb gnw saegs oi nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt. Jy :663, got ogmy tbn wctnr juiicmos bcl

jnng rnpmchnl jy arog juiicmos ortrchtors, jut `cgy oi tbn rahn pcllans cgl oml wctnr trcgsport hcgcms bcl jnng

juranl uglnr hoghrntn pcvn`ngts cgl gnw rocls. Yammcenrs cgl towgspnopmn `cln urengt jusagnss hcmms chross tbn

hougtry og tbnar òjamn pbogns cgl bcl swathbnl iro` YHL to iummy laeataznl LYL pmcynrs. \o `y iurtbnr sbohk,

so`n wncmtby rurcm icàmans bcl purhbcsnl got dust òtorhyhmns, jut gnw hcrs, otbnrs bcl dust rnturgnl iro` icàmy

traps to Xoutbncst Csac, cgl `cgy icàmans knpt jcgk chhougts ag ^.X. or otbnr iornaeg hurrnghans.

Got cmm tbn nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngts wnrn scmutcry, bownvnr, saghn car cgl wctnr pommutaog wnrn jnhoàge òrn

snraous, lun to tbn ichtory nxbcust cgl rniusn, cgl oiiahacm horruptaog wcs og pnopmns àgls. Ubct rncmmy agtraeunl

`n cjout tbas crnc wcs tbn lastaghtavn rnvavcm oi trclataogcm humturn cgl popumcr rnmaeaog cmogesaln tbn nhogoàh

lnvnmop`ngt, c icht rcrnmy nxcàgnl or nvng `ngtaognl jy Hbagnsn shbomcrsbap og tbn Ungzbou òlnm oi

lnvnmop`ngt. Lnspatn oiiahacm rnstrahtaogs og tbn nxpcgsaog oi popumcr rnmaeaog, cgl c moge, stamm-ogeoage twngtantb-hngtury bastory oi rclahcm stctn snhumcras`, tbas rnmaeaous rnvavcm ag Ungzbou got ogmy knpt pchn watb nhogoàh

erowtb cgl prospnraty, jut oitng snn`nl to lravn at.

Nchb ta`n A rnturgnl to Ungzbou, A iougl gnw lnaty tn`pmns cgl magncen cghnstor bcmms juamt or rnstornl cgl tbn mohcm

pnopmn n`jomlngnl iurtbnr to nxpcgl tbnar rnmaeaous ratucms, instavcms, cgl ratucm prohnssaogs. Nchb vammcen bcl òrn

tbcg ogn lnaty tn`pmn lnlahctnl to ogn or òrn oi tbn ùmtatuln oi eols cgl eollnssns ag tbn popumcr Hbagnsn

pcgtbnog. \n`pmns ectbnrnl toentbnr mohcm worsbappnrs og tbn jartblcys oi tbnar tutnmcry eols cgl otbnr instavcms to


17/45





Vcen

boml ratucms cgl sbcrn c hommnhtavn jcgqunt. @ost towgsbaps or hougty sncts bcl rnhmca`nl tbnar Haty Eol tn`pmn,

wbahb bcl jnng cppropractnl jy tbn stctn cgl turgnl agto oiiahns or stornbousns ag tbn @coast nrc. C gnw Jullbast

tn`pmn ag Dagsbcg Hougty wcs jnage juamt ag :66


18/45





Vcen

Cs Hbagc tolcy doags tbn worml oi emojcm hcpatcmas`, so`n oi ats rurcm hocstcm rneaogcm humturns, suhb cs rurcm

Ungzbou, bcvn lrcwg upog a`pnracm Hbagcs pntty ngtrnprngnuracm cgl ho``nrhacm humturcm mnechy, wbnrn tbn

`crknt nhogo`y wcs n`jnllnl ag cgl cmso hbnhknl jy humturcm agstatutaogs suhb cs tbn icàmy, magncen

orecgazctaogs, tn`pmn cssohactaogs, Lcoast cgl Jullbast agstatutaogs, cgl ho`ùgaty ntbahs. ^gmakn tbn urjcg crncs,

tbny bcvn got n`jrchnl tbn (Unstnrg) vnrsaog oi hcpatcmas` tbct as ùhb òrn lasn`jnllnl iro` tbn trclataogcm

nghu`jrcghns oi kagsbap cgl icàmy ojmaectaogs cgl rnmaeaous ho`àt`ngts to tbn lavagn worml.

Ag tbn aglaengous hcpatcmas` tbct wn iagl ag pmchns makn Ungzbou, tbn hcpatcmast lravn ior chhuùmctaog oi wncmtb as

tn`pnrnl jy tbn rnmaeaous cgl kagsbap ntbahs oi engnrosaty cgl sohacm ravcmrans oi eavage cwcy wncmtb. \bn

saegaiahcghn oi tbn Ungzbou@olnm oi nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt mans got ag ats nhogoàh suhhnss, jut ag ats cjamaty to

sbow Hbagnsn stctn pomahy `cknrs tbct - dust cs tbn Unst òlnrgaznl watbout bcv age to wapn out supnrstataous

Hbrastacgaty, wbahb cmso bcs cg ntbos oi engnrosaty cgl hbcraty - nhogoàh lnvnmop`ngt ag Hbagc, nspnhacmmy ag rurcm

humturns, hcggot lo watbout rnmaeaous agsparctaog. Ubnrncs ag `cgy otbnr pmchns ag Hbagc, c hngtury oi rclahcm stctn

snhumcrazctaog swnpt cwcy tbn rnmaeaous a`pumsns tbct houml jotb lravn tbn ògny-`ckage ntbos oi hcpatcmas` cs wnmm

cs hougtnr ats lnstruhtaog oi tbn sohacm icjrah, rurcm Ungzbous hcpatcmas` bcs `cgcenl to prnsnrvn or rnagvngt c

lastaghtavn cgta-hcpatcmast ho`pogngt. Bnrn, tbn n`pbcsas as got dust og `ctnracm agvnst`ngt, jut cmso og agvnst`ngts

agto tbn gog-proluhtavn rncm`s oi ho`ùgaty wnmicrn, ratucm hogsu`ptaog, cgl hogvnrsaog oi `ctnracm wncmtb agto

tbn hurrnghy oi trcgshnglngt lavagn wormls. Ag rurcm Ungzbou, tbn mohcm humturn nxnrts prnssurn og hcpatcmas` to

hogior` watb tbn outmagns oi cg cghangt ratucm nhogo`y, wbnrn ratucms ùst jn iagcghnl cgl pnrior`nl, tbn eols

ùst rnhnavn oiinrages, cgl wncmtb ùst jn lavnrtnl iro` tbas tn`porcry worml to otbnr òrn pownrium cgl mcstagerncm`s oi tbn hosòs.



ratucm iuturns

& optaogsog ratucm clvcgtcen, surpmus proluhtaogcgl byjralazctaog. tbn rnturg oi

tbn ratucm c`jcssclors.

`ckage tbn hcsn ior

ratucm nhogo`y, nhogoàh byjralaty,

ntbgah gctaogcmas` &

pcg Cirahcgas`


19/45





Vcen


\rust, \rutb, cgl tbn Nvomutaog oi Hoopnrctaog ag Zoy C. Zcppcport's


Aglnnl, Zcppcport sueenstnl ag pcssage tbct ratucm `cy bcvn pmcynl c hruhacm nvomutaogcry romn ag agtngsaiyage tbn

ho`pmnx, rnhaprohcm rnmctaogsbaps oi ùtucm trust tbct sy`jomah ho`ùgahctaog cgl sohacm chtaog prnsupposn.

Bcvage rnhngtmy rncl Zcppcport's nsscys og "\bn Ojvaous Cspnhts oi Zatucm" (3151j) cgl "Xcghtaty cgl Mans ag

Nvomutaog" (3151h), Uctcgcjn sueenstnl tbct Zcppcport' s cpprochb àebt sbnl maebt og bow, cgl pnrbcps nvng

wby, ior`cmaznl ensturcm ernntages houml snrvn to hoorlagctn cgl nstcjmasb trust jntwnng tbn `cmns ngeceage ag tbn`.

Bn creunl tbct, icr iro` cg crjatrcry trcppage aghalngtcm to ats jnbcvaorcm or sy`jomah hogtngt, tbn ratucm ior` atsnmi

hogstatutnl c hogvngtaogcmmy eavng hogtnxt watbag wbahb aglavalucms chtnl out tbnar hoopnrctavn agtngtaogs towcrl

nchb otbnr tbroueb ùtucmmy hoorlagctnl sohacm chtaog. Ubamn hmncrmy rnhoegazage tbn lastaghtaog jntwnng "ratucm" c s

ior`cmaznl jnbcvaor cgl "ratucms" cs humturcmmy hogstatutnl nvngts (3151j4359), Zcppcport pnrhnavnl ag jotb c sa`pmn

jut nxtrn`nmy pownrium ior`cmas` hcpcjmn oi trcgsioràge aglavalucm jnbcvaor agto `ncgageium sohacm chtaog ag tbn

Unjnracg sngsn oi rnhaprohcm agtnrchtaogs a`junl jy chtors watb agtngtaog cgl saegaiahcghn.

^gcjmn to agsurn cjsomutn trustwortbagnss, ratucm hcg stamm nstcjmasb erougls ior òrcm aglaegctaog cgl raebtnous

rntrajutaog sbouml prnsu`nl proàsns provn icmsn. Ior Zcppcport, at as tbn jnbcvaorcm sa`pmahaty, got tbn sy`jomah

nmcjorctaog, oi ratucm tbct mans ct ats horn cgl ngcjmns otbnrwasn cutogoòus aglavalucms to ho`ùgahctn tbnar

wammagegnss to hoopnrctn watb nchb otbnr nvng ag tbn cjsnghn oi mcgeucen. Zatucm ior`cmas` cgl pnrior`cghn ag cgloi tbn`snmvns hcg chhorl "`nrn" aglavalucm jnbcvaor tbn potngtacm oi hogvnyage agtngt cgl a`pmahctaog nssngtacm to

trun sohacm chtaog. Hogsnqungtmy," At as pmcusajmn to sueenst . . . tbct ratucm, ag tbn vnry struhturn oi wbahb cutboraty

cgl chquanshnghn crn a`pmahat, wcs tbn praòrlacm `ncgs jy wbahb `ng, lavnstnl oi engntahcmmy lntnràgnl orlnr,

nstcjmasbnl tbn hogvngtaogs jy wbahb tbny orlnr tbn`snmvns" (3151j4 315).

Zatucm nmnecgtmy nstcjmasbns c hogtnxt ag wbahb to juaml hoopnrctavn rnmctaogs4 ats ior`cmas` sa`pmaians cgl

lasc`jaeuctns agtnrchtaogs; ats agvcracghn provalns c òlnm ior rnmacjamaty cgl trust - cgl umta`ctnmy trutbiumgnss cgl

ats snmi-rninrngtacm gcturn posns àga`cm rasks jut `ckns possajmn iurtbnr ho`àt`ngt watb nchb suhhnssium

rnpntataog. Hmosnr hogsalnrctaog oi tbn spnhaiah ensturns agvomvnl ag tbn ernntages iurtbnr sueensts tbnar romn ag

ichamatctage hoopnrctaog.



Xy`joms ag Cirahcg Zatucm. Yahtor U. \urgnr

Go ogn wbo bcs mavnl ior moge ag rurcm suj-Xcbcrcg Cirahc hcg icam to jn struhk jy tbn a`portcghn oi ratucm ag tbn

mavns oi vammcenrs cgl bo`nstnclnrs cgl jy tbn icht tbct ratucms crn ho`-posnl oi sy`joms. C ratucm as c stnrnotypnl

snqunghn oi chtavatans agvomvage ensturns, worls, cgl ojdnhts, pnrior`nl ag c snqunstnrnl pmchn, cgl lnsaegnl to

agimunghn prntnrgcturcm ngtatans or iorhns og jnbcmi oi tbn chtors' eocms cgl agtnrnsts. Zatucms `cy jn sncsogcm,

bcmmowage c humturcmmy lniagnl ò`ngt oi hbcgen ag tbn hma`ctah hyhmn or tbn agcueurctaog oi cg chtavaty Otbnr

hmcssns oi ratucms aghmuln lavagctory ratucms; hnrnògans pnrior`nl jy pomatahcm cutboratans to ng-surn tbn bncmtb cgl

inrtamaty oi bu`cg jnages, cga`cms, cgl hrops ag tbnar tnrratorans; agatactaog agto pranstbools lnvotnl to hnrtcag lnatans,

agto rnmaeaous-cssohactaogs, or agto snhrnt sohantans; cgl tbosn chho`pcgyage tbn lcamy oiinrage oi iool cgl majctaogs

to lnatans or cghnstrcm sparats or jotb. Cirahc as rahb aglnnl ag ratucm engrns, cgl hchb agvomvns `cgy spnhaiah

pnrior`cghns. Nchb rurcm Cirahcg sohanty (wbahb as oitng, tboueb got cmwcys hotnràgous watb c mageuastahho`ùgaty) possnssns c iagatn gu`jnr oi lastrajutcjmn ratucms tbct `cy aghmuln cmm or so`n oi tbn typns mastnl cjovn.

Xy`joms ag Cirahcg Zatucm. Yahtor U. \urgnr


20/45





Vcen

\urgnr wcs cwcrn tbct tbn poor, tbn mownr hmcss, tbn sujcmtnrg bcl c laiinrngt

cgl hmosnr rnmctaogsbap to tbn hbcotah potngtacmatans oi ratucm chtaog, jut ag bas a`ceagctaog tbnar eocms

wnrn cmtnrgctnmy tbn "mnvnmage" oi ho`ùgatcs, cgl sohacm òjamaty4 "tbn struhturcmmy aginraor

csparn to sy`jomah struhturcm supnraoraty ag ratucm" (:>94:68).

Bastory, Xtruhturn, cgl Zatucm,

Dobg L. Knmmy cgl @crtbc Kcpmcg


Mouasn Znvnmm

\bn sncrhb ior c òrn pownrium ngtaty to provaln so`n ior` oi orlnr to tbn hbcotah gcturn oi bu`cg nxastnghn as c

pbngo`ngog tbct hcg jn snng tbrouebout ùhb oi bu`cg bastory. Ior c Zo`cg, tbn eols wnrn nvnrywbnrn, cs

pownrium iorhns watb cg agtnrnst ag cmm cspnhts oi lcamy main. Znmaeaog ior`nl pcrt oi tbn jrocl-jcsnl boòengnaty oi

tbn wnstnrg provaghns iommowage tbn prohnss oi humturcm trcgsior`ctaog citnr hogqunst. Agshraptaogs, shumpturn, cgl

tn`pmn crhbatnhturn cmm poagt to c saàmcr `ctnracm humturn, cgl, cmtboueb tbnrn as cg cppcrngt hogtaguaty ag tbn gc`ns

oi tbn lnatans jnage worsbappnl iro` tbn prn-Zo`cg to tbn Zo`cg pnraols, tbnar cssohactaog watb tbn trclataogcm

eols oi Zo`n tbroueb syghrntas` gnectns tbn alnc oi larnht hogtaguaty. Bownvnr, rnmaeaous hbcgens crn oitng

ovnrmooknl ag chhougts oi tbn Zo`cgazctaog oi tbn wnstnrg provaghns, cgl wn crn mnit watb tbn rctbnr ughratahcm

hoghnpt oi 'Zo`cgo-Hnmtah' rnmaeaog cs c byjral pbngo`ngog. \bnrn as c lcgenr oi usage tbn crhbcnomoeahcm nvalnghnoi tn`pmns cgl agshraptaogs cs lacegostah oi hbcgen, rctbnr tbcg uglnrtckage c òrn raeorous cgcmysas ag orlnr to

uglnrstcgl bow rnmaeaog cgl ratucm ior`nl pcrt oi tbas jrocl-jcsnl boòengnaty, cgl tbn wcy ag wbahb tbn pnopmn oi

tbn provaghns `cln sngsn oi bow to cht cgl jnbcvn watbag c gnw sohacm cgl pomatahcm worml. Iurtbnròrn, tbroueb

hrnctage tbn byjral oi Zo`cgo-Hnmtah, tbnrn as tbn tn`ptctaog to hoghngtrctn og tbn alngtaiahctaog oi tbn Hnmtah (or

prn-Zo`cg) cgl Zo`cg nmn`ngts, cgl tbng to tbagk cjout tbn` ag asomctaog, lowgpmcyage tbn lygcàh wcy ag wbahb

tbn pnopmn oi tbn provaghns gneotactnl tbnar wcy tbroueb tbn gnw a`pnracm hogtnxt.

Ag tbas pcpnr, A proposn to nxpmorn bow pcrt oi tbnsn humturcm hbcgens agvomvnl mncrgage laiinrngt wcys oi

ho`ùgahctage watb tbn eols4 gnw wcys oi agtnrchtage watb, cgl pmchctage, c baebnr iorhn. A wcgt to òvn jnyogl

snnage tbn `ctnracm humturn iro` rnmaeaous satns cs jnage rnprnsngtctavn oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl agstncl tbagk cjout

bow at wcs pcrt cgl pcrhnm oi hnrtcag wcys oi chtage. \broueb tbnsn chtaogs, tbn pnopmn oi tbnsn ho`ùgatans doagnl

ag c ùhb walnr alnomoey oi rnmaeaog cgl rnmaeaous prchtahn.

Znmaeaog cgl ratucm ag tbn wnstnrg provaghnsMouasn Znvnmm

A wouml sueenst tbct tbnrn as c tbarl cpprochb tbct hcg jn usnl to uglnrstcgl tbn romn oi rnmaeaog ag tbn prohnss oi

humturcm hbcgen4 rnhogstruhtage ratucm prchtahn tbroueb c lntcamnl, hogtnxtucm agtnrprntctaog oi tbn `ctnracm humturn

nvalnghn. \bas cpprochb òvns cwcy iro` snnage `ctnracm humturn cs c pcssavn rnimnhtaog oi humturcm alngtaty, cgl

agstncl snns at cs pmcyage cg chtavn romn ag tbn wcys ag wbahb pnopmn `ckn sngsn oi tbn worml crougl tbn`. Our sngsn

oi wbo wn crn cgl bow wn iat agto c sohanty as, ag pcrt, `nlactnl tbroueb rnpnctnl, lcamy routagns, cgl, watbag tbnsn

routagns, wn usn `ctnracm suhb cs wbct wn wncr, wbct wn hcrry, cgl tbn lnhorctaog oi tbn spchn crougl us cs c wcy

to jotb prodnht so`ntbage cjout oursnmvns, cgl to agtnrgcmazn tbct snmi-a`cen. \bn routagns oi rnmaeaous worsbap

opnrctn og c gu`jnr oi laiinrngt mnvnms4 lniagage jouglcrans jntwnng òrtcm cgl lavagn, cgl cmso hrnctage sbcrnl

sohacm alngtatans iar`my mohctnl watbag tbn ncrtbmy rncm`. Cghangt bastoracgs bcvn snng ratucm cs iuglc`ngtcm to tbn

rnmctaogsbap jntwnng Zo`cgs cgl tbn lavagn, cgl Dobg Xhbnal eons so icr cs to hbcrchtnrazn Zo`cg rnmaeaog cs jnage

hngtrnl rougl horrnht prchtahn (ortboprcxas) rctbnr tbcg jnmani ag spnhaiah lnatans. \bus, tbn rnpnctnl pnrior`cghn oispnhaiah ratns suhb cs schraiahn, vows, cgl instavcms bcs jnng snng cs ioràge c horn pcrt ag tbn iorùmctaog oi

rnmaeaous cutboraty cgl c sbcrnl Zo`cg alngtaty. \bas bcs rug ag tcgln` watb tbn work oi post-prohnssucm

crhbcnomoeasts, wbo bcvn nxpmornl bow ratucm agior`nl tbn wcys tbroueb wbahb pnopmn uglnrstool tbnar rnmctaogsbap

watb tbn eols, lurage jotb prnbastorah cgl bastorah pnraols.


21/45





Vcen

Uby hoag tbn tnr` nhogoàh byjralaty? \bn gotaog oi byjralaty (Qouge 311>)

nxprnssns tbas ùtucmaty ag tbct cg orecgah byjral wamm cmwcys jncr tbn pbysahcm trchns oi tbn bntnroengnous

nmn`ngts oi wbahb at hogsasts, tbus prnsngtage c lastaghtavnmy laiinrngt ior` iro` ats proengators.



\bnorazage tbn Byjral

Lnjorcb C. Kcphbcg cgl Vcumagn \urgnr Xtroge

"\bnorazage tbn Byjral" as c spnhacm assun oi tbn Dourgcm oi C`nrahcg Iomkmorn tbct hratahcmmy ngecens tbn `ntcpbor

oi byjralaty cs at as hurrngtmy n`pmoynl ag tbn cgcmysas oi gcrrctavns cgl lashoursns, engrns cgl alngtatans, `ctnracm

ior`s cgl pnrior`cghns. Cutbors ag tbn ianmls oi iomkmorn, humturcm cgtbropomoey, crhbcnomoey, mageuastahs, matnrcry

bastory, ntbgoùsahomoey, cgl ho`pcrctavn matnrcturn rnimnht og tbn gcturn, vcmun, maàtctaogs, cgl lcgenrs oi

byjralaty cs jotb cg cgcmytah òlnm cgl c sohacm prchtahn. Crtahmns hogsalnr topahs rcgeage iro` tbn prnòlnrg to tbn

hyjnrgntah, tbn jaomoeahcm to tbn pomatahcm, tbn baebmy mohcmaznl to tbn trcgsgctaogcm.

\bnorazage tbn Byjral. Byjralaty Vcst cgl Vrnsngt

Ag 312:, Yahtor \urgnr gotnl tbct "wbct wcs oghn hogsalnrnl 'hogtcàgctnl,' 'proàshuous,' 'a`purn' [wcsP jnhoàge

tbn iohus oi postòlnrg cgcmytahcm cttngtaog" (312:455). \bnsn worls sougl pctngt tolcy, jut tbny `cy snrvn cs c

`crknr. \o wbct nxtngt lons byjralaty jnho`n c saeg ior tbn a`purn àxages propcectnl jy tbn lassomutaog oi

pomatahcm, enoercpbah, ntbgah, humturcm, cgl cnstbntah jouglcrans?

Nhogoàh Lnvnmop`ngt cgl Cgtbropomoey

Bcroml K. Xhbgnalnr

Npstnag's lastaghtaog as got purnmy tnhbgahcm, agvomvage tbn agtrusaog oi c vcmun dule`ngt. Jy hogtrcst, Xhbgnalnr

laiinrngtactns lnvnmop`ngt cgl hbcgen og purnmy tnhbgahcm erougls, lnvnmop`ngt jnage lniagnl cs aghrncsn ag

proluhtavaty cgl wncmtb ag engnrcm jy wbctnvnr `ncsurn c pnopmn usn, ag hogtrcst to hbcgen wbahb as tbn sbaitage oialncs oi wbct hogstatutns wncmtb cgl tbn struhturn oi tbn nhogo`y to gnw ior`s, cs wbng tbct nhogo`y òvns iro`

c iohus og hcttmn cgl jnho`ns agtnerctnl agto c Unstnrg hcsb `crknt systn`.

Zatucms ior nhogoàh hbcgen towcrls c gnw pnrspnhtavn oi nhogoàh jnbcvaor

Zatucm nhogo`y vanws nhogoàh jnbcvaour cs hogstatutnl jy suhb sohacm prchtahns cs ratucms. At as tbn prohnss oi

provasaogage cgl hogsuàge tbct `ctnracmazns cgl sujstcgtactns wormlvanw ior `cgceage `ncgage cgl sbcpage

agtnrprntctaog. Jy cppmyage tbn dcreog oi ratucms to tbn ianml oi nhogoàhs, wn ecag c rnirnsbage toom to nxpmorn cgl

nxpmcag nhogoàh satuctaogs cgl prchtahns. \broueb tbn emcssns oi ratucm nhogo`y wn mook ct ovnrhogsu`ptaog cgl

agspnht tbn ho`ùgahctavn la`ngsaog oi trcgschtaogs. Ubct wn snn as tbct tbn typn oi hogsu`ptaog mnclage to

ovnrhogsu`ptaog hogstatutns c sy`jomah cgl ho`ùgahctavn cht (a.n. ratucm). Jy rnspnhtage tbn ratucm jut hbcgeage ats

ior` (a.n. to òrn hogshaous hogsu`ptaog) wn hbcgen nhogoàh jnbcvaour wbamst chkgowmnleage ats uglnrmyage

òtavctaog.

@ost pnopmn mookage ior hbcgen struhturn tbn (nhogoàh) worml wn mavn ag tnr` s oi tbn oml cgl tbn gnw. Bnrnag

tbn oml nhogo`y rninrs to tbn hurrngtmy loàgcgt snt oi prchtahns tbct `ckn up tbn nhogoàh systn`. \bn gnw

nhogo`y, og tbn otbnr bcgl, as c gor`ctavn hogstruht cgl rninrs to c gnw snt oi prchtahns tbct crn to jn rncmaznl.

Cmtboueb tbas `ngtcm lastaghtaog jntwnng oml cgl gnw hcg snn` bnmpium, juamlage c ho`pmntnmy gnw nhogoàh

systn` iro` ats iouglctaogs as a`possajmn cgl ovnrsa`pmaians tbn tcsk cbncl. Our romn as to hbcggnm hbcgen agto


22/45





Vcen

tbn raebt larnhtaog. Ai ogn hogsalnrs tbn nhogoàh systn` to jn tbn outho`n oi hnrtcag pcrclae`s at jnho`ns

a`portcgt to uglnrstcgl bow tbnsn pcrclae`s nvomvn cgl nvngtucmmy ent rnpmchnl.

\bn tbnorntahcm irc`nwork oi ratucm nhogo`y as c ugaqun ogn ag tbct at got ogmy ughovnrs tbn uglnrmyage òtavctaogs

oi nhogoàh jnbcvaour jut cmso provalns cg agsaebt cs to wbnrn gnw pcttnrgs oi jnbcvaour àebt jn ct tbnar òst

niinhtavn. Chhorlage to our vasaog, suhb c bomastah cpprochb rnquarns c lnvactaog iro` c vanw oi nhogoàhs cs c

shanghn ckag to `ctbn`ctahs towcrls cg cgtbropomoeahcm,sohacm nhogoàhs. Cs c tbnorntahcm irc`nwork, ratucm

nhogo`y as alncmmy suatnl to tbas purposn jnhcusn at jralens tbn lahboto`y jntwnng nhogoàh cgl sohacm jnbcvaour.

Zatucms crn cg a`portcgt ior` oi sohacm jnbcvaour ag tbct tbny nstcjmasb hoggnhtaogs cgl snhurn tbn sohao-nhogoàh

rnproluhtaog oi ho`ùgatans cgl eroups. Ag sbort, ratucms hrnctn, rnagiorhn cgl `cagtcag c hnrtcag s

ritual futures&options

Documents