river navigation.doc

7/28/2019 RIVER NAVIGATION.doc

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ASSIGNMENT 1

River Navigation

By :

Group 5

1. Intan Madya Ratna 105060400111058

2. Jayanti Putri Kiswandhi 105060401111018

3. Hadi Satria Setyono 105060400111052

4. Rhomy Wahyudies Santoso 105060400111037

5. Christian Aji Sulistiono 105060407111018

6. Wahyudi Hidayat

Water Resources Engineering 2010

Class A


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RIVER NAVIGATION

Water layer occupies two thirds of the total area of our planet, while the rest of the

mainland. Basically the amount of water contained in the earth, we never run out, and

experience the water cycle (cycle) that takes place does not stop the periodic cycles of

sunlight, wind, plants, mountains, etc..

Improving water availability index decreases with population growth, a sign that the

deficit of the watershed. Considering this is necessary to increase the availability of water.

One solution is to take the steps of technology development, water supply, conservation of

water resources and improving water conservation and river management.

I. Explanations of Rivers and Watershed

Basically, the river is a natural watercourse that flows into the lake water, sea or

ocean. The river consists of several parts, starting from the springs that flow into rivers.

Several tributaries join to form the main river. water flow is usually bordered by the channel

with the base and the cliff on the left and right. End of the river where the river meets the sea

known as the river mouth.

This river is one part of the hydrologic cycle. The water in the river is generally

collected from rainfall, such as rain, dew, springs, underground streams, and in some

countries also tertantu river water comes from melting ice / snow. In addition to water, river

sediment and pollutants flowing properly. The biggest benefit of the river for irrigation,

drinking water raw materials, as the channel rain water and waste water, even the true

potential of the river became a tourist attraction. In Indonesia there are currently 5950

watersheds (DAS).

Watershed (DAS) is an area that is surrounded and bounded by natural topographic

ridge or mountain range, where the rainfall that falls on the flow through a specific exit point

(outlet), which eventually empties into the lake or sea. Natural boundaries of the watershed


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can be used as a natural ecosystem boundaries, which may overlap with artificial ecosystems,

such as the areas of administrative and economic areas. Often, however, limit cross-border

river basin district, provincial and even cross country. A watershed may consist of several

sub-basin, basin area and then divided again into sub-watershed.

Components of Rivers

The main components of river ecosystems, consisting of: humans, animals,

vegetation, soil, climate, and water. Each component has unique properties and its existence

does not stand alone, but associated with other components to form the unity of ecological

systems (ecosystems). Humans play an important and dominant role in influencing thequality of river flow. Disruption of one component of the ecosystem will be felt by the other

components with the nature of the impact chain. Ecosystem balance will be guaranteed if the

condition of mutual relations between the components work properly and optimally. Quality

of interaction between the components of the ecosystem can be seen from the quality of

output from the ecosystem. In a watershed ecosystem quality physically visible from the

magnitude of erosion, runoff, sedimentation, fluctuations in runoff, and land productivity.

River Flow PatternsRiver flow patterns when viewed from above looks like some form, resembling a tree

branch (dendritic), square (rectangular), the radius of the circle (radial), and Trellis. This flow

pattern could be an early indication about the type and structure of the existing rock.

a. Dendritic pattern : generally found in rocky areas with similar characteristics

and widespread, for example, closed areas and the largest

deposits of sediment which is located in the horizontal plane,

as in the eastern lowlands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.b. Rectangular pattern : Generally found in areas of limestone producing areas, such

as in the area of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta.

c. Radial pattern : generally found on the slopes of the volcano, such as G.

Semeru, G. Ijen, G. Merapi.

d. Trellis Pattern : found in areas with a layer of sediment in the folds of the

mountain, as in West Sumatra and Central Java

II. River Navigation


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Management of the river is the river which covers the use of business coaching, use,

development and conservation in the form of protection and control of rivers that are part of

river management, which aims to acquire control of water in order to provide maximum

benefits to meet the various interests to the welfare of society.

River flow management is to control the river bed (bed flow control) and the river

channel settings (control alignment). Working for river flow regulation and stabilization of

river channels can be done by making the building, building control and monitoring with the

riverbed, quarrying natural carpets, making the effect of the flow.

1. Correction and Stabilization Of The River Flow

To increase the flow of the river, carried out by adjusting the cross-section and

depth of groove for pengandalian goals and needs of navigation. Setting the flow

direction (alignment control), in planning the direction of the straight river channel

with an irregular cross section (uniform) is not stable because if the slightest

disturbance will occur deflection (meanders) from the bottom of the groove, and the

deposits are formed from sediment char-char.

2. Riverbed Settings

River flow and elevation changes caused by the movement of alluvial river

bottom material. These changes tend to cause the occurrence agradasi and degradation

in the long run, it makes controlling the riverbed. Basic equilibrium in the longitudinal

river is determined by the balance between the amount of sediment by rivers to the

sediment transport capacity. Degradation of the riverbed can be affected by the

decline in ground water, foundation stability of bridges and other structures and

decreasing depth of the navigation channel disturbed this problem can be solved by

building the basic control structure of the river (land) or weir. Agradasi riverbed can

cause the problem to reduce the flow capacity, thus increasing the occurrence of

floods, reducing the traffic capacity of the bridge so that the necessary elevation and

disruption of the building.

III. River Navigation Steps

1. River Drainage Area Conservation


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Conservation of natural resources due to rampant exploitation of land, forests

do, and water. The impact will be changing the layout of water such as floods,

droughts, and increasing the rate of erosion and sedimentation. This technology is

carried out in the

conservation of vegetative methods and methods of CivilEngineering.

Vegetative method, to reduce the destructive force of the rain that falls,

reducing runoff and erosion. Included in the method of planting trees in

reforestation and forest outside the forest area using the

Civilian method, is a method of making civilian buildings to reduce annual

crop of civil runoff and erosion, and enhance land use, and zoom into the

ground water recharge. Included in these methods are: controlling the dam,

dams, embankments, terraces, creation of irrigation in agricultural areas,

guludan, etc..

2. Flood Control Technology

Floods that occur regularly every year to destroy the area around the plains of the

river, the river is greatly reduced capacity due to sedimentation in the riverbed. To copewith the flood effort that needs to be improved include:

- Improve the function of reservoir

- Increased capacity of the river canalization of rivers

- Improving the condition of the estuary and explore the potential

- Controlling the flow of the river downstream

- Maintenance of embankments

3. River damage reduction technology

C-class minerals, sand, gravel, stone blocks, crushed stone, natural pozzolans,

lime and soil are important building materials in the construction of physical

infrastructure in peyiapan land or buildings. Given a good sand for construction dalah

river sand, then a few rivers around the region who are building a lot of damaged


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infrastructure. River body is damaged by the process of degradation caused by the

excavation of sand, they require some effort to control, namely:

- Compilation of class C mining technical guidelines on the river.

- The preparation of the map on the section or sections of the river that can or may

be mined by the rules.

- Development of basic-controller applications for buildings and building water

under the bridge.

4. Soil Water Conservation Technologies

One technique is to return to recharge ground water reservoirs and ways of rain

water infiltration in the housing so that in addition to changing the ground water also

prevent local flooding. Technology recharge reservoir that can absorb rainwater and

surface water for groundwater recharge. Besides the availability of ground water

conservation efforts, conservation kualitanya also needed because the evidence in some

urban and industrial pollution of ground water.

IV. Benefits of River Navigation

a) Flood and Drought Prevention

Floods happen because the rivers and other drainage channels can not

accommodate the rain water that falls to earth. Full of water on the surface of rivers and

lakes and other drainage channels caused by rain water does not soak into the earth, but

flows into surface water. The cause flooding including heavy rainfall, forest cover and

land which is not adequate, and treatment of the soil.

For floods and droughts can be anticipated, it needs to make petarawan bajir and

drought in their respective regions, to prepare a plan of flood and drought management,

and preparing the facilities and infrastructure to adapt.

b) Prevention of Erosion And Sedimentation

Erosion and sedimentation is the event erodes the surface layer of the earth by

wind or water. The deciding factor is sedimentation, topography, and nature of soil andvegetation conditions. The biggest factor is the cause of erosion by water erosion.


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Therefore, prevention efforts that occurred with flood prevention. Erosion can also occur

on the river because the river could not hold the land affected by water currents.

c) Prevention of Damage To The Riverbanks

Damage along the river can be caused by water flow, erosion and human activities

with waste disposal, and backfill material to protect the residence. Prevention of damage

along the river can be done:

protect the riverbank and technical pembetonan by vegetation to be planted with

trees in bantran river so resistant to etching;

prohibit and take action to those who use the river flood plain for residential

buildings;

banning the disposal activities waste and materials that cause damage to the

riverbank.

V. Obstacles River Navigation

There are several obstacles that need to be addressed in the planning of the ecosystem

as part of watershed management strategies, namely:

- the fragmentation of responsibility for various parts of the ecosystem between the

various institutions

- the lack of information about the ecosystem, the absence of ecosystem thinking by

policy makers,

- planners and resource users lack of accountability, and - absence of the rule of law

and rules.

river navigation.doc

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