river study
DESCRIPTION
River study. Introduction. Rivers usually follow three stages: the upper, middle and lower courses. Each stage has its typical features. The upper course usually is steeper, with fast-flowing water and features of erosion. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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River studyRiver study
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Rivers usually follow three stages: the upper, middle and lower courses.
• Each stage has its typical features.• The upper course usually is steeper, with fast-
flowing water and features of erosion.• This assignment aims to see if the upper course of
the Boghall Burn follows this pattern.
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Location Location
• The river I have The river I have chosen to study is chosen to study is the Boghall Burn.the Boghall Burn.
• It is located in the It is located in the Pentland Hills Pentland Hills between between Caerketton Hill and Caerketton Hill and Woodhouselee Hill.Woodhouselee Hill.
• The river I have The river I have chosen to study is chosen to study is the Boghall Burn.the Boghall Burn.
• It is located in the It is located in the Pentland Hills Pentland Hills between between Caerketton Hill and Caerketton Hill and Woodhouselee Hill.Woodhouselee Hill.
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River studyRiver study
Does the Boghall Burn follow the typical pattern of a river in its upper course?
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Point 1Point 1
Point 4Point 4
Point 3Point 3
Point 2Point 2
Sample pointsSample points• I selected four points
along the burn which were easy to get to.
• I took measurements at each of these points.
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1. Measuring the river
(a) Width – used a tape measure
(b) Depth – used a metre stick
Sources of information
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1. Measuring the river
(c) Speed – used a flow meter
(d) Gradient – used a clinometer
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1. Measuring the river
(e) Size of stones – used a dial caliper
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2. Fieldsketching and photographs
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FindingsPoint 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4
Gradient 5° 10° 10° 15°
Width 2 m 1.1 m 2.2 m 0.5 m
Depth
LB/M/RB
6/10/12 cm 5/11/4 cm 20/25/20 cm 6/10/7 cm
Speed
LB/M/RB
0.14/0.35/
0.2 m/s
0.15/0.9/
0.4 m/s
0.08/0.2/
0.02 m/s
0.3/0.6/
0.35 m/s
Size of stones
11 × 7 cm 6 × 4 cm 15 × 10 cm 18 × 9 cm
(LB = left bank, M = middle, RB = right bank)
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Point 2
Faster flow at a small rapid.
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Point 3
Slower flow at a small pool.
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• Most of the rocks were smooth and rounded by the water.
• Larger rocks were found further upstream.
• Most of the rocks were smooth and rounded by the water.
• Larger rocks were found further upstream.
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• The gradient increased further upstream.• The middle of the river tended to be deeper and
have the faster flowing water.• The depth and speed did not follow a pattern
downstream.• Point 2 had the fastest flow of water at a small
rapid.• Point 3 was a deeper pool on a flatter ledge
where the water was much slower.• Rocks varied in size – smaller rocks were found
near the rapid.
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Speed of the river
This graph shows that the middle of the river has the fastest flow but there is no link between speed and distance upstream.
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Even in a small section of this river differences can be seen in the speed and width.
Point 2Point 1
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Conclusion
The Boghall Burn shows many characteristics of a river in its upper course:
•narrow
•follows a fairly straight course
•no real meanders
•some rapids
•large boulders.
These characteristics do not necessarily follow a regular pattern downstream as different rock types affect the course of the river.