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riverfront development Dissertation Radhika Munshi| B.Arch IV

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Study of Riverfront Development including literature study and case study of Sabarmati Riverfront

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Page 1: Riverfront Development

riverfront development

DissertationRadhika Munshi|

B.Arch IV

Page 2: Riverfront Development

Index• Introduction• History• Guidelines of riverfront developmment• Waterfront as a public space• Case Study : Sabarmati Riverfront

Challenges Objectives Stuctural works Spaces created Success stories

• Inferences• Bibliography

DissertationRIVERFRONT

DEVELOPMENTRadhika Munshi| B.Arch

IV

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Introduction A waterfront is the zone of interaction between urban developments and the water and a waterfront area is considered as a unique and irreplaceable resource where it is the interface between land, water, air, sun and productive plants.

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Waterfronts

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A more detailed definition described the waterfront as the interface point where land and water meet, between approximately 200 to 300 meters from the water line and 1 to 2 km to the land site and also takes in land within 20 minutes walking distance. The waterfront area should have multiple features which incorporate each other and surrounded by structural and non structural objects to form a focal point.

DissertationRIVERFRONT

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HistoryThe earliest cities developed along river banks and sea ports such as Kolkata, Mumbai, London, Paris.In the later stage of development, waterfront areas began as commercial centers, transportation hubs and manufacturing centers, as a central focus for them.

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However, due to complex and multiple problems such as technology change, the historic preservation movement, increased environmental awareness and urban renewal, a dramatic change in waterfront areas was brought about and they became large spaces of unused property in the past thirty years or so.

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The first waterfront development projects were started in North American cities, in particular Baltimore and Boston, in the 1960s..

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Whereas the early examples of waterfront development primarily focused on leisure and retail; contemporary schemes have a broader scope. Many are set up with the aim to create attractive mixed urban environments that appeal to the imagination of people and persuade them to work there, to live there, or to visit these.

Baltimore 1960 Baltimore 2013

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Functions of Waterfront

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NaturalWaterfro

ntPublicWaterfront

RedevelopingWaterfront

WorkingWaterfro

nt

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Trends of Waterfront Development• 1960s - Massive waterfront development began and consequently

initiated the world-wide era of waterfront revitalization. • 1970s - Urban waterfront redevelopment bloomed, • 1980s - Accelerated and continued in the future.

DissertationRIVERFRONT

DEVELOPMENTRadhika Munshi| B.Arch

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Element of Successful Waterfront Development

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Source: Torre, 1989; Journal of Techno Social-ISSN 2229 8940-Vol 4 No 1 April 2012 (Pg 24) Fig 2: Elements of Successful Waterfront Development

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Characteristics of Waterfront Area

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DEVELOPMENTRadhika Munshi| B.Arch

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Source: ‘An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia ‘ By Azlina Binti Md. Yassin Submitted on 16Th Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington 24-27 January 2010.

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Waterfront as a Public Space

Characteristics of Public Spaces1. Promotes human contact and social activities. 2. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting. 3. Promotes community involvement. 4. Reflects the local culture or history. 5. Relates well to bordering uses. 6. Is well maintained. 7. Has a unique or special character.

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To develop Riverfront as Public Space• Establish a water’s edge that is continuous, publicly accessible and

magnificent • Create a network of public spaces that attract and invite both

localities and tourists to waterfront • Provide a wide-range of public spaces that foster culture and creativity

in our city • Ensure all public spaces adhere to a high environmental standard • Strengthen connections along the waterfront on both sides of the river • Develop strong link between existing communities and emerging

waterfront communities and spaces • Improve the aquatic habitat and water quality along the waterfront

and integrate them with river and stream improvements • Maintain a consistency in waterfront design elements in all public

spaces (i.e. Park benches and lamp posts) • Coordinate the water usage and supporting land base to maximize the

economic, recreational and environmental asset of Water bodies.

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Sabarmati Riverfront Development

Ahmedabad

Case Study

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Ahmedabad and Sabarmati RiverThe city was founded in 1411 along the river banks. The river originates from the foothills of Aravalli ranges near Udaipur, Rajasthan, and flows downstream passing through Ahmedabad till Gulf of Cambay. The 109-km river runs across a stretch of about 11 km through Ahmedabad. It is this stretch that is developed as an ambitious urban renewal project

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Sabarmati and Growth of Ahmedabad

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Need for Riverfront Development

The intensive uses took their toll on the river. • Untreated sewage flowed into the

river through storm water outfalls and dumping of industrial waste posed a major health and environmental hazard.

• The river bank settlements were disastrously prone to floods and lacked basic infrastructure facilities. Lacklustre development took shape along the riverfront.

Such conditions made the river inaccessible and it became a virtual divide between the two parts of the city.

Original condition of the river near Vadaj

Dry riverbed with slums along the riverbanks and lacklustre development along the riverfront

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DEVELOPMENTRadhika Munshi| B.Arch

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Project ObjectivesThe project aims to reclaim the private river edge as a Public asset and restore the city’s relationship with its river. The Riverfront project presents a great opportunity to create a public edge to the river on the eastern and western sides of Ahmedabad.

The project is being developed by the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd. (SRFDCL), a company wholly owned by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. 

The project was conceived in 1997, but it gained momentum only after 2001.

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Challenges

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• 12000 hutments on both banks of the river occupying nearly 20% of critical project area.

• Unorganized Gujari Bazaar of more than 1200 vendors on the eastern bank and Court Litigation.

• Nearly 200 Dhobis using both the banks of the river for washing activities.

• Thoroughly polluted and contaminated Sabarmati through 38 storm water outlets. Dissertation

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Radhika Munshi| B.Arch IV

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Undertaking the ObjectivesEnvironmental ImprovementStrategies for overall environmental improvement have been formulated to achieve the following objectives:

• Reduction in Erosion and Flood

• Sewage Diversion

• Water Retention and Recharge

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Reduction in erosion and flood An optimal width of 263 meters for the water way has been selected and implemented. Both banks of the river have diaphragm walls built into the riverbed at a depth of more than 10m, and retaining walls which protect low-lying areas from periodic flooding and prevent erosion of the river banks. 

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To stop the pollution of the river from the storm water outfalls and industrial effluents, an integrated storm water and sewage system with interceptor sewers has been implemented. These interceptor lines have been installed along both banks of the river capturing 38 sewage discharge points and routing the sewage with new pumping stations in the reclaimed banks. These lines carry untreated sewage to the recently augmented sewage treatment plants south of Vasna Barrage. Dissertation

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Radhika Munshi| B.Arch IV

Sewage DiversionMap showing the interceptor line installed in the reclaimed land to divert the sewage to the treatment plants downstream

Map showing the interceptor lines that divert the sewage to the treatment plants at Vasna and Pirana downstream.

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Water retentionThe Vasna Barrage, located just downstream of Ahmedabad, makes it possible to retain water for 15 kilometers upstream, the entire length of the river within the city

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Vasna Barrage downstream of Ahmedabad enables water to be retained the river

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A more sustainable alternative is undergoing planning to use treated water from the sewage treatment plants to replenish the river. Hence, the traditionally monsoon-fed Sabarmati shall be able to hold and replenish water year-round. Water retention in the river enables recreational activities as well as groundwater recharge. 

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Conceptual map highlighting the use of treated water from sewage treatment plants to replenish the river

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• The reduction of the riverbed from a variable width of 600-300 m to a fix width of 263 m, thus reclaiming 185 ha of land.

• The construction of RCC diaphragm walls (10-20 m depth) and anchor slabs (10 m) to prevent the riverbanks from erosion. After the finishing the anchor slab is turned in the so-called lower promenade.

• The construction of interceptor sewers on both the riverbanks able to prevent the waste water to flow directly into the river and diverting it to the two sewage treatment plants of Vasna and Pirana.

• The construction of RCC retaining walls (2.5 - 9 m) to protect the city from flooding. The height of the walls is determined by the 100-year flood level. An upper promenade is created on top of the retaining walls

Features of the Project

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Structural Works

• Diaphragm Wall, Anchor Slab, Ghats and Ramps • Retaining Wall, Staircases and Ramps • Interceptor Sewage Line, Extension of Outfalls & Manholes • General Earth Fill • Pumping Station

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Diaphragm Wall

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Anchor Slab

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Ramps and Ghats

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Retaining Wall

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Staircases and Elevators

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Interceptor Sewage Lines

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Earthfill

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Riverbanks of the Sabarmati before the project

Riverbanks of the Sabarmati after the project Dissertation

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Radhika Munshi| B.Arch IV

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Spaces Created and Proposed

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LAND USESTREET NETWORK

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RIVER PROMENADEThe key feature of this project is a two-level, continuous promenade at the water’s edge along each bank of the river.

DissertationRIVERFRONT

DEVELOPMENTRadhika Munshi| B.Arch IV

The lower-level promenade is built just above the water level AND an upper level promenade. Together these provide Ahmedabad with an uninterrupted, pedestrian walkway, nearly 11.5km in length, in the heart of the city.

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LOWER LEVEL PROMENADE

 The lower-level promenade is built just above the water level to serve pedestrians and cyclists, and to provide access to the water.

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The width of the promenade varies from 6-18m. Facilities provided at the River Promenade include:

• Access points from the city level via staircases and ramps at regular intervals.

• Lifts or Elevators to make lower-level promenade accessible for people with disabilities.

• Concrete paved flooring which can support walking, jogging and cycling.• Continuous seating arrangement at the river’s edge along with protective

railing.• Platforms at regular intervals for regulated and organized vending

activities.

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UPPER LEVEL PROMENADE

 The upper level promenade shall host a variety of public features at the city level.

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GHATS31 NOSGhats punctuate the lower-level river promenade at planned intervals to provide access to the water. These have been designed at strategic locations to enable continuation of cultural activities along the water. 

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BOATING STATIONS

3 NOSBoating Stations have been provided at the lower-level River Promenade to enable recreational boating in the river as well as a water-based mode of public transport in the future.

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STREETSThe SRFD streets run parallel to the river on both banks and provide continuous access to the riverfront development. Access streets at key locations connect the SRFD streets to the rest of the city. 

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All SRFD streets have dedicated pedestrian paths with cycle tracks, parking bays, and 6 m/20ft wide carriageways. Access lanes on one or both sides of the streets provide entries to the existing development and when required, the proposed riverfront development.

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PARKS AND PLAZASThe project devotes around seventy hectares, more than a quarter (26%), of the reclaimed land towards creating public spaces in the heart of the city.

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RIVERFRONT PARK, Subhash Bridge

Area 6 haThe park is envisaged as an extension of Gandhiji’s Sabarmati Ashram, across the river, providing a serene and contemplative backdrop to the Ashram and maximising this vista.

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RIVERFRONT PARK, Usmanpura

Area 1.8 ha

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AMUSEMENT PARK

Area 0.9 haThis park will be a hub of thematic areas with an informative and entertaining environment. The facility will provide interactive exhibitions, holographic displays and animatronics to recreate pre-historic living creatures, historic episodes and traditional architecture.

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FLOWER GARDEN

Area 5 haThis garden has been envisioned as a venue for Ahmedabad’s Annual Flower Show- an event for exhibition and sale of native and exotic species of plants and flowers. Throughout the year, the garden shall serve as a neighbourhood park. 

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URBAN FOREST, Paldi

Area 10.4 haThe proposed forest, downstream of the river is envisioned as a significant green resource for the city.

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PLAZA, Vallabhsadan

Area 0.5 haIt is visualized as a pedestrian promenade lined by arcades which will provide a shaded environment.  Staircases and elevators for handicapped access connect the plaza at regular intervals to the lower-level promenade and the river. 

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PLAZA, Gandhi Ashram

Area N.A.Gandhi Ashram is the only property that opens up directly onto the river where a series of wide steps connect to the lower level-River Promenade. The visualizations show the transformation of the space into an amphitheatre, where the existing steps serve as seating.

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RIVERFRONT PARK, Khanpur

Area 1.4 haThe linear park on the eastern riverbank and is planned with secure play areas for children, walking, jogging and other recreational facilities, and areas for outdoor performances and concerts. 

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AMENITIESMany new public facilities are being built on the reclaimed land – to include sections with particular needs. 

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RIVERFRONT MARKETArea 6.5 haThe Riverfront Market  has been created to house ‘Ravivari’, the traditional flea market at a permanent site adjacent to its previous location. The market provides designated vending areas with 1,641 vendor platforms, seating areas, paved walkways, food courts, vehicular access, parking and 4 public washrooms. The public areas shall be shaded with over 800 diverse trees that have been planted

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EXHIBITION CENTRE

Area 5.7 haWith its strategic location in the heart of the city, the centre shall address the requirements of the exhibitors and visitors alike. 

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EVENTS GROUND

Area 5.07 haThe Events Ground has been planned to offer a wide range of venues for local as well as international events.

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DHOBHI GHAT

Area 0.9 haA laundry campus has been created to provide state-of-the-art facilities for the washing community that traditionally used the river banks for laundering. 

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The recently constructed facility on the eastern bank has vehicular access, parking and lighting within the site. The seven blocks on the campus have been provided with wet areas on the ground level and terraces are equipped for drying clothes. These have also been provided with water and electrical supply with meters and drainage system.

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PUBLIC WASHROOM

Area 14 nos.

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SPORTS FACILITIESThe project also offers three significant sports facilities which have been proposed with reference to its location in the city and the surrounding context. 

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PALDI SPORTS COMPLEX

Area 7.1 haThe proposed complex near Paldi aims to provide city-level sports facilities on the western bank. 

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PIRANA SPORTS GROUND

Area 4.2 haThe proposed ground at Pirana aims to provide a multi-functionalmaidan on the eastern bank for informal sports and recreational uses.

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SHAHPUR SPORTS CENTRE

Area 2.4 haThe proposed centre at Shahpur will offer neighbourhood-level sports facilities on the eastern bank.

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The Sabarmati Riverfront Project add almost 10,00,000 sq. mts. of parks, promenades and plazas to Ahmedabad.

The Sabarmati Riverfront Project help provide Ahmedabad with many new cultural trade and social institutions (36,000 Sq.m).

Creating of City Level Recreational Activities – Water Sports

Tourist attraction.

Recharge of Ground water Aquifers of the city Continuous Green coverage along the river corridor.

Elimination of Flood Hazard.

Creating Vibrant Urban neighborhoods and beautification of the city.

Success Stories

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1)Access and Linkage 2)Edge Uses 3)Attractions & Destinations 4)Identity & Image 5)Amenities 6)Water Uses 7)Flexibility in Design 8)Seasonal Strategy 9)Landuse Management 10)Diverse Funding Sources.

Riverfront Qualities

Points to think when designing a riverfront

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Inferences

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1)To develop city as a major commercial and service center with international class facilities. 2)To project on city as waterfront city with attractive investment opportunity to further enhances the economic growth and stability. 3)To establish cities as one of the major tourism attraction center of the country with international class facilities. 4)Appealing leisure and entertainment function contained with landscape & fountains. 5)Manifesting cities nature with urban economic development.6)Increase the Overall living standard of people in the cities contain with riverfront.7)Making excellent living environment.8)Fully Accessible to Public & fully guaranteed as a Public waterfront.

Need of Riverfront Development Planning

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Bibliography• http://www.sabarmatiriverfront.com/• http://www.hcp.co.in/project-details/61/73/135/sabarmati-

riverfront-development-project• http://www.slideshare.net/alagar2012/riverfront-report-

final020713?next_slideshow=1• http://www.slideshare.net/syamsd3/urban-design-sabarmati

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