rksasit §i - documentation center of cambodia

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Eb‘t va:n; sáak;/ PIteFI m:aeXVór GGññkknniiBBnn§§nniiggRRssaavvRRCCaavv³³ san; klüaN/ lI supl/ CYg suPariT§ CC¿¿nnYYyykkaarrnniiBBnn§§nnaayykk³³ EGm suxXIm nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkrrggTTII11³³

pat kusl nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkrrggTTII22³³ swm suriy:a GGññkkbbkkEERRbb³³ sY bu‘nsU‘ nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkTTUUeeTTAA³³ qaMg yu RRkkaahhVViikkkkuuMMBBüüÚÚTT½½rr³³ suwm suP½®kþ/ RRKKbb;;RRKKggkkaarrEEcckkppSSaayy³³ RTI suPkþ i

TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

matika-sMbuRt³ m:uk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1

EpñkÉksar

-Twm esn nigskm~PaBenAtMbn;25>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>2

-TMnas;vNÑ³ nigkartsU‘vNÑ³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5

-´cg;)anEtkarBit>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6

-reNþAsaksBRbl½yBUCsasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10

-GMBIlkçnþik³bkSkum~úynisþkm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 13

-bBa¢IeQ~aHm®nþI nigbuKÁliksßanTUtkm<úCaenAbreTs>>>>>>>>>>> 16

-RbvtþirUbbdivtþn_smmitþ Kg;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18

EpñkRbvtþisa®sþ

-esaknadkm~enAPUmiekaHpl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 22

-semøgBImnÞIrs-21>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 26

Epñkc,ab;

-KMrUmYyénP½sþútagÉksar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32

-víFIbYnya:gkñúgkarvínicä½yGMeBITaruNkm~>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36

-erOgkþIrvagGuIRsaEGl nigeGcäk~an;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 38

evTikaBiPakSaCasaFarN³

-karC¿nuMCRmHkþIEx~rRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41

-ekrd¿ENl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 42

-etIkarelIkElgeTasKWCatémøénsnþiPaB?>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46

-sñaédtam:uk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48

-karTamTarRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCamkvíj>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51

TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar

-karsmøab;rgÁalenAbwgTenøsab>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56

-minGacbMePøc)an>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60

sil,³ExµrRkhm

-kMNaBüEx~rRkhm³ TidæPaBf~ÍénCnbTkm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>RkbeRkA

EsVgrkkarBitelx8 ExsIha qñaM2000

rrkkSSaassiiTT§§ii

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

GnuBaØat[e)aHBum<pSayeday

RksYgBt’manénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

RbkaseTsrdæm®nþI nigrdæm®nþIRksYgBt’man

elx 0291Bm/99

cuHéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1999

rUbftÉksar³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

nigsarmnIÞr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøgGtItpÞHtam:ukenATIrYmextþtaEkv

kgT½BEx~rRkhm

EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 1

elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000

enAéf¶TI6 ExmIna qñaM1999 kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF

rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)ancab;xøÜn tam:uk ehIydak;Kukmk

Tl;sBVéf¶enH. \LÚvenH tam:uk kMBugrg;caMtulakarÉkraCü

mYyedIm,IeFVIkarvínicä½yeTas nigdak;TNÐkmµeTAtamc,ab;Ca

FrmanBIbT]RkidæEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgrbbkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyürvagqñaM1975-1979.

muneBlcab;xø Ün tam:ukFøab;)an

niyayfa enABIelI m:uk KWmanEtmYkeday

min)anKitdl;fac,ab;GacenABIelImYk

rbs;Kat;. tam:uk k¾)anePøceQ¶akmux

cuHeRkamehIysBa¢wgKitfa enAeRkam

)ateCÍgxø ÜnKWmansuT§EtreNþAsaksB

mnusSrab;Esnnak;Edl)ansøab;eRkam

sñaédnigxYrk,alrbs;xøÜn. sac;Qam

jatimitþénsaksBTaMgenaHkMBugrs;enA

ehIyrg;caMemIlfaetIc,ab;nwgedaHRsay

GMeBIrbs; tam:uk enH tamrebobNa?

yayBUn EdlRtÚvCab¥ÚnRsIbegáItrbs;

tam:uk ehIyEdl)anmksYrsuxTukç tam:uk

¬edayQremIlBIcm¶ay¦ CamYynwgk~Üy

Rbsa kalBIéf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM2000

knøgmkenH k¾kMBugrg;caMemIlBIkarBitEdr.

yayBUn Bu M)aneCOfa tam: uk EdlCa

mnusSmñak;Føab;bYseronenAvtþ GacelIk

édsmøab;mnusS)aneT. b:uEnþya:gehac

Nas;manÉksarcMnYn3EdlGñkRsavRCav

Epñkc,ab;yl;fa mankarBak;B½n§dl;GMeBI

]RkidæEdl tam:uk )anRbRBwtþ. RbsinebI

rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgcemøIysakSI nigvtßútag

Cak;EsþgCaeRcIneTot RbEhlCaGac

bgðaj[eXIjBIkarBitputBIPaBmnÞ il

sgS½y)anfa tam:uk CaCnéddl;Edl\tRbEkk)an.

eTaHbICaya:genHk¾eday kardak;Kuk tam:uk EdlGUs

bnøayeBlevlad¾yUrGEgVgEbbenH)aneFVI[mankarecaTCa

sMNYrfaetInrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsuxmalPaBnig

GayuCÍvítrbs;tam:uk?

tam:uk CasmaCíkKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_énbkS

kumµúynisþkm<úCakñúgqñaM1971 ehIyFøab;CaelxaPUmiPaKnirtI

enAqñaM1968. enAExvícä ika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv)an

cat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSkumµ úynisþkm< úCa. qaMgyu

tam:uk

sMbuRt³

m:u k

© rUbftÉksar Peter H. Maguire


mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa2

EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar

tMbn;25 EdlrYmmanRsukelIkEdk Rsuks¥ag nig

RsukekaHFM extþkNþal sßitenAkñúgPUmiPaKnirtI ehIysßit

eRkamkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;tamu:k. xageRkamenHCa

esckIþsegçbdkRsg;Éksarelx 440bbKx mancMnYn

12snøwk CacemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkeTasKukTYlEsøgmñak;

eQµaH Twm esn ehA siut GtItelxaRsukekaHFM tMbn;

25 PUmiPaKnirtI.

Twm esn )ansarPaBfaxøÜneQ~aH Twm esn ehA siut

Gayu44qñaM¬1977¦ ekItenAPUmiRtBaMgelI XMuBamraMg

Rsuk14 tMbn;25 Føab;)ancUlbkSBlkrevotNamenA

qñaM1965 CamYyskmµPaBeXasnaRbCaCn[]btßmÖKaMRT

evotNamksagkmøaMg[cUlT½BevotNam. qñaM1972

Twm esn )anbMpusRbCaCn[eFVI)atukmµRbqaMgGñkdwknaM

bdivtþn_ ehIycab;)atukrsmøab;ecalGs;CaeRcInnak;.

eRkayrMedaHqñaM1975 Twm esn eLIgCaelxaRsuk18

tMbn;25 ehIy)anbgáPaBRcbUkRcbl;kñúgshkrN_bMpøaj

smÖar bgçMmnusS[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgrhUtdl;QWCabnþbnÞab;

eFVIskmµPaBRbqaMgnwgEpnkarbdivtþn_Edldak;cuHrhUtdl;

éf¶TI1 ExmIna qñaM1977 RtÚvGgÁkarcab;xøÜn.

skmµPaBBisþarbs; Twm esn ehA siut enAkñúgcemøIy

sarPaBenHmandUcteTA÷

kalBIkumarPaB Twm esn eronenAsalaBamraMg

RsukelIkEdk extþkNþal. qñaM1955-57 Kat;mk

eFIVCakmµkrlI)avsIum:g;t×enAkMBg;EpmuxvtþPMñ ¬PMñeBj¦.

qñaM1957 RtLb;eTAeFVIERscmáarCamYy«BukmþayenAÉ

RsukkMeNItvij.

qñaM1968 Twm esn RtÚv)anbgéføeQµaH T Yn pn

ENnaMKat;[CYyeXasnaRbCaCn [RbCaCnCYy]btßmÖ

kgT½BevotNamCaes,ógnigCasmÖar eday TYn pn bgðaj

[eXIjfa evotNammkCYyvayxµaMgenAkm<úCa. Twm esn

)aneFVItamkarENnaMenHCabnþbnÞab;. eRkaymk TYn pn k¾

bBa©Úl Twm esn CasmaCikbkSBlkrevotNamedayman

eQµaH Qun RKI ehA exov sMGat KN³Rsúk18 tMbn;25

CaGñk]eTÞsnamcUl. Parkic©rbs; Twm esn eRkayeBl

køayCasmaCikbkSBlkrevotNamKW ³

1¦eXasna[RbCaCneCOnig]btßmÖevotNam nig

2¦ksagkmøaMgRbCaCn[cUlbeRmIkgT½BevotNam.

enAEx3 qñaM1970 eQµaH siun saDI KN³Rsuk

elIkEdk tMbn;25 )ancat;ta Mg Twm esn CasmaCik

XMuBamraMg cMENk TYn pn RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaXMu.

RbEhl2ExeRkay TYn pn RtÚvBYkFIvKIcab;ykeTAsmøab;

)at;eTA. eBlenaH Twm esn k¾RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaRbFan

sniþsuxRsukelIkEdkedayman vwug Pn CaGnuRbFan

Twm esn nigskmµPaBenAtMbn; 25




Cam eGg nig Gu‘y KIm CasmaCik. tamry³karcat;taMg

enH siun saDI ENnaM[GñkTaMgbYneFVIskmµPaBbMpus[RbCaCn

lk;eKa lk;RCÚk eTARsukyYn[Gs;edayykelsfaebI

TukxµaMgvacuHmk vacab; vaekorykeTAGs;ehIy.

cugqñaM1970 siun saDI )anehA Twm esn CMu saer:t

nig Gu‘k nYn mkRbCMuR)ab;fa RsukelIkEdk RtÚvRbKl;

GavuF nigkmøaMgeyaFaTaMgGs;[xagtMbn;25. TnÞwmnwgenH

dak;Epnkar[ CMu saer:t RtÚverobcMkgQøbcaMkemÞckmµaPi)al

tMbn;25enAeBlEdlbkçBYk Twm esn cUlmkTTYlGavuF

nigkmøaMgeyaFa bu:EnþEpnkarenHmin)anseRmceTeRBaH

kaleNaHkmµaPi)alxagtMbn;25min)aneTATTYlykGavuF

nigkmøaMgeyaFaBIxagRsukelIkEdkeLIy.

qñaM1971edayB¤famanGgÁkarExµrenAxagRsuk18

tMbn;25 Twm esn nigbkçBYkmYycMnYneTotmaneQµaH

em:A Duk smaCiksniþsuxRsukelIkEdk Cam eGg nig

Lay sarwm )annaMKñacUleTATak;TgsuM sux bu‘tcMerIn

KN³tMbn;25 edIm,ImkeFVIkarenAxagtMbn; 25vij. knøH

ExeRkaymk sux bu ‘tcMerIn )ancat;taMg Twm esn Ca

RbFansniþsuxRsukelIkEdkdEdl nig[ em:A D uk eFV ICa

GnuRbFan. mYyry³xøIeRkaymkeTot sux bu‘tcMerIn

)anebIkGgÁRbCMumYyEdlmanKña7nak;man sux bu‘tcMerIn

CaRbFanGgÁRbCMu suk bBa¢akartMbn;25 hYt es RbFan

sniþsuxtMbn;25 Lay sarwm KN³XMukMBg;PMñRsukelIkEdk

em:A Duk Cam eGg nig Twm esn. xøwmsarRbCMuKWbMpus

RbCaCnkuM[eCOGgÁkarnigksagkmøaMgbEnßmeTot.

qñaM1972 taC½y elxatMbn;25 )ancat;taMg

Twm esn mkkan;xagkgT½B mannaTICaelxavresnatUc

elx12 rbs;tMbn;25. Ex4 qñaM1972 taC½ynig

hYt es )anbBa©Úl Twm esn nig lat ¬GnubBa¢akarvresna

tUcelx12¦ eTAkñúgbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa. RBmCamYyenH

taC½y )anENnaMGñkTaMgBIr[xMksagkmøaMg nigbMpøaj

bdivtþn_enAelIsmrPUmi. bnÞab;mkmanEpnkarvayxµaMgenA

)aEr:n Twm esn nigbkçBYk)aneFVIkarbMpøajkmøaMgbdivtþn_

edayCMruj[yuT§CnvayxµaMgTaMgyb;TaMgéf¶bNþal[søab;

10nak; nigrbYs 25nak;.

ry³kalCabnþbnÞab; Twm esn ksag)ankmøaMg

CaeRcInnak;edayviFIbbYleTAhUb)ayTwk nMcMNInig[smÖar

eRbIR)as;Cajwkjab;.

kñúgqñaM1972 dEdlenH suk KN³bBa¢akarkgT½B

tMbn;25 )ancat;taMg Twm esn nigmñak;eToteQµaH lat

[edIrbMpusRbCaCnenAXMueRtIysøa nigXMutaln; )ancMnYn

50nak;eFVI)atukmµRbqaMgnwgGñkdwknaMtamPUmiXMukñúgRsuks¥ag

tMbn;25. k,Ün)atukmµenHEhBIpSarERBkeXøakeTAcUlmnIÞr

tMbn;25 enAPUmietñatjI XMux<b Rsuk20 tMbn;25 eday

maneQ~aH lat CaGñkdwknaM. cMENk Twm esn TTYl

bBa¢a[eFVICaGñkcaMTb;Tl;clna)atukmµenH ehIycab;BYk

)atukrykeTAsmøab;ecal. eBlenaHkmøaMgmUldæancab;BYk

)atukr)anTaMgGs; ehIyykeTAsmøab;ecalGs;10nak;

enAsl;40nak;eTotedaHElgeTAvij. kñúgÉksarcemøIy




sarPaB Twm esn )ansresrfa «.>>´k¾)aneFVItamEpnkar

enH kalenaHk¾)anbBa¢a[kgT½Bcab;BYk)atukrenaH)an

TaMgGs; ¬50nak;¦ ehIy)anykeTAsmøab;ecalGs;

10nak;. 40nak;eTotk¾edaHElgeTAvij».

cugqñaM1973 taC½y cat;taMg Twm esn [eFVICa

CasmaCikRsuk18 tMbn;25 ehIy[Tak;Tgkargark,t;

CabnþCamYyeQµaH kat bBa¢akarkgQøbRsuk18 tMbn;

25 eQµaH esog lI bBa¢akarvresnatUc260 tMbn;25

nigeQµaH erol lij KN³Tak;TgExµr-evotNam.

qñaM1974 vayxµaMgenAbnÞayéRCFM CitRBMEdn

evotNamxagt,Úg Twm esn )ansarPaBfa xøÜnKat;nig

bkçBYkTaMgBIrnak;)aneFVI[b:HBal;dl;kmøaMgbdivtþn_CaeRcIn.

eBlvayxµaMg)ak;sµartIehIy Twm esn k¾bBa¢a[Tahan

Qb;)aj;. xµaMgkþab;)ansPaBkarN_enHk¾)aj;sgát;mk

vijy:agxøaMg eXIjdUecñH Twm esn bBa¢a[TahandkT½Brt;

bNþal[RtÚvRKab;søab; 15nak; nigrbYs 20nak;. bnÞab;

mkGñkTaMgbI)anbMpus nigebIkpøÚv[RbCaCnenAXMusMeBABUn

nigXMueQIexµArt;eTAtMbn;xµaMg Gs;RbEhl100RKÜsar.

eRkaymkeTot edayminTb;Tl;nigminvayRbyuT§ bkçBYk

Twm esn )anbeNþay[xµaMgcUlmkekorykRbCaCnenA

XMusMeBABUneTAGs;rab;ryRKÜsareTot.

Ex2 qñaM1975 Twm esn RtÚv)an taC½y cat;taMg

[eFVICaelxaRsuk18 tMbn;25.

qñaM1975 eRkayExµrRkhmrMedaH)anehIyGgÁkar

manEpnkar[erobcMshkrN_[)ans¥atedayeRCIserIs

vNÑPaB. Twm esn sarPaBeTotfa «EtpÞúyeTAvij ´

¬suit¦ )aneFVI[RcbUkRcbl;kñúgshkrN_ edaycat;taMg

smasPaBcRmúHenAkñúgshkrN_ eFVI[manTMnas;KñaCabnþ

bnÞab;BIerOgkmµsiT§BIerOgeFVIkargarBlkmµ».

RbEhlEx5 b¤Ex6 qñaM1976 Twm esn )anmk

Tak;Tg taC½y enAXøaMgR)ak;eRkayvtþPMñedIm,IesñIrksmÖar

ykeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk. taC½y k¾ENnaM[Gnuvtþtam

TisedAdUcteTA÷

1¦RtÚverobcMvNÑPaBcRmúHenAkñúgshkrN_edIm,I[

mankarRcbUkRcbl;nigmanTMnas;sµúKsµaj.

2¦bMpøajesdækic©nigRTBüsm,tiþrbs;smUhPaB.

3¦bMpøajkmøaMgbdivtþn_RKb;Epñk.

Ex7 nigEx8 qñaM1976 Twm esn )ancat;taMgkmøaMg

enAkñúgshkrN_[Tb;ERBkenAXMuERBksþI Rsuk18 tMbn;25

edIm,IykpleBatenAkñúgXMuERBksþI nigXMuERBkfIµ rYmRbEhl

60hikta. pÞúyeTAvij TMnb;k¾RtÚvFøayTwkk¾eTAliceBat

Gs; ¬eBatTaMgenaHeTIbnwgTMu)anRbEhl50%¦ ehIyEfm

TaMglicRsÚvBeRgaHkEnøgenaHGs;100hiktaeTot.

skmµPaBmYyeTot Twm esn )anGnuvtþbMéPømaK’a

rbs;GgÁkaredayCMruj[yuvCn-yuvnarIeFVIkargarxøaMgmin

[sRmakrhUtdl;)ak;kmøaMgQWCabnþbnÞab;. minEtbu:eNÑaH

Twm esn enA)ancat;taMgeQµaH eb [eFVIskmµPaBbMpus

yuvCnkñúgkgplitkmµRsuk18 tMbn;25 [rt;eTApÞHCa

bnþbnÞab;edIm,IeFVI[manbBaðasµúKsµajBi)akedaHRsay.

enAEx3 qña M1977 Twm esn ehA si ut RtÚv

GgÁkarcab;xøÜnbBa¢ÚnmkKukTYlEsøg.

enAkñúgKukTYlEsøgeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; Duc/

Twm esn RtÚv)ansYrcemøIyenAéf¶TI20 Extula qñaM1977

edayGñksYreQµaH fn. ÉksarcemøIysarPaBenHRtÚv

)anbBa¢ÚneTA tamu:k CaelxaPUmiPaKnirtI. cMNarCaGkSr

édEdlsresrFM²enAelIEpñkxagmuxénÉksardak;fa «nirtI

CUntamu:kehIy 12-11-77».

enAEpñkbBa©b;énÉksarcemøIyeXIjmantarageQµaH

kmøaMgk,t;EdldkRsg;ecjBIcemøIysarPaBrbs; Twm esn

cMnYn23nak;kñúgenaH10nak;manbBa¢ak;fa «GgÁkarcab;

ehIy» EdlmanmnusSsMxan;²mYycMnYnkñúgtMbn;25dUcCa

siun saDI sux bu‘tcMerIn hYt es C½y>>>. edayELk

siun saDI RtÚv)anGgÁkarcab;xøÜntaMgBIqñaM1976emø:H.

san; klüaN




I. TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑÑ³³

11¦¦ GGMMBBIIvvNNÑÑ³³

enAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa «km<úCaRbCaFibetyü» manvNÑ³5

KWvNÑ³skiþPUmi vNÑ³nayTun vNÑ³GnuFn vNÑ³ksikr nig

vNÑ³kmµkr. edIm,Ivinicä½yGMBIvNÑ³)aneyIgRtÚvemIlGMBI

meFüa)ayplitkmµ. vNÑ³skiþPUmiKWvaKµanBlikmµb¤KitKUr

GVITaMgGs; KWvacaMEtedIrTarBn§RKb;Ebby:ag. rIÉvNÑ³

nayTun vaKitEtTijefaklk;éføbu:eNÑaH. pÞúyeTAvij man

EtvNÑ³ksikr-kmµkreTEdlxitxMbMeBjkargar. kmµkr

EckCa2RbePTKW kmµkrcas; nigkmµkrfµI. kmµkrcas;KW

eFVIkar[nayTun cMENkkmµkrfµIKWeFVIkar[eragcRkEdl

bkSeyIgeRCIsykeRkayéf¶17 emsa mkeFIVkarCUn

smUhPaB. ksikrman2RbePTEdrKW ksikrcas; nig

ksikrfµI. ksikrcas;KWkab;Kas;dIERsedaHRsayCIvPaB

edayxøÜnÉg. ksikrfµIKWBYknayTunnigGnuFnEdlbkS

eyIgCemøósecjBIRkúgykmk[eFVIkargarBlkmµ mankar

dwknaM nigeFIVkarCUnsmUhPaB.

22¦¦ TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑÑ³³

TMnas;vNÑ³manBIrKW TMnas;vNÑ³épÞkñúg nigTMnas;vNÑ³

mkBIeRkA.

kk¦¦ TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑÑ³³ééppÞÞkkññúúgg

KWCaTMnas;rvagksikr-kmµkreyIgnwgBYkskiþPUmi

nayTun. ral;meFüa)ayplitkmµTaMgGs;dUcCaeragcRk

suT§EtFøak;kñúgkNþab;édksikr-kmµkreyIg dUecñHBYkva

minsb,aycitþnwgeyIgeTrhUtdl;manTMnas;Cabdibkçsøab;

rs;nwgeyIg. eBleyIgcat;taMgBYkva[emIleKa vakab;

eCIgeKab¤cgeKabg¥t;esµA bu:Enþk¾mansmasPaBxøHBMuEmn

TMnas;bdibkçnwgeyIgEdreRBaHvak¾eBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_eyIg

Edr. BYkenHBUEkEtxagsresrkt;Rta EtebIxagkab;

Kas;BYkvaminRbsb;dUceyIgeT. BYknayTunGnuFnxøHesñha

CatiBitR)akd CYyedaHRsayCIvPaBCUnRbCaCn bu:EnþebI

minesñhaCatiBitR)akdeTKWk,t;CatiBitR)akd.

xx¦¦ TTMMnnaass;;BBIIxxaaggeeRRkkAA

eyIgRtÚvEbgEck[c,as;rvagmit þn igsRtÚv.

RbeTsNaEdlRbqaMgnwgeyIgminGacsRmúHsRmÜl)an

dUcCaRbeTsCitxageyIgenaHKWCaTMnas;bdibkçEdleyIg

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eRkamenH ÷1. http://welcome.to/dccam

2. http://www.yale.edu/cgp

3. http://www-cgp.sistm.unsw.edu.au

yay BUn ¬b¥ÚnRsItam:uk¦




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23 GuIn supn Rbus elxaTI2TUtenAGal;)anI TSL 28-5-77 9-12-77

24 Gu‘k ePt Rbus elxaTI3TUtenAeGhSIúb TSL 15-6-77 9-12-77

25 Gu‘y Ln ehA Ca Rbus ebIkLanenAsßanTUtm:UsÁÚ TSL 2-4-77 13-3-78

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Casrubkñúgry³kal1947-1952 ćUlrYm

skmµPaBkñúgKNbkSRbCaFibetyü edaymü:agyl;fa

bkSenHCaGñkesñhaCatinigGñks¥ats¥M ¬éKarBRsLaj;

yutiþvgS nig GIuv ekIs¦ mü:ageTotedayyl;fabkSenH

RbqaMgnwgraCaFibetyüEdl´s¥b;exI<m eRBaHTTYl\Ti§Bl

énkarGb;rMGaNaniKmniym)araMg BIbdivtþn_nayTun)araMg

qñaM1789 ¬éKarBRsLaj; ehIyyk eraEbsBIy:a

CaKMrU¦. mUlehtuTaMgBIrxagelIenHnaM[´mansmancitþ

nigrYmskmµPaBCamYyGa sWg g:ukfaj; BIqñaM1952

dl;qñaM1955. mUlehtumYyeTotKWýl;RcLMfaRkúm

enHCaRkúmm:akSniym EtCatiniymcg;[RbeTseyIgeTA

sgÁmniymEdr EtÉkraCüBIyYn. Etdl;R)aRs½yTak;Tg

CamYyBYkGaenH éXIjvavaybMEbképÞkñúgCatiÉg

vayRbharBYkbBaØaCncMerIn nigRkúmRbCaCn ehIymin

vaycRkBtiþGaemrikedayykelsfa ebIvayGaemrik

xøacEbreTACYysgÁmra®sþniymvij. müa:geToteday

eXIjfaGñkdwknaMRkúmenHKµansmtßPaB ¬Ga hg; Funhak;

nig Ga KaM ert¦ nigBalaGava:Es.

\\TTii§§BBlléénnRRkkúúmmGGaakk,,tt;;eennHHmmkkeellIIxxøøÜÜnn´́ KKWWbbBBaaððaabbuuKKÁÁll

smmitþKg; b¤sYgsuIeKOn¬kt;RtatamsMeNAedImTaMgRsug¦

suIeKOn

eGog sarI eGog FIriT§




kñúgkarGb;rMvaelIkbuKÁlGñkdwknaM BiessGa

sWg g:ukfaj; bnÞab;mkGa G‘a sIucUv dUcCaRBH[eXIjsñaéd

buKÁlBYkvaminEdlniyayBImhaCn BIvIrPaBrbs;mhaCn

RbCaCneLIyva eXIjEtbuKÁlb¤RkúmtUc²EdlGaceFIVkar

manRbsiT§PaB. enHCaTsSn³rebobhVasIuusemIlgay

mhaCn RbCaCn.

mmUUlleehhttuuuuEEddll[[´́EEbbrrmmkkrrkkBBYYkkccMMeerrIInnvviijj³³

KWeXIjfaGñkcMerInmanTsSn³TUlay viPaKsPaBkarN_

c,as;las;minfamþgGeB©aH mþgGB©úaH dUcGaBYk sWg gu:kfaj;

eT. ehIycMeBaHbBaðasamKIÁPaBkñúgRbCaCatik¾rkeXIj

GñkcMerInmanTsSn³TUlay minceg¥ótcg¥l; manmaKa’Ca

yuT§viFIRbmUlkmøaMg[)aneRcInCaGtibrma EbgEckkmøaMg

xµaMg ehIyvayxµaMgminRtÚv):atNa):atNI TaMgkñúgRbeTs

TaMgeRkARbeTs. GñkcMerIn)aneXIjeRKaHGasnñéncRkBtiþ

GaemrikEdlRtÚvEtRbmUlRbCaCatiTaMgmUledIm,ITb;Tl;.

ÉBYkGaRbCaclnavij vaminEdlfashrdæGaemrikCa

eRKaHfñak;dl;RbCaCatieyIgeT. vaykbBaðarbbRKb;RKg

RbeTsraCaNacRk b¤saFarNrdæ mkeFIVCakmµvtßúeXasna

rbs;va. mYyvijeTot vaRbmafemIlgayRbCaCneyIg

BiessksikrRkIRk famingayPJak;rlwkeT [ sIhnu GUs

Taj)an. eRkABIenHBYkvahVasIusNas; GñkNamanmti

mindUcva vadak;pøakfaCa´kBa¢HyYnPøam.

rryy³³kkaallssññaakk;;GGaaRRss½½yyeennAARRbbeeTTss))aarraaMMgg

¬¬ééff¶¶1177 EExx1100 qqññaaMM11995577--ééff¶¶1155 EExx55 qqññaaMM11997700¦¦

enAéf¶17 Extula qñaM1957 ´)anTTYl

GaharUbkrN_eTAeronviC¢abec©keTsTUrKmnaKmn_xag

ynþehaHenATIRkúg):arIs edaykareRCamERCgrbs;«Buk

ma´mñak;eQµaH G‘ul cun EdleBlenaHrs;enATIsñak;kar

smaKmsisScas;CamYy´.

eKalbMNgéTAenHKWedIm,Icg;eronsURtBIRTwsIþm:akS-

eLnIn nigsÁal;clnabdivtþnigkumuµúynisþenAGWr:ub Biess

enARbeTs)araMg. ´k¾cg;sÁal;nigcUlrYmskmµPaBCamYy

nisiStnigbBaØaCnm:akSniymkm<úCaenARbeTs)araMgEdr.

eQµaH Gu‘l cun )anecjmuxrkluykak;Tijexa

Gav[éTARbeTs)araMg)an. munnwgecjdMeNIr bg

eGog sarI )anehAnisiStEdlRtÚveTAeronenARbeTs

)araMgeTAelgpÞHKat;edIm,IKat;ENnaMnigpþaMepJIBIbBaðars;enA

bBaðaTisedAEdleyIgéTAbnþviC¢aenH RBmTaMgbBaðarYm

kmøaMgnisiStesñhaCatiTaMgGs;RbqaMgnwgcRkBtiþGaemrik

nigbrivarva. bnÞab;mkk¾manerobcMCb;elogsiñT§sñal

edaymanbg sun esn cUlrYmpg. eQµaH h‘ U yn;

)an[luy´ 500erolEdr.

éf¶ecjeTA bg eGog sarI )anRbKl;Éksar

sm¶at;mYy ehIy)anpþaM´[ykRbKl;pÞal;éddl;bg

exov sMpn enA):arIs. sMbuRtenH´)anykRbKl;eTA

[bg exov sMpn pÞal;édenAmnIÞreBTübUrIGnþrCatiRkúg

):arIs EdlKat;eTAsRmakmYyéf¶eRkayéTAdl;RbeTs

)araMg. BIr-bIéf¶eRkaymkbg exov sMpn )anR)ab;

´fa tamsMNUmBrrbs;´ ´RtÚv)anTTYlCasmaCik «vgS

m:akS-eLnIn niym» enARbeTs)araMg. eBlenaHvgSenH

man «tur» mYydwknaM EdlmansmasPaBdUcteTA÷

exov sMpn CYn mum µ G i un sMbuk Gi un sUkan

¬enAeFIVkarRkúgLWhav¦. CamYyenH´k¾)ancUlCasmaCik

skmµénsmaKm «shPaBnisSitExµr». Parkic©rbs;´

KWeXasnaekogKrnisiStnigkmµsikSakarIkm<úCa[eXIj

eRKaHGasnñéncRkBtþiGaemriknigBYkRbtikiriyakñúgRbeTs

CaédeCIgvaman Ga sm sar I emA : say ln; ; Nul

jwk CULúg RBmCamYyenHeFIVy:agNa[eKTaMgLaycUl

rYmskmµPaB b¤cUlCasmaCik «shPaBnisiStExµr».

enAqñaM1958 ´)ancUlCasmaCik «RkúmPasa»

énbkSkumµúynisþ)araMg. kñúgqñaMdEdlenH ´)anRbLg

Cab;)asUTI2 enA):arIs. kñúg»kasenaHvgSm:akS-eLnIn

)anelIkTwkcitþý:agxøaMg.

cugqñaM1958 bg exov sMpn k¾GeB¢aIjRtLb;mk

RbeTsvij ehIy CYn mumµ )aneLIgCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvTUeTA

én «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» enARbeTs)araMg.

kñúgqñaM1957 nig qñaM1958 ´TTYl\Ti§BlBIkar

Gb;rMrbs;bg exov sMpn eRcIneRBaHKat;ykcitþTukdak;Gb;rM

´pÞal;. ´)aneronsURtBIKat;nUvsµartIlHbg;RTaMRTkarlM)ak

QWfáat; edIm,IbMeBjParkic©nUvmaKa’mhaCnRsLaj;rab;Gan

nigdak;xøÜnkñúgmhaCn.

kñúgry³eBldEdlenH ´k¾)anrYmcMENksresr

nige)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdIþsm¶at; «rsµI».

enAqñaM1959 eRkayBI Giun sUkan RtLb;mk

RbeTsvij´)anRtÚv «vgSm:akS-eLnIn eRCIserIsCa

smaCiktur CamYy CYn mumµ/ T un eCatisIurin nigGa tUc

xaMeDOn.

enAeBlenaH\Ti§BlesIerI)ancab;epI þmmanmkelI

«vgSma:kS eLnIn» edaybkS)araMg)anpSBVpSayÉksar

sIþBImhasnñ i)atelIkTI20énbkSkumµ úynisþsUevot.

vgSTaMgmUlTTYlyl;RBmtamesckIþsniñdæanénmhasnñi)at

enHTaMgRsug. ehIyCabeNIþr² sµartIGnþrCatiniiym

\tRBMEdnEdltmál;shPaBsUevotCaemdwknaMbdivtþn_

sklelak)ancUlRCabnigBRgwgkñúgxøÜn´pÞal;k¾dUckñúgvgS

TaMgmUl. dUcbkSesIerIÉeTot ´yl;tamrUbmnþrbs;

hSak;DuykøÚ Edlfa³ebIRbqMagsUevotKWRbqaMgkumµúynisþ».

qñaM1959dEdlenH ´)aneTAcUlrYm «mha

mehaRsB saklrbs;yuvCnnignisiSt» enATIRkúgvIEyn

RbeTsGURTIs edayman Giun sUkan CaGñkdwknaM.

eBlenaHk¾manRbtiPUyuvCnsgÁmra®sþniymdwknaMeday

ywm Dit eTAcUlrYmEdr. RbtiPU «shPaBnisSitExµr»

nigRbtiPU«yuvCnsgÁmra®sþniym)ancUlKñaCaKN³RbtiPU

km<úCaEtmYydwknaMeday ywm Dit edayman Gi un sUkan

CaTIRbwkSa.

eRkayBImehaRsBenH Giun sUkan nig´k¾)aneTA

cUlrYmmhasnñi)atén «shPaBGnþrCati» enATIRkúgR)ak

RbeTseqkUsøÚv:aKI. enA»kasenaHTMnas;rvagcinnigBYkesIerI

cab;epIþmxøH²ehIy. ]TahrN_RbtiPUcinRbqaMgmin[eRbI

Bakü «pøÚvtamsniþviFI» CaedImÉksar. eBlenaHeyIg´k¾

)anCYbKN³RbtiPUcinEdr niyayeRcInGMBImitþPaBnigsamKIÁ

PaBrvagRbCaCnTaMgBIr. RbtiPUcineRcInRbharefáaleTas

cRkBtiþGaemrik nigBYkesIerIyUehÁasøavI. b:uEnþninñakar

esIerIEdle)aHTItaMgenAkñúg «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» c,as;las;

KWenAqñaM1960 eRkayBIsniñsITsklelakénbkSkumµúynisþ

nigbkSBlkrcMnYn81enAm:UsÁÚ. «vgS» )anebIvKÁeronsURt

ÉksarCaesckIþEføgkarN_énsniñsITenHehIy)anÉkPaB

TaMgRsugCamYyxøwmsarénesckIþEføgkarN_enHBiesselI

bBaða «RbCaFibetyüCati» enARbeTsttiyelak.

cab;BIeBlenaHmk TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerI)an

cUlRCabehIyERbkøayeTACaskmµPaBCak;Esþgrbs;´kñúg

ry³eBlenaH. TsSn³nigeKalCMhrRbqaMgbdivtþn_enHKW÷

TI1³ bdivtþn_vNÑ³GFnGacQñHedaymincaM)ac;eRbI

higSaGavuF. ]TahrN_enAeqkUsøÚv:aKInaqñaM1958 bkS

kumµúynisþrwbykGMNactamkare)aHeqñat)anedayman

kmøaMgsgÁmniymsklelaknanakMu[cRkBtiþniymGnþrCati

eFIVGnþraKmn_ eBlenaHkgT½BsUevotenAe)aHkñúgRbeTs

eqkUsøÚv:aKI.

TI2³ kñúgry³kalqøgkat; BiessenARbeTsttiy-

elak bkSvNÑ³GFnGacTuk[nayTunCatidwknaMbdivtþn_

RbCaCatiRbCaFibetyü b¤mYybkSvNÑ³GFnGacrMElk

kardwknaMCamYynayTunCati. ehIypøÚvedIm,IseRmcC½y

C¿nHbdivtþn_sgÁmniymGaceFIVeTAtamsPaedaysniþviFI.

TI3³ RTwsIþGFibetyüPaBmankRmitclnakumµúynisþ

niymGnþrCati CaclnaÉkPaBCaFøúgmYyEdlmanshPaB

sUevotCaemdwknaM. bdivtþn_kñúgRbeTsnImYy²RtÚvRbRBwtþ

eLIg[smRsbtamplRbeyaCn_TUeTAénclnakumµúynisþ

GnþrCati. ]TahrN_ enAsniñsIThSWENvqñaM1954

sPaBkarN_GnþrCati nigplRbeyaCn_clnakumµúynisþ




GnþrCatitRmÚv[Qb;c,aMg. dUecñaH bkSenARbeTsnImYy²

EdldwknaMkarts‘U RtÚvsþab;tambkSkumµúynisþsUevot.

CaskmµPaBCak;Esþg ´)anecjmuxeXasnaKaMRT

TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerIniymsUevot BiesskarrYmrs;

edaysniþPaB karRbkYtRbECgxagesdækic©CamYyelak

nayTun s®gÁamsklelakmþgeTotKWvinasGnþraydl;

mnusSCatiTaMgGs;minEmnGnþrayEtcMeBaHRbeTsnayTun

b:ueNÑaHeT. RBmCamYyKñaenH´k¾)anecjmuxeXasna

RbqaMgnwgcinkñúgbBaðaCemøaHCamYyesIerIsUevot. müa:g

eTotkñ úgry³kaldEdlenaHs®gÁamenAevotNam)an

cab;epþIm ehIyma:sIuneXasnarbs;sm<½n§esIerIGnþrCati

)anelIkkarts‘URbCaCnevotNameLIgx<s;RtEdtTukCaKMrU

sRmab;RbCaCnsklelak. «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» nigxøÜn

´k¾lg;eTAtamcrnþeXasnaenH ykkarts‘URbCaCn

evotNamCaemeronsRmab;xø ÜnpÞal;. kñúgTMnas;cin-

sUevot «vgS» nigxøÜn´pÞal;EtgEtfa Gakb,kiriyanig

eKalCMhr «GBüaRkwt» rbs;bkSevotNamKWRtwmRtÚv.

eRkayBI «vibtiþkaMRCÜc» enA)aKUkñúgqñaM1962 TMnas;

cin-sUevot )anpÞúHeLIgCasaFarN³ ehIyeBlenaH «vgS

m:akS-eLnIn» ykGakb,kiriyakan;eCIgesIerIsUevot.

enAqñaMdEdl ´RtÚv «ma:kS-eLnIn» RbKl;Parkic©

TTYlxusRtÚvKN³RbtiPU «shPaBnisiStExµr» Edl)aneTA

cUlrYm «mhamehaRsBsklelakényuvCnnignisiSt»

enARkúgEhlsIunKI RbeTshVaMgLg;. eRkayBImhamehaRsB

´)aneTAcUlrYmmhasnñi)atén «shB½n§sklelakén

yuvCnRbCaFibetyü» enAkñúgv:asUvI RbeTsb:ULÚj. kñúg

»kasenaH kñúgsunÞrkfarbs;KN³RbtiPUnisiStkm<úCaman

dak;XøamYyEdlbBa©aMgnUvTsSn³esIerIEdlTak;TinnwgbBaða

km<úCa «BiesaFn_enAkm<úCabgðajfa karrYmrs;edaysniþPaB

GnueRKaHdl;karts‘Urbs;RbCaCnRbqaMgGMeBIeRCótERCk

viT§gSna nigQøanBanrbs;cRkBtiþGaemriknigbrivar edIm,I

ÉkraCü sniþPaB GBüaRkwt nigedIm,IEkERbCIvPaBRbCaCn».

enAqñaM1963-1964 nigenAqñaMbnÞab;²mk xøÜn´

lg;lickñúgPk;RCaMesIerIrhUtdl;esñI[ «vgSma:kS-eLnIn»

epJIsMbuRteTAbkSkumµúynisþsUevotKaMRTCMhrsUevotRbqaMg

nwgcin. EtesckIþesñIRtÚvsmaCik «vgS» PaKeRcInmin

yl;tam. TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerI ´rkSaCamUldæan

rhUtdl;Ex9 qñaM1971 eBlEdl´)anCYbbg eGog sarI

tMNagbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaenAeb:kaMg.

enAqñaM1966 edaymanTMnas;CabuKÁlpg Ca

maKa’dMeNIrkarkñúg «vgSma:kS-eLnIn» ´)ansMulaecjBI

smaCik «tur». dUecñHsmaCikturmanEt CYn mumµ TuneCati

sIurin nigGa tUc xaMeDOn. TMnas;enHminEmnTMnas;CaTsSn³

b¤TMnas;CaeKalCMhreT eRBaHCarYm «vgSm:akS-eLnIn»

enARbeTs)araMgFøak;eTAesIerImYyryPaKryeTAehIy.

TMnas;xøaMgKWRtg;´minÉkPaBelIGakb,kiriyasRmúHsRmÜl

rbs; CYn mumµ EdlminmanykviFankarGIVbniþcbnþÜcesaH

cMeBaHGMeBIRbRBwtþrMelakelIlkçkarN_cat;taMgrbs;«vgS».

]TahrN_ TuneCati sIurin edayKµan)anR)ab; tur cUleFIVkar

kñúg «viTüasßanRsavRCav» rbs;)araMgeBlEdlxøÜnenA

sRmakeBTüenAtMbn;xagt,ÚgRbeTs)araMgenAqñaM1965.

Ga tUc xaMeDOn edayyknaTIvaCaRbFan «shPaBnisiSt

Exµr» )anbB©ÚalsmaKmenHCasmaCik «shPaBGnþrCati

nisSit» eBlmhasnñi)atGgÁkarenHenAm:UsÁÚkñúgqñaM1962

edayKµankarseRmcCasmUhPaB.

kñúgry³kalenaH etITsSn³eKalCMhrnigGakb,kiriya

´cMeBaHkarts‘Urbs;RbCaCneyIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkS

kumµúynisþkm<úCaya:gNa?

´sUmEckCabIry³kal BIqñaM1958 mkdl;qñaM

1970. ´sUmbBa¢ak;fataMgBIcUlCasmaCik «GgÁkar

begÁal» enAqñaM1956mk ´dak;xøÜnbeRmIclnats‘Urbs;

RbCaCnkm<úCaeRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkS eBlenaH´minTan;

dwgfamanbkSeT ´RKan;EtdwgfamansñÚldwknaM.

¬¬eennAAmmaanntt¦¦






EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa®sþ

eellaakk eessnn ssuuHH GGaayyuu6699qqññaaMM rrss;;eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll

´manedImkMeNItenAkñúgPUmiekaHpl. eRkaymk´

k¾eTArs;enACamYyRbBn§énAPUmiRTa. RbEhlenAExkkáda

qñaM1975 ´k¾dUckmµkrcmáarekAsU‘déTeTotEdr RtÚv)an

CemøósecjBIPUmiRTa. kalenaH´)aneTAdl;PUmita):av.

BIr-bIqñaMeRkaymk´)anB¤sMeLgRKab;epøagBIPUmiekaHpl.

eBlenaH´RtÚv)anBYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhmcat;taMg[eTArk

RtIenAbwgmYykñúgPUmita):av. RtIenAkñúgbwgenaHecHEtxSt;

eTA² dUecñHBYkvak¾[éTAcab;RtIenAPUmiekaHplnaedImqñaM

1976. RkúmrkRtIrbs;´manKña6nak; CnCaticam3nak;

nigExµr3nak;. énAcaMEteQµaHmñak;bu:eNÑaHEdlCaRbFan

rbs;´KWKat;eQµaH nut. \LÚvenHeQµaH nut enHrs;enA

pSarebuIs.

BYkTahanExµrRkhmmYyRkúmEdl´mincaMeQµaHnig

muxmat; )anbBa¢a[RkúmrkRtIrbs;énARtwmEtmat;bwgEt

bu:eNÑaH ebIGñkNah‘anEtQanEtBIr-bIEm:RtBIekaHenaHnwg

RtÚvva)aj;smøab;ecal. eBlrkRtI)anehIymanRkúm

RbmUlRtImkykBIeyIgeTot. eyIgePøceQµaHGñkTaMgenaH

Gs;ehIy. kalenaHeyIgmanhUbRKb;RKan;. eyIgman

GgárxSaynigGgárdMeNIbsRmab;eFVIbEg¥m nigsac; CaBiess

eyIgmanRtIFM²hUb eRBaHeyIg

CaGñkrkRtIRsab;.

erogral;BIr-bIéf¶mþg enA

rvagem:agRbEhl2b¤3 EtgEt

mank):al;FMmYydwkmnusSeBj

RbEhlCa1000nak;eTAkan ;

ekaHpl. énAcm¶ayRbEhlCa

150Em:Rt BIk):al;enaHbu:eNÑaH.

RbCaCnenAelIk):al;enaHmanyk

begVcmktamxøÜnpg rYmmancRmúH

TaMgcas;ekµgRbúsRsI TaMgCnCati

cam TaMgCnCatiExµr cink¾manEdr.

´dwgfamanCnCaticam BIeRBaHKat;manBak;mYkknþwbnigGav

édEvg. enAem:agRbEhlCa8RBwk ´B¤GñkxøHyM GñkxøH

ERsk ehIymansERmkTaMgekµgTaMgcas;. semøgERsk

enH´B¤ecjBIkEnøgEdlmanreNþAsaksBcMnYn49. )an

Ca´dwgeRBaHeRkayqñaM1979 ´)aneTAkan;TIenaHehIy

)anemIleXIjnwgEPñkeTotpg.

kalenaHénAekaHplenaH)an3Ex rYcmkeK)an

bBa¢ Únmkkan;PUmita):avEdlenAkñ úgPUmienaHéFV ICaCag

CYsCulkg;. enAkñúgPUmienaH´)andwgfa GñkEdlERskQW

cab;enaHKWc,as;Casøab;ehIyrYmTaMgta hak; pg. Kat;RtÚv

)aneKecaTRbkan;fa)anlYcBgTa ehIyvayeKaeBlNa

Kat;xwgnwgGgÁkar. ta hak; k¾Cacammñak;EdrEdlRtÚv

)ansmøab;enAkñúgqñaM1976 ehIyTmøak;cUleTAkñúgGNÚþg

enAkñúgPUmita):avEtmþg. )anCa´dwgerOgBIeRBaH´)an

eXIjsarugnigEs,keCIgrbs;Kat;enATIenaH. ´sÁal;

sarugnigEs,keCIgenaHKWCarbs;ta hak ;.

´)aneXIjXøaMgTukkaMePIøgcMnYn3 EtminTan;)ansg;

rYceRsc)ac;enAeLIyeT. XøaMgnImYy²manTTwgRbEhl

10Em:RtnigbeNþayRbmaN20Em:Rt. ´dwgBIeRBaH´

)aneXIjBYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhmdwkRKab;nigkaMePIøgmkkan;

esaknadkmµenAPUmiekaHpl

¬¬ttBBIIeellxxmmuunn¦¦




ekaHplenaH. enAkñúgqñaM1979 eBlEdlćUlmkkan;

ekaHpléXIjEtXøaMgTeTbu:eNÑaH. pñÚrTaMg49vaminTan;

kb;eLIy. éXIjq¥wgllad_k,alnigq¥wgédq¥wgeCIgCaeRcIn.

eRkaymkpñÚrTaMgenaHk¾rlubCabeNþIr².

eellaakk hhSSIIbb eemmXXMM uu11 PPUUmmiieekkaaHHppllenAkñ úgPUmiekaHplmanreNþAsaksBCnrgeRKaH

søab;edaysarBYkExµrRkhmcMnYn49. mkdl;\LÚvminTan;

manGñkNaCIkreNþAenaHenAeLIyeT. reNþAnImYy²man

TTwgRbEhl2Em:RtnigbeNþayRbEhlCa5Em:Rt ehIy

manCeRmABI2/5eTA3Em:Rt.

eellaakk mm::aatt;; eeGGll GGaayyuu2266qqññaaMM rrss;;eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll manRbCaCncamCaeRcInsøab;edaysarCMgWRKúncaj;

eBalKWman220nak;søab;kñúgPUmipáadUg 44nak;kñúgPUmi

RkbIeRkók 66nak;kñúgPUmiRcvak;Edk nig67nak;kñúgPUmi

)arayN_. RbCaCnTaMgenaHRtÚv)ancat;CaeRcInBYkEdl

BYkvayl;faCaxµaMgrbs;xøÜn. RkúmTI1rYmmanGñkmanCageK

ehIyecHdwgxagEpñksasnaeRcIn. RkúmenHRtÚv)anbBa©Úl

eTAkñúgPUmipáadUgEdlCatMbn;gayTTYlrgnUvCMgWRKúncaj;.

RkúmTI2bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmiRkbIeRkók RkúmTI3bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmi

Rcvak;Edk nigRkúmTI4bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmi)arayN_. RkúmTI2

suT§EtCaGñkEdlminsUvecHGkSr ehIyRkúmTI3CaGñk

ensaTRtIehIyRkIRk.

RbCaCnenAPUmiTaMgbIenHeRkaymkk¾RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAkan;

TIkEnøgepSg²CaeRcIndUcCaPUmirMkil PUmibu:n nigPUmimYy

eTotEdlGñkPUmiehAfa PUmiviharx<s; b¤viharTab Edlsßit

enAkñúgXuMsYg Rsukt,ÚgX~úM extþkMBg;cam. ´)aneTAenAXuM

sYg. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi)arayN_nigrMevjKµanmanGñkNa

rs;mñak;eT. RbCaCnkñúgPUmienHsøab;TaMgGs;kñúgsm½y

Cemøós. enAeBleFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkvijeyIg)anCYb

RbCaCnCaeRcIn xøHmkBIPUmienH xøHmkBIPUmienaH elIkElg

EtPUmiTaMgBIrxagelIenHEdlmin)aneXIjmknwgeK. Gñk

RsukPUmiEdlCaCnCatiExµr)anR)ab;eyIgfa mankarerobcM

BiFICb;elogmYyy:agFMedaymankarkab;eKapgeFVIeLIg

sRmab;CnCaticam eRkaymkcamTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneK

RbmUldak;Lan ehIyRbCaCnTaMgGs;enaH)an)at;xøÜntaMg

BIeBlenaHmkdl;\LÚv.

kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH´sÁal;mYycMnYnEdr eRBaH

kaleNaHeK[éFVIkargarCamYyBYkExµrRkhm ehIyeKk¾

R)ab;erOgTaMgenHeTA. ´TTYlxusRtÚvxagEckGgár. enA

RbEhlCaqñaM1980 ´)andwgfamanreNþAexµaccMnYn49

tamry³TahanmYyRkúm. manTahancMnYnRbEhl10nak;

)anCIkreNþATaMgenaH. TahanTaMgenaHCaTahanrbs;

rdæaPi)alminEmnExµrRkhmeT. munnwgCIkTahanTaMgenaH

)ansuMkarGnuBaØatBIRsukrYcehIy. eBlenaHeK[GñkPUmi

ecjBIpÞHcMnYnmYyGaTitü. TahanTaMgenaHmin)anykq¥wg

eTACamYyeLIy RbEhlCaCIkedIm,Irkmaspgk¾mindwg.

eBlEdleyIgecj)anbIéf¶ ta y:an EdlCaKN³Rsuk

RkÚcqµar k¾[BYkeyIgcUlmkrs;enAdUcedImvij. sBVéf¶enH

ta y:an rs;enAPUmica RsukdMEb extþkMBg;cam. GPi)alrg

KWeQµaH ta samin EdlsBVéf¶enHeFVICabU:lisenATIrYmextþ

kMBg;cam. eRkaymkGaCJaFrRsukk¾)anmkCIkykq¥wgGs;

BIrreTHeKaeTAkan;TIsñak;karRsukedIm,ITuk[RbCaCnemIl.

eettHH eeGGll GGaayyuu6666qqññaaMM eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll

BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 ´)anrs;enACaeRcIn

kEnøgNas;. kñúgcMeNamkEnøgTaMgGs;́ enAcaMfa)anrs;enA

PUmirkaxñúrcMnYn6Ex RkbIeRkók1qñaM nigPUmicugGUrCaeRcInEx.

eBlenaHKWKN³PUmieQµaH mil Edl)anCemøós´ «Gñk

TaMgGs;cakecj\LÚvenH». ´mincg;cakecjeT bu:Enþ

´minh‘anniyayeLIy. ebIeyIgh‘anniyayBYkvanwgcab;

cgeyIgminxan. eRkayBIkarCemøósmkeK[´P¢ÜrERs

eFIVERs daMeBatnigfñaMCk;. GñkEdlbBa¢a[éFVIkarenHKW

RbFanPUmieQµaH nut \LÚvenHsøab;ehIy. ´minEdl

eXIjeKsmøab;mnusSedaypÞal;EPñkeLIy.

eettHH eeGGll GGaayyuu6677qqññaaMM eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll




´ekItenAPUmiekaHplnigrs;enAPUmienHrhUtdl;éf¶

CemøósqñaM1975. enAqñaM1979´RtLb;mkrs;enA

kñúgPUmienHvij. ExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;ekaHplenHenAkñúg

qñaM1973. enAqñaM1975manRbCaCncamrs;enAcMnYn

1700nak;. enAkñúgqñaM1979enAsl;Et300nak;

bu:eNÑaHrYmTaMgekµg²pg. enAcugqñaM1975RbCaCnrs;enA

PUmiekaHplRtÚv)anCemøósecjBIeRBaHxøÜn)anRbqaMgnwg

ExµrRkhm. RbCaCnmYycMnYntUcRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;

extþsÞwgERtg bu:EnþPaKeRcIneTAkan;PUmipáadUg RkbIeRkók

Rcvak;Edk )arayN_ nigPUmirMevj. RbCaCncMnYn10

RKÜsar eRkaymkRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;tMbn;RksaMgnig

snÞúk énextþkMBg;FM nigeTAXMusYg Rsukt,ÚgX~úM kñúgextþ

kMBg;cam. enAPUmiTaMgR)aMenHCatMbn;RKúncaj;manéRBRkas;

ehIyminsUvmanRbCaCnrs;enAeLIy. RbCaCncam)an

sg;xÞmtUc² ehIyrs;enAlayLMCamYyRbCaCnExµr.

enATIenaHk¾manRbCaCncamxøHEdrEdlmkBIPUmiCMnIk.

RbCaCnenATIenaHTTYlrgnUvkareFIVkarhYskmøaMg nigkgVH

Gahar. mYyry³eRkaymk RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiRkbIeRkók

nigpáadUgRtÚveKCemøóseTAkan;kEnøgepSgeTot ehIy

manGñkxøHk¾rs; ehIyk¾RtLb;eTAkan;ekaHplvijenAqñaM

1979. bu:EnþkñúgcMeNamPUmiTaMgbIenaH KµaneXIjRbCaCn

Namñak;RtLb;mkvijeLIy. GñkRsukPUmiCnCatiExµrEdl

mkemIlTIenH)anR)ab;fa KµancamNamñak;enArs;ranman

CIviteLIyBYkeKsøab;TaMgGs;.

eKCemøós´BIPUmiekaHpleTAkan;PUmipáadUgenAkñúgqñaM

1975. ´GacenAcaMerOgr:avkalenaH. eyIgeFVIdMeNIr

eTAkan;PUmirkaxñúr. ehIyk¾eLIgCiHTUkkat;tamPUmiCMnIkmk

kan;PUmipáadUg. ´rs;enAkñúgPUmienaHedaysg;kUnxÞmtUc

mYy. enAPUmipáadUgmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCagenAPUmi

RkbIeRkóknigPUmidéTeTot. CnCaticammkBIPUmiRTaEdleK

«RbsinebIGñkdak;TNÐkmµ ¬sgswksRtÚvrbs;Gñk¦RtÚv

dak;[esµInwgTaruNkmµEdlGñk)anTTYlrg. b:uEnþebIGñk

Gt;Fµt;enaHCaRbkarl¥RbesIr.» bkERbeday³ swm suriya:

naykrgTI2mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ haCI suHkMrI RbFan

KN³dwknaMCan;x<s;sasnaGuIsøamkm<úCanigÉk]tþm hSak;RKIya:

Gadam GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgFmµkarnigsasna.

mmttiibbkkRRssaayy³³ dUcenHsasna\søamBuM)anEcghamXat;min[sasnikeFVITNÐkmµb¤ sgswkGñkEdl

RbRBwtþbTelµIsenaHeLIy. Baküfa «esµIKñanwg» mann½yfa [smRsbnwgTegVIEdl)anRbRBwtþnig)anTTYl

rg. ]TahrN_fargrbYsmYykabit søab;mYynak; RtÚvdal;mYyéd. kaMbitGactUc-FM b¤cak;cMkEnøg

xusKñamnusSRtÚvsmøab;sgswk GacmanGayub¤sßitkñúgRbkarsMxan;xusBImnusSEdlrgeRKaHenaH rIÉkmøaMg

éddal;sgGacF¶n; b¤RsalCagmun. kñúgkrNIGacesµI)ankarsgswkb¤kardak;TNÐkmµGaceFVI)anehIyman

yutþiFm’. ebIminesµIeTbNþal[mankarsgswkeTAmkminecHcb;. kñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñKWmanEttulakaryutþiFm’

eTeTIbGacedaHRsaybBaðaenH)an. kñúgkrNIEdlCnrgeRKaHGt;Fµt;mintbtenaHnwg)anTTYlkuslplbuNü

mYyfµÍya:geBjelj mann½yfa CnrgeRKaHnwgRtÚvTUTat;kuslplbuNürbs;xøÜneTAnwgTNÐkmµEdlxøÜnRbRBwtþ

tCnéddl;víj. TNÐkmµnigTaruNkmµsuT§EtCaGMeBI)abdUcKña EtebITNÐkmµsgeTAvíj esµITaruNkmµenaHvaCa

d¿eNaHRsaymYymantulüPaB mann½yfa CnrgeRKaH)ansgswkehIyBuM)anxatbg;plkuslBImunmk

eLIy. sswwmm ssuurr iiyyaa ::

dkRsg;BIKm<IrKUrGan sU‘r:s;16 cMNuc126




Cemøósmkkan;RsukdMEb k¾eKykmkkan;PUmipáadUgenHEdr

kñúgqñaM1977. kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMenaH´TTYlParkic©emIl

eKanigelIkTMnb;. ÉrkdIesÞIrEt)ak;q¥wgEq¥gGs;ehIy.

ésÞIrEtsøab;eTAehIykalenaH. GñkPUmiRsukenATIenaHCa

eRcInsøab;edayCMgWRKúncaj;. RbCaCnsøab;ral;éf ¶KWRbEhl

3nak;kñúgmYyéf¶. RbCaCnPaKticNas;EdlGacrs;.

eRkaymkeKCemøóseyIgeTAkan;XuMsYg. kalenaH´

k¾ecHEteFIVdMeNIrtameKÉg bu:Enþ)anmkQb;enARtg;k,alGUr

BIeRBaHenATIenaH´)anCYbnwgRkúmRKÜsarrbs;́ . GñkepSg²

eTotecHEteFVIdMeNIreTAmuxeToteq<aHeTAkan;XuMsYg Rsuk

t,ÚgX~úM.

EEGGllmm::aatt;; GGaayyuu4466qqññaaMM rrss;;eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll

´RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;PUmipáadUg XMuQUk Rsuk

RkÚcqµar extþkMBg;cam. enATIenaHéFVIERsnighUbbbr

bu:EnþKµankareFVITaruNkmµGVIeT. ´rs;enAPUmipáadUgGs;ry³

eBlCit3Ex. eBlEdlBYknirtIvayBYkbUB’anaqñaM1977

´pøas;TIkEnøgeTAkan;eBaFieCIgxal ehIyrs;enATIenaHGs;

ry³eBl8Ex. BYkkmµaPi)alnirtI)ansmøab;RbCaCncam

TaMgGs;Edlrs;enAPUmi)arayN_ nigPUmiRcvak;Edk bu:EnþExµr

eKminsmøab;eT. TaMgPUmipáadUg nigPUmiRkbIeRkókTaMgmUl

KµanRbCaCnrs;mñak;eLIy. ´min

dwgehtuGVIeT. ´minEdleXIjeK

smøab;mnusSeT. manEtBIrnak;

bu:eNÑaHKWńigb¥ÚnRsIEdlenArs;.

RKÜsarrbs;́ søab;Gs;rYmTaMgbg²

rbs; EGl esn enAPUmipáadUg

EGl Tt enAPUmi)arayN_ nig

EGl TIeyIu enAPUmi)arayN_.

eRkayBI´RtLb;mkrs;enA

PUmiekaHpl)anBIrqñaM ´B¤fabgb¥Ún

CIdUnmYyRsIrbs;́ eQµaH GamINas;

enArs;enAeLIy. eBlenaH´k¾eTA

kan;PUmiRcvak;EdkrkemIlKat;. édIrcUlpÞHeKsuMTwkpwk.

´sÁal;pÞHenaH eRBaH´Føab;enATIenaHBImunmk. ´k¾sYr®sþI

mñak;fa «maneXIj GamINas; EdlCakUnrbs;G‘¿RsI em:s

eT». eBlenaHKat;k¾ERskyMhU‘ ehIyfa «søab;Gs;ehIy

søab;TaMgGs;mYyRKÜsarKµansl;mñak;eLIy». Kat;RtÚv

eKsmøab;enAmþúMXMuQUk. RbCaCnenAPUmi)arayN_ nigPUmi

Rcvak;EdkRtÚv)anExµrRkhmsmøab;eRcInCagPUmidéTeTot.

smaCikRKÜsarenAPUmiekaHplRtÚv)anykmkTukenA

PUmirkaxñúrGs;10éf¶ ehIyeRkaymkRtÚvcat;[eTAenAPUmi

epSg²CaeRcIneTot. RbCaCnTaMgenaHGac)anmkCYbKña

bu:EnþminGacenACamYyKña)aneLIy. eyIgGacmkemIl

sac;jatirbs;eyIgEdlmanCMgWEtry³eBlxøIbu:eNÑaH KWmin

)anenAemIlEfTaMeLIy. BYkvaniyayfamanGñkemIlxus

RtÚvehIy min)ac;[eyIgenAemIleT. enAcugqñaM1978

enAPUmipáadUg eBl´kMBugXValRkbIéXIjeKe)aHRtak;

Et´minecHGaneT mindwgCaeKdak;fay:agem:c.

sBVéf¶enAPUmiekaHplmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn63

RKÜsar RbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERsnigensaT.

swm suriya:

cb;

GñkRsuk nig ek~g²enAPUmicam extþkMBg;cam




¬¬ttBBIIeellxxmmuunn¦¦ hu‘y TIBIrenAmnIÞrs-21KW nun hu‘y ehA

«hu‘yx<s;» b ¤ «hu‘yERs». hu‘y TIBIrenHemIlkar

xusRtÚvmnIÞr24 CakardæanKukenAéRBsEdlCasaxaénmnIÞr

s-21. enAkñúgkardwknaMmnIÞrs-21 hu‘yx<s; KWCa

mnusSd¾sMxan;mñak;. Ca]TahrN_ kñúgqñaM1976 hu‘y

x<s;emIlkarxusRtÚvvKÁsikSamYycMnYnsRmab;smaCikRkúm

yuvCnkumµúynisþkm<úCaeFVIkarenAmnIÞr24enH. RbBn§rbs;

hu‘yx<s; eQµaH Rbúk exOn EdlCa «smaCikeBjsiT§i»

énbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa eFVIkarBak;

kNþalem:agCaGñksYrcemøIyenA

KukmnÞIrs-21. TaMgBIrnak;bþI

RbBn§ enHRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAkñúg

Exvicäika qñaM1978. Ej:m eGn

GHGagfa hu‘yx<s;RtÚv)ancab;

xøÜnBIbTelµIspøÚvePT ¬xussIlFm’¦

bu:EnþcemøIysarPaBrbs; hu‘y

x<s; BMu)anniyayGMBIbTelµIs

enaHeLIy.

GGññkkssYYrrcceemmøøIIyy

enAkñúgExvicäika qñaM1976

RkúmGñksYrcemøIymany:agtic

11Rk úmEdlmYyRk úm²man

smaCikcMnYn6nak;. mkdl;Bak;

kNþalqñaM1977 RkúmsYrcemøIybRgÜjmkRtwm10Rkúm

EdlkñúgmYyRkúmmansmaCik6nak;. ehIyeRkaymkk¾

bMEbkCaRkúmtUc²Edlman3nak; EdlmanGñkemIlxus

RtÚvEtmñak;. RkúmnImYy²manRbFanmñak; GnuRbFanmñak;

CaGñkviPaKÉksar nigsmaCikmñak;eTot ehIyRbB½n§enH

RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTATaMgkñúgsaxabkSnigGgÁkarepSg²

eTotenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. mnusSTIbIEdlCYn

kalRtÚv)ancat;TukCaqµaMenaH GacCamnusSEdlTTYlkar

cat;taMg[mkeFVITaruNkmµ. enARtwmqñaM1978 GñksYr

cemøIyPaKeRcIneFVIkarenAkñúgRkúmekþAEdlcat;taMgedayGñk

sYrcemøIyCan;x<s;eQµaH BU EdlminTan;mannrNamñak;dwg

RbvtiþrUbenAeLIy. enAkñúgqñaM1976 nigqñaM1977

k¾manRkúmsYrcemøIymYyRkúmeTotehAfa «Rkúmrg» ¬Rkúm

sYrsøÚt¦ EdlsmaCikrbs;RkúmenHminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[

eFVITaruNkmµGñkeTaseLIy. RkúmekþAenAkñúgcemøIysarPaB

RtÚv)anehAfa «Rkúmkac». RkúmenHmansiT§ieFIVTaruNkmµ

GñkeTas)an. enAqñaM1978 tamcemøIysarPaBnana

KµanniyayBI «RkúmsøÚt» eLIy

bu:EnþRbEhlCaeKdUrmkCaRkúm

«RtCak;»k¾mindwg. «RkúmGegáóm»

EdlmansmaCik8nak;eRkamkar

cat;taMgrbs;eQµaH R)ak; Nn

EdlCaG ñksYrcem ø IymanbT

BiesaFn_ cat;karkargarNaEdl

manlkçN³twgruwgnigsMxan;.

enAkñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM

1978 hak;dUcCamany:ag

ehacNas;GñksYrcemø Iymñak;

ePTRsI eBalKWeQµaH Rbúk exOn

EdlCaRbBn§rbs; hu‘y. Rbúk

exOn mkBIRkúm25 ehIycat;Tuk

xøÜnKat;faCa «ksikrfñak;kNþal

eRkam». eXOn )ansresrfaKat;cUlbdivtþn_enAqñaM1972

edaysarEtxøÜnmankMhwgcMeBaH «BYkvNÑ³kan;GMNacEdl

CiHCan;nigemIlgayksikrRk». eRkayBIRtÚv)anepÞrmk

kan;mnIÞrs-21 nigeRkayBIerobkarCamYynwg«hu‘yERs»

eXOn )ansarPaBfa xøÜn)aneFVITaruNkmµGñkeTasCaeRcIn

nak; «Tal;EteFVIkarElgekIt». eRkABIenHk¾RbEhlCa

enAmanGñksYrcemøIyePTRsIdéTeTotpgEdr. Gwug buic )an

caMeQ~aHmnusSmñak;EdlKat;EtgEtdak;garfa «GaykS»

ehIyÉksar)ansresrfa Kun CaRbBn§rbs;kmµaPi)al

semøgBImnIÞr s-21vKÁTI2³ sßab½nsVy½t

edaysa®sþacarü edvId eqndl½r




Can;x <s;ExµrRkhmnigEdlRtÚv)ancab;xø ÜndMNalKat;

¬Guwg biuc¦ RtÚv)ansYrcemøIyeday®sþIBIrnak;eQµaH lI nig

xun. bu:EnþebItamkic©smÖasn_CamYyeQµaH kuk Rss;

)an[dwgfa KµanGñksYrcemøIyePTRsIeT.

PaKeRcInénGñksYrcemøIynigGñkeFVIÉksar Føab;)an

cUlrYmeFVIs®gÁamkñúgGMLúgqñaM1970-75 edaybeRmIkar

CanirsaEdlCakargarRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; nigKYr[

eKarB. GñksYrcemIøyTaMgenHeRcInEteronenAtamsala

bzmsikSa b¤tamvtþGaram RbEhlCaBIr-bIqñaMedIm,I

EtGacecHcgcaM ecHeKarB nigecHsresrbu:eNÑaH. TaMg

enHKWCalkçN³caM)ac;sRmab;eFV IkarenAmnI Þrs-21.

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday k¾karepÞrBIkarsikSaeTAkargar

s®gÁamenAmnÞ Irs-21EdlCakEnøg[témøeTAelIKMnit

neya)ayenaH BitCamanlkçN³Bi)akNas;sRmab;ekµg²

dUcEdlGtItGñksYrcemøIyeQµaH m:a em:gXag )ansarPaB

fa «KiteRcInBi)akNas;. GñkÉgnwgGs;kmøaMgEmnETnenA

mnÞIrs-21 ehIyGñknwgQWk,alminxan ehIyeRkABIenaH

KWCakargarneya)ay. eFVIkarenATIenaHminEmnCakargay

RsÜleLIy. vaxusBIkareFVIERsnigdaMdMNaM b¤k¾kareFVIkar

enAtameragcRk. mindwgCadl;éf¶Nacb;eLIy. ebI «RtÚv»

k¾GñkÉgmindwg. bu:EnþebIeFIVERsvij GñkÉgdwgfaman

RKab;BUCnigminman ehIyenAeragcRkGñkÉgdwgfam:asIun

edIrb¤minedIr».

kargarsRmab;GñksYrcemøIymanry³eBlEvgNas;

ehIyKYr[Gs;kmøaMgeTotpg. karsYrcemøIyRbRBwtþeTA

rhUtdl;yb;eRCA. GñksYrcemøIymineBjcitþcMeBaH

lkçxNÐkargarEdlsßitkñ úgkarbgç itbgç MEbbenHeLIy

ehIyniyayfa ebIeRbóbeFobeTAeXIjfaxusKñaeRcIn

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sIuvil.

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eRcInCagenHeTot ehIyGñkEdlmaneQµaHenAkñúgtarag

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b¤eT? r)aykarN_rbs;RkúmC¿najkarEdlRtÚv)ansresr

edaymankarGnuelamtamesckþIseRmccitþrbs;mhasnñi)at

GgÁkarshRbCaCatielx52/135 )aneqøIynwgsMNYr

enHkñúglkçN³víC¢mandUcteTAenH ÷

«ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþ)anbgðajfa CemøaHRbdab;

GavuFrvagRbeTsevotNamnigRbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþÍm

enAExkBaØa qñaM1977 nigRbEhlCamunenHeTotpg.

karb:HTgÁicenAtamRBMEdnkñúgEx]sPa qñaM1975 nigkar

bnþekIteLIgnUv]bTÞvehtuepSg²\tQb; Caehtupld¾maM

kñ úgkarykGnuvtþGnusBaØaRkúghSWENvqñaM1949 kñúg

TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsevotNamkñúgGMLúg

eBlCíteBjmYyrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. CaBiess

kgT½Bkm<úCa)anRbRBwtþkarkab;smøab; TaruNkmµ b¤GMeBI

GmnusSFm’ edayectna karbgákarQWcab; exøacpSa cab;

edayectna karnireTsb¤XuMXaMgedayxusc,ab; nigkar

bMpøajRTBüsm,tþi». CnEdlTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBI

TaruNkm~RbqaMgnwgRkúmEdlkarBaredayc,ab;enAeRkam

GnusBaØaenAkñúgCemøaHRbdab;GavuFrvagkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

nigRbeTsevotNam Gacykmkkat;eTaskñúgnamCaCnéd

dl; «RbRBwtþbTel~IsF¶n;F¶r». ¬¬eennAAmmaanntt¦¦ y:n va:n; RKInFIn







enAedÍmTsvtSr_qñaM60 karC¿nuMCRmHkþId¾l,Il,ajelI

BiPBelakmYybnÞab;BIkarkat;eTasBYkhVasuIsNahSúIenA

TIRkúgnUrimb‘Wk KWCakarkat;kþIelIrUbelak GaDul eGcäkµan; kñúg

RbeTsGuIRsaEGl kñúgrvagqñaM1961dl;1962. elak

eGcäkµan; EdlCaGtItRbFanGgÁPaBb:Ulissm¶at;kñúgTIRkúg

Eb‘rLaMg EdlTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHEpnkar «d¿eNaHRsay

cugeRkay» «karsmøab;rgÁalnUvRbCaCnCÍVhVkñúgRbeTs

GaløWm:g; nigTwkdÍeRkamkarkan;kab;edayGaløWm:g;TaMgLay»

)anrt;eKcBIkarcab;xøÜnenAeBlcb;s®gÁam ehIy)anlak;

bMBYnrs;enAkñúgRbeTsGahSg;TIn cab;taMgBIqñaM1950

edaydUreQµaHfµÍ. enAEx]sPa qñaM1960 eGcäkµan; RtÚv

)ancab;BRgt;edayPñak;garsnþisuxRbeTsGuIRsaEGl

ehIyRtÚv)annaMmkRbeTsGuIRsaEGl. RbeTsGuIRsaEGl

)anRbkasR)ab;BiPBelakfaxøÜnnwgyk eGcäkµan; eTAC¿nuM

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RsaycugeRkay». eGcäkµan; RtÚv)ankat;kþIeRkamc,ab;

dak;TNÐkmµelIBYkNahSúInigbkSBYkNahSúIrbs;RbeTs

GuIRsaEGl. c,ab;enHkMNt;kardak;TNÐkmµcMeBaHbT]Rkidæ

RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnCVIhV ]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatinig

]Rkidækmµs®gÁam. Epñk 1¬x¦ énc,ab;enH)ankMNt;niymn½y

bTelµIsTaMgLaydUcteTAenH÷

«]RkidækmµRbqaMgCnCatiCVÍhV» mann½yfa ral;GMeBI

]RkidæNamYyEdlRtÚv)anRbRBwtþedaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaj

CnCatiCVIhVTaMgRsug b¤edayEpñk³ 1¦ karsmøab;rgÁalnUv

CnCatiCVIhV/ 2¦bgákarQWcab; nigkarxUcxatCad¿NMEpñk

ragkaynigstibBaØacMeBaHCnCatiCVÍhV/ 3¦ dak;[rs;enA

kñúgsßanPaBrs;enAminsmRsbsMedAbgáPaBmhnþraydl;

sgÁmrs;enArbs;CnCatiCVÍhV/ 4¦ dak;bgçMnUvvíFankarnana

Edlbgáarmin[CnCatiCVÍhVpþl;kMeNItTarkkñúgsgÁm.

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mYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcteTAenH÷GMeBImnusSXat karsmøab;

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RbRBwtþGmnusSFm’déTeTotEdlRtÚv)anRbRBwtþmkelI

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neya)ay sBa¢ati BUCsasn_ b¤sasna.

c,ab;enH)anpSarP¢ab;CasMxan;nUvbTelµIsén]Rkidækmµ

s®gÁam nig]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatienAtulakarnUrimb‘Wk

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RbeTsGuIRsaEGlykbuKÁlEdl)anRbRBwtþbTelµIsén

GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_TaMgLaymkelIRbCaCnCVÍhV mkeFVI

karkat;eTasedaytulakarkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜn.

minEtb:ueNÑaH c,ab;dak;TNÐkmµ)anEcgGMBIkardak;

TNÐkmµcMeBaHGñkTaMgLayEdl)anpþl;esvakm~kñúg «GgÁkar

rbs;sRtÚv» dUcEdl)anRbkasedaytulakareyaFa

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CVIhVedaykarbgçM[eFVITaskr karbg¥t;Gahar kareFVITukç

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víFankarnanabgç Mmin[RbCaCnCV IhVpþl;kMeNItTarkkñ úg

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karecaTRbkan;TaMgenH RtÚv)ankt;RtaTukCaÉksar

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GFibetyüPaBEdndÍ nigskmµPaBrbs;rdæ.

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Kat;BuMmankarsµ½RKcitþ.

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citþsa®sþminGaceFV IkarC¿nu MCRmHkþ ImkelIrUbKat;eday

yutþiFm’)aneT.

karC¿Tas;nwgkarGHGagkarBarxø ÜnTaMgLayrbs;

eGcäkµan; RtÚv)anRcanecaledaytulakarRsukénTIRkúg

eyrUsaLwm énRbeTsGuIRsaEGl kñúgkarecjsalRkm

rbs;xøÜnEdlrkeXIjfaCncugecaTmankMhuselI15krNI

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karC¿nuMCRmHkþImYyyutþiFm’RtwmRtÚv nigkMhusrbs;tulakar

fñak;eRkamkñúgkarEdlrkeXIjfa Kat;mantYnaTIFMkñúgbT

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c,ab;GnþrCatiRtÚvEtQñH. tulakar)anGHGagfa c,ab;

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karGHGagRbqaMgcMeBaHbBaðaEdnsmtßkic©. kñúgkareqøIy

tbcMeBaHTTð,IkrN_rbs;CncugecaTEdlfac,ab;dak;TNÐkmµ

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c,ab;EdlhamXat;min[begáItc,ab;nitiRbtikmµ ¬c,ab;

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b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvíjc,ab;enHGnuvtþEtCamYy «]Rkidækmµsahav




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EdlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHbTelµIsmYy EdlRbRBwtþeday

CnbreTsmñak;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTotEdlminEmnCaRbeTs

rbs;xøÜn edayQrelImUldæanGFibetyüEdndÍenaHeT.

kñúgkarBiPakSad¾TUlMTUlayGMBIPaBRsbKñaénc,ab;

dak;TNÐkmµeTAnwgeKalkarN_c,ab;GnþrCati tulakarkMBUl

rbs;RbeTsGuIRsaEGl)ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa bT]RkidæEdl

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ehIyEdlnaM[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvRBhµTNÐCabuKÁl»

ehIy)anbBa¢ak;eTotfa «ebIBinitüelIlkçN³sPaBTUeTA

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eFVIkarC¿nuMCRmHkþInigdak;TNÐkmµelICnNaEdlcUlrYmkñúgkar

RbRBwtþTaMgenH».

cMeBaHkarcab;BRgt; eGcäkµan; BIRbeTsGahSg;TIn

tulakarkMBUl)anKaMRTcMeBaHesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar

RsukEdlfa edaysarkarcab;BRgt;enHRKan;EtrMelaP

bMBaneTAelIsiT§irbs;RbeTsGahSg;TIn kñúgnamCardæman

GFibetyüPaBb:ueNÑaH karedaHRsayrvagRbeTsGahSg;TIn

nigGuIRsaEGl)anbBa©b;nUvvívaTenH ehIyBuMmanmUlehtuEdl

RtÚvC¿Tas;Ednsmtßkic©rbs;GuIRsaEGleLIy. tulakar

kMBUlk¾)anbdiesFnUvTegV ÍkarBaredayQrelImUldæan

«TegVIrbs;rdæ» rbs;xøÜn «mann½yfa skmµPaBrbs; eGcäkµan;

KWCaskmµPaBCapøÚvkarrbs;rdæ ehIyehtudUcenHGMeBI

TaMgLayEdl eGcäkµan; )anRbRBwtþminGacykmkedaHRsay

tamc,ab;GnþrCati)aneLIy». CaTMenomTmøab;c,ab;GnþrCati

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GnuvtþcMeBaHGMeBIrbs;buKÁlenaHeLIy ehIyehtudUecñHehIy

buKÁlTaMgLayBuMRtÚv)andak;[TTYlxusRtÚveRkamc,ab;

GnþrCatiEdlfaeKalkarN_c,ab;mYyEdlminTTYlsÁal;enA

eRkamFmµnuBaØnUrimb‘Wk.

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edayÉkraCüBuMmanGñkNabBa¢aeLIykñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkar

«d¿eNaHRsaycugeRkay» ehIyfac,ab;GnþrCati)an

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CaTIbBa©b; tulakarkMBUl)anbBa¢ak;ya:gxøIBIkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜn

cMeBaHkarbdíesFrbs;tulakard¿bUgrbs;GuIRsaEGl cMeBaH

karGHGagedaHsarrbs;elak eGcäkµan; EdlfaecARkm

CnCatiCVÍhVBuMmansmtßPaBxagcitþsa®sþedIm,IeFVIkarC¿nuM

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enAeBlenaH tulakarkMBUl)anbBa¢ak;CafµÍelIGgÁ

ehtuTaMgLayedayKUsbBa¢ak;BItYnaTIrbs;elak eGcäkµan;

kñúgzananuRkménfñak;dwknaMrbs;rbbNahSúI karGnuvtþeday

ÉkraCünUvneya)ayRbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;Kat; tYnaTId¾

skmµ nigtYnaTIEdlKat;pÞal;)andwgkñúgkarnireTsRbCaCn

CVÍhVeTAC¿rMRbharCÍvít. tulakarkMBUl)anecjsalRkm

bBa¢ak;CafµÍBIkarkat;eTasRbharCÍvít eGcäkµan; ehIyKat;

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eGlIhSa Eb‘t va:n; sáak;

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KaMRTeyIgRtÚvEtRbqaMg.

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sRmbnigeGanlMeTan eronsURtBImhaCn pSarP¢ab;

nwgC¿hrmhaCn CítsñiT§mhaCn.

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dl;\LÚvenHBuMTan;manemdwknaMExµrRkhmNamñak;h‘anecj

muxkñúgtulakareqøIybMPøWGMeBIsmøab;rgÁalEdlbgá[manval

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bzmc,ab;RtÚvEt)anGnum½tedayrdæsPanigRBwT§sPasin.

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CRmHkþIeLIy.

elak ehn kUErl RbFanRkúmRbwkSac,ab;rbs;GgÁkar

shRbCaCati )anniyaykalBIedÍmExkkádaenHfa GgÁkar

shRbCaCatinigRbeTskm<úCa)anedaHRsayrYcehIynUv

bBaðabec©keTscMeBaHkarC¿nuMCRmHkþIemdwknaMExµrRkhmCa

lkçN³GnþrCatiBIbT]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati. b:uEnþ

elakRBmanfa GgÁkarBiPBelaknwgdkxøÜnecjBId¿eNIr

karenHRbsinebIkm<úCaminGnum½tc,ab;sMxan;BuMcaM)ac;[)an

qab;²eTenaH.

b:ul Bt emdwknaMExµrRkhm søab;enAqñaM1998

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begáIttulakarGnþrCatisRmab;C¿nuMCRmHkþIemdwknaMExµrRkhm

Edlmanv½ycMNas;²edayniyayfa TegVIEbbenHnwg

b:HBal;dl;GFibetyüPaBrbs;CatinigeRKaHfñak;dl;snþiPaB

EdleTIbEt)anbegáItfµÍ².

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kt;RtacgRkgCaÉksar

kBaØa esI sayüaNa

A magazine of the Documentation Center of Cambodia: Searching for the Truth! Number 8, August 2000

Funded by the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway, Section for the Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance;

and the Canada Funds, Canadian Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaGMBavnavdl;rdæaPi)al mUlniFinana nigsaFarNCnRKb;rUb sUmCYy]btßmÖkare)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdþIenHeTAtamlT§PaBEdlGaceFVI)an. Bt’man

bEnßmcMeBaHkare)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit sUmemtþaTak;Tgmkkan;naykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCatamTUrs½BÞelx ¬855¦ 23 211 875. sUmGrKuN¡

The Documentation Center of Cambodia would like to appeal to governments, foundations and individuals for support of the publication of

Searching for the Truth!. For contribution, please contact (855) 23 211 875 or By Email: [email protected]. Thank you.

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