rna and protein synthesis © pearson education inc, publishing as pearson prentice hall. all rights...
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RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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DNA holds the information (code) to make all of the proteins in a cell……..
But how is the information stored in DNA?
In the sequence of the nucleotides
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Protein Synthesis•How many nucleotides are there?
4•How many amino acids are there?
20
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HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS?
UCGCACGGUUCG-CAC-GGU
CODON
Codons represent different amino acids
Serine- Histidine- Glycine
Message is read in groups of 3 bases = _________
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But how does the information in the DNA get from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are made?
RNARibonucleic Acid
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MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus
“Blueprints” of master plan are carried to building site
TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA)takes place in nucleus
TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins)takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm
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RNA• Uses information from DNA to make proteins
• Is a polymer similar to DNA
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RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid
Also made of ___________
Sugar is _______ insteadof deoxyribose.
RNA is _________ stranded
Contains _________ instead of thymine.
NUCLEOTIDES
RIBOSE
SINGLE
URACIL
http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg
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RNA Bases
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3 Types of RNA
1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)– Carries genetic message
from DNA to ribosomes– Protects DNA– More copies at the
same time– Easier to move
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3 Types of RNA
2.Transfer RNA (tRNA)– carries the amino acids
to the ribosome
3.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)– Makes the ribosomes
along with proteins
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3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
_________________RNA (rRNA)Combines with proteins to form
ribosomes
_________________RNA (tRNA)Matches m-RNA codon to add correctamino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA (mRNA)carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reservedmRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
RIBOSOMAL
TRANSFER
MESSENGER
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Transcription• Process of making RNA from DNA• 3 Steps–DNA unwinds–Nucleotides are added (U instead of T)–mRNA leave the nucleus
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What is the RNA Strand?
DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACT
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What is the RNA Strand?
DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACTmRNA GAU-CUC-GUU-CAG-UGA
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What is the RNA Strand?
DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACT
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What is the RNA Strand?
DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACTmRNA ACG-UCA-UCC-AUG-UGA
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Codons Combinations
of nucleotides needed to code for all the amino acids
64 codons produce 20 AA
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Section 12-3
64 possible codons
Some amino acidshave more than onecodon.
START= _______
3 codons for _____
AUG
STOP
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TranslationProcess of making proteins from
RNA• mRNA goes to the ribosome • Ribosome reads mRNA in 3 base
triplets called codons• Codon specifies
what amino acid the tRNA brings
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mRNA to Proteins
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___________ on tRNAmatches up with________ on mRNA
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
ANTICODON
CODON
EACH tRNA carries only one kind of _____________amino acid
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DNA → DNA ____________
DNA → RNA ____________
RNA→ Protein ___________
REPLICATION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
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from to to make up
also called which functions to also called also called which functions towhich functions to
can be
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from to to make up
also called which functions to also called also called which bringswhich combines with
can be
RNA
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
mRNA Carry instructions rRNA proteins tRNA amino acids toribosome
DNA Ribosome Ribosomes
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Make a Protein!
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Codons• AUG = start codon
(methionine)•UAA, UAG, UGA = stop•Has to be read in the correct direction and started in the correct place