rnm mangwele 201148228
Post on 18-Oct-2014
461 views
DESCRIPTION
MY PRESENTATIONTRANSCRIPT
Content of this presentation…
Introduction to tourism The impacts of tourism Economic impacts of tourism defining ecotourism Tourism concepts and
applications Reference
Definition
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
First Definition for Tourism
The first definition of tourism was made by Guyer Feuler in 1905.
UNWTO Definition of Tourism
"Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes."
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Tourism is different from travel
In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement
But all travel is not tourism.
Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism:
It involves a displacement outside the usual environment:
Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now expanded to include a vast array of purposes;
Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay.
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.
The World Tourism Organization defines
tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity.
In 2011, there were over 983 million international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 4.6% when compared to 940 million in 2010.
International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
In 2011, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009.
After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007.
The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism, involving residents
of the given country traveling only within this country.
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.R'tist @ Tourism, PU
World tourism statistics and rankings
Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers. In 2011, Turkey overtook the UK to become the sixth most visited country.
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
International tourism receipts
International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010.
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2011, with the United States by far the top earner
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
International tourism expenditure
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2011.
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
TOURISM, RECREATION AND LEISURE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
CLASSIFYING TOURISTS
By Product
Mass Tourism: Package tour
Alternative Tourism: Ecotourism
By nature of the activity
Active: Adventure tourism, Ecotourism, Golf
Passive: Sightseeing, Beach, Cruise
Location preference
Coastal, Rural, City, Mountains, Lakes
Duration of trip
Day trip, weekend trip, annual holiday
Psychographic
Allocentric
Mid-centric
Psychocentric
By age/socio-economic group
Backpackers
DINKS
SINKS
Empty Nesters
Boomers
Youths
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Tourist Typologies
Dalen (1989)
Traditional Materialists
Traditional Idealists
Modern Materialists
Modern Idealists
American Express (1989)
Adventurers
Worries
Dreamers
Economizers
Indulgers
Valene Smith
Explorers
Elite Tourists
Offbeat tourists
Unusual tourists
Incipient mass tourists
Mass Tourists
Perreault &Dorden (1979)
Budget tourists
Adventure tourists
Homebody tourists
Vacationer
Moderates
Cohen (1972)
Recreational tourists
Diversionary tourists
Experimental tourists
Experiential tourists
Existential tourists
Gray (1970)
Wanderlust
Sunlust
Plog (1977)
Psychocentric
Allocentric
Peters Inventory of Tourist attractions
Cultural attractions
Traditional attractions
Scenic attractions
Entertainment attractions
Other attractions
Iso Ahola
Push-Pull Factors
Cooper Tourism Demand
Life Cycle Factors
Life style FactorsR'tist @ Tourism, PU
Tourism Theories
Leiper’s Tourism System Model (1990)
Stanley plog’s model of Destination preferences
Stanley Plog’s psychographics model (1974)
Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC - 1980)
Doxey’s Irritation Index (Irridex - 1975)
Matheison and Wall Travel – Buying Behavior Model (1982)
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Tourism System
Leiper’s model, which was suggested in 1979 and adapted in 1990
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Stanley plog’s Tourist model of Destination preferences (1980)
Smith(1990) argued that the allocentric-psychocentric model fails to support the hypothesized association between personality types and destination preferences.
Litvin (2006) tested Plog’s model by showing that ideal destination and the destination most recently visited differ.
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Stanley Plog’s psychographics model (1967)
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Allocentric Near AllocentricMid - Centric
Near Psychocentric Psychocentric
Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC - 1980)
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Doxey’s Irritation Index (Irridex - 1975)
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Matheison and Wall Travel – Buying Behavior Model (1982)
Mathieson and Wall (1982) suggested a linear five-stage model of travel buying behaviour
R'tist @ Tourism, PU
Key Perspectives to Tourism
Tourism impacts are likely to change over time as a destination area develops (Butler, 1980).
The impacts are also affected by time (when), location (where) and seasonality.
Tourism impacts also occur beyond the destination.
Key Perspectives to Tourism
Tourism also has an impact on tourists themselves.
Some Fundamental Truths about Tourism
1. Tourism consumes resources and creates waste.
2. Tourism has the ability to over-consume resources.
3. Tourism competes with other resource users and needs to do this to survive.
4. Tourism is private sector dominated.
Economic Costs of Tourism
Inflation
Increase in prices of land, houses and food that can occur as a result of tourism.
Lies heavily on the demand.
Economic Costs of Tourism
Leakage
Goes out of the local economy to pay for imported items, expatriate salaries or franchise fees.
Economic Costs of Tourism
Seasonal Character of Jobs Job (and therefore income) insecurity No guarantee of employment from one season to the
next Difficulties in getting training, employment-related
medical benefits, and recognition of their experience Unsatisfactory housing and working conditions.
SW China Ecotourism
Yunnan’s Stone Forest
Yunnan Culture
Ecotourism in Southeast Asia
Malaysia A leader in national park and nature reserve management
Focus on Natural Ecosystem Management
Combined with ecotourism principles
Taman Negara National Park (West Malaysia)
Sarawak and Sabah on Borneo (East Malaysia)
Benefitted from Malaysia’s growing middle class
Indonesia Most popular ecotour destination until 1997 political crisis
Focus on Ecotourism to replace agriculture & fishing in nature reserves
Pro-poor economic development
Initial success has struggles in recent years
Major problems with illegal logging and burning of rainforests to clear land
Indonesia
Borneo Orangutan
Tour Group Size Smallest Average Largest
Group Group Group
Mean 4.5 11.4 24.7 Median 2 8 15 Range 1 - 22 3 - 60 4 - 125
Do you intentionally limit tour group sizes? Yes 34 (81%) No 8 (19%)
If yes, what is your size limit? Mean: 14.9 Median: 14.5 Range: 6 - 40
Reasons Limiting Tour Group Size – p.1
IMPACTS:1. Impacts are greater with more than 16 persons2. To reduce/lessen impact/damage (7)3. To ensure sustainable impact4. To minimize cultural concerns/impacts (3)5. Prevent negative impacts on culturally sensitive areas6. To minimize environmental impacts (3)7. To ensure privacy8. Lower impact from camping9. We will limit tour size to one person to some pristine environments
to lessen environmental and animal damage
SERVICE:1. Guides are unable to have personal contact and control the
situation with more than 17 persons2. More than eight is a mob3. Ease of handling/controlling smaller groups (2)4. Some private groups may exceed our maximum5. Logistics of moving too large a group in the destination region6. Manageable, yet profitable, size7. We break our larger groups into smaller groups of four to five
persons each for daily activities
Role of Tourism
As an instrument for employment generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development
Promotes national integration and international understanding and gives support to local handicrafts and cultural activities
Foreign exchange earnings
Domestic tourism plays a vital role in achieving the national objectives of promoting social and cultural cohesion and national integration
Contribution to generation of employment is very high
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
37
Semantic barriers of communication for Tourism
Lack of common language
Poor vocabulary
Use of jargons
Poor grammar, punctuation
Round about verbiage
Lack of clarity in the message
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
38
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
39
Reference list.
by shweta gaur, Data Analyst (Knowledge Resource Centre) at Azim Premji Foundation on Mar 11, 2011
Reymarie Oohlala, Lobby Ambassador at Pan Pacific Hotel singapore on Sep 19, 2013 2,244
tofujay on Oct 07, 2012
Ramakrishna Kongalla, Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management on Dec 31, 2012
Ramakrishna Kongalla, Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management on May 22, 2013
Alan Lew, Professor at Northern Arizona University on Apr 27, 2008
R'tist@Tourism, Pondicherry University
40