ro d updated lindsey
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Rise of DemocracyTRANSCRIPT
The Rise of Democracy
2000 B.C.
Athens
Rome
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Reformation
Enlightenment
American Revolution
A.D. 1800
The Legacy of Ancient
Greece and Rome
THE GREEKSAthens, Greece (2000 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
powerful city-statecitizens* had rights and responsibilities
*Citizenship denied to women, slaves and foreign residents.
Direct Democracy - citizens make laws directly
Pericles (led Athens 461 B.C. -
429 B.C.)
The Greek Philosophers
Natural Laws - all things in the natural world follow predictable patterns
Reason & Logic - respect for human intelligence
The Greek PhilosophersSocrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.)
Socratic Method - question/answer
Plato (428 B.C. - 348 B.C.)
The Republic
ideal form of government: Philosopher Kings
The intelligent should rule.
feared mob rule
Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.)
Wrote Politics
ideal form of government: properly educated middle class
Philosopher Kings give advice but remain independent
S
P
A
The RomansRoman Contributions (509 B.C.)
Republic - A form of government in which power rests with citizens who elect leaders to make decisions.Written Legal Code – applied equally to all citizens
Roman LawRome brought conquered lands into the Roman Empire and tried to rule with laws based on reason and justice.
4 Principles of Roman LawAll citizens had the right to equal treatment under the lawA person was considered innocent until proven guiltyThe burden of proof rests with the accuser, not the accused.Any law that seems unreasonable, may be set aside.
Greeks vs. Romans
Quick WriteQuick WriteList the similarities and differences between List the similarities and differences between
the Greeks’ and Romansthe Greeks’ and Romans’’ view of view of government. government.
Who had a bigger influence on our society Who had a bigger influence on our society today? today?
Provide evidence. Provide evidence.
Possible Thoughts
Similarities – Both set lasting standards in government, philosophy, and thought. Believed that an individual is a citizen in a state rather than the subject of a ruler.
Differences – Greece is a direct democracy while Rome is a republic. Greece developed democracy, the Romans added representative government.
Influences Today – We elect representatives to make decisions on our behalf, but we have great influence from Athenian Democracy. For example, political power for all citizens, three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial). Plato’s Philosopher Kings can be seen in the Enlightenment through Enlightened Despots.
Judeo-Christian Tradition
Judeo-Christian Tradition
Greeks & Romans Hebrews
You have dignity because of your ability to think
(REASON)
You have dignity because you’re a
child of God
Scripture teaches us we are created
in His image
Judeo-Christian Tradition
Legacy of Judeo-Christian ReligionsWritten legal code (Ten Commandments)Duty of the individual within the communityWorth of the individualEquality of people before God
Evangelical - Christians spread their beliefs across the Roman Empire
Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share
How did the Judeo-Christian How did the Judeo-Christian tradition and the legacy of tradition and the legacy of Greek and Rome impact Greek and Rome impact
democratic thinking?democratic thinking?
Possible Thoughts
The right and worth of the individual
Philosophical and ethical values that shape the types of governments and expressions of democracy that develop
The need for justice and equality
Representation and citizen participation are important features of democracies around the world
The Middle AgesFeudalism & The Magna Carta
The Middle AgesFeudal Social Pyramid
King
Powerful Lords
Lesser Lords
Knights
Serfs
Fiefs(land grants)
Nobles(worked for king in
return from protection and land)
system of rigid class distinctions and a static or unchanging way of life
The King Loses Power
King John War with France ($ & land)
Raised taxesKing John forced to sign the Magna Carta
King vs. Nobles
The King Loses Power
Magna Carta (1215)Limited Monarchy
Permission from Parliament necessary to raise taxes
King must respect the law
Why is this document important?
Democracy Develops in England
Mary II & William III of Orange
Democracy Develops in England
The Glorious RevolutionKing James II - Catholic
Parliament supported his Protestant daughter Mary
1689 Mary and William of Orange crowned co-rulers of England
Constitutional MonarchyPower of the ruler is restricted by the constitution
English Bill of RightsLimited power of the monarchy
Liberties essential to the people
The Renaissance
The Renaissance
The Middle AgesWar/Plague
Fewer laborers Higher wages
Fewer business opportunities More art
ex. Medici family
http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#
humanism-triggers-the-renaissance
The Renaissance
Renaissance...(1300-1600)Rejected the Medieval view that life on earth was merely preparation for life after death
– Religion replaced with a humanistic view of life (Worldly/Secular)
– Focus on the individual
http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance
The Ideal Renaissance Man/WomanA young man should
be well educated in Greek and Latin
classics. He should be charming, polite, and witty. He should be able to dance, write
poetry, sing, and play music. In addition, he should be physically
graceful and strong; a skilled rider, wrestler,
and swordsman,
Upper class women of the Renaissance were
as well educated as the men. Women too were expected to know the
classics, to write well, to paint, to make music, to
dance, and be charming. Yet they were
not expected to seek fame as men did. They
were expected to inspire poetry and art but rarely
create it.
...the ideal Renaissance man and woman...
Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art
The Reformation
The Reformation: Causes
• Renaissance emphasis on the individual
• Corruption in the Catholic Church
• Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther– Believed that faith
alone was the key to salvation
• Catholic Church– Selling Indulgences
(pardons)
Buying an indulgence was like purchasing your ticket to heaven!
The Reformation• Martin Luther reacts...
(October 1517)
– 95 Theses
• Salvation only by faith and good works
• Teachings based only on the bible
• People of faith are equal and do not need priests to interpret the bible
http://www.history.com/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution#martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution
The Reformation
• (1520) Martin Luther is excommunicated
• Luther and his followers become “Lutherans”– Many northern German princes supported Lutheranism
and signed a protest against others who stayed loyal to the Church (1529)
– Protestant: non-Catholic Christians
Reformation Rap: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0&feature=related
England Becomes Protestant
• King Henry VIII– Devout Catholic, but the
Pope would not annul his marriage (1527)
– Reformation Parliament (1529)
• Ended the Pope’s power in England and Replaced it with the King’s
– Anglican Church
English Reformation: http://www.history.com/videos/protestand-reformation-english-reformation#protestand-
reformation-english-reformation
Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour
Anneof Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Why it matters...
The Renaissance and Reformation’s questioning of ideas and authority laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution and
the Enlightenment!
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
Renaissance Reformation
Rebirth of learning: People questioned
old ways of thinking
Religious Movement: Forced people to
challenge their views on God and salvation
Scholars began challenging old ideas
Exploring Africa, Asia, Americas
New inventions spread ideas
The Scientific Revolution
• New ways of thinking...– The Scientific Method
• Observation• Question• Hypothesis• Experimentation• Conclusion
The Scientific Revolution
Heliocentric (Copernicus) - sun is the center of the universe
Geocentric (The Medieval View ) - earth is the center of the universe
The Scientific Revolution
• Galileo Galilei
– Telescope– Starry Messenger (1610)
• Supported the laws of Copernicus• Against the teachings of the church
– “Psalm 93:1 “the world is firmly established and cannot be moved”
– Ecclesiastes 1:5 “And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place”
– Galileo stands trial for heresy(1632)
Galileo vs. The Catholic Church
“With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies and also every other error...contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I
will never again saw or assert...anything that might cause a similar suspicion towards me.”
The Scientific Revolution
• Isaac Newton– Gravity - earth has
power to draw objects to it
• The same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space
http://www.history.com/videos/isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution#
isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution
The Scientific Revolution
• The Scientific Revolution spreads...– Microscope (1590)– Mercery Barometer (1634)– Thermometer (1714)– “On the Structure of the Human Body”
(1543)– Smallpox Vaccine (Late 1700s)
The Scientific Revolution
Ideas from the Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution brought...
• A Secular outlook of life• Critical look at society in an effort to
improve it• Everything tested by the standard of
reason
The Enlightenment in Europe
Chapter 6 Section 2 & 3
Enlightenment in Europe
• Enlightenment (mid 1700s)- An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems.
“The Age of Reason”
Enlightenment in Europe
• Thomas Hobbes– “Leviathan” (1651)
• Basic nature of man is bad• Social Contract - People agree to give up
rights to a strong ruler in order for security.• Absolute ruler is best
Enlightenment in Europe
• John Locke– Basic nature of man is good– All men have natural rights
• Life, Liberty, Property
– Government must protect these rights– Government must have consent of the
governed
Thomas Hobbes John Lockebasic nature of
man is badbasic nature of
man is goodpeople enter a social contract
where they give up freedom in
exchange for security
all men have natural rights (life, liberty, property)
best government is one where the ruler
is absolute
government is responsible for
protecting rights - limited gov.
once entered, a contract can’t be
broken, even if the ruler is a tyrant
government must have the consent of
the governed
people have the right to rebel and establish a new
government
Enlightenment in Europe
• Mary Wollstonecraft– “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”
(1792)– Education for women– Women in medicine and politics
• Salons - Women of Paris held social gatherings with philosophers, writers, artists, and scientists
Enlightenment in Europe
• Philosophs (France)- Thinkers who believe reason should be applied to all aspects of life– Just like Newton applied reason to discover
physical laws in the field of science, reason should be used to discover the natural laws that govern society.
Enlightenment in Europe
• Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)– Tolerance - freedom of religion– Satire against clergy, aristocracy and
government– Freedom of speech...
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say
it.”
Enlightenment in Europe
• Baron de Montesquieu– Separation of powers
• English example:– Executive - enforce law– Legislative - make law– Judicial - interpret law
“Power should be a check to power.”
Enlightenment in Europe
• Jean Jacques Rousseau– In a state of nature...
• Man is good• Man has natural rights• All men are equal
– Society corrupts us
• To preserve man’s freedom a government must have consent of the governed & direct democracy
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.”
Enlightenment in Europe
• Denis Diderot– Encyclopedia (1751)
• Helped to spread enlightenment ideas
– Banned by the Catholic Church
Enlightenment in Europe
• Adam Smith – Laissez Faire - allowing
business to run free of government control
– Invisible Hand - self interest & competition can lead to economic prosperity
Enlightenment in Europe
• Enlightened Despots (Absolute rulers used their power to bring social and political change)– Catherine The Great
(Russia 1762-1796)• absolute rule
w/limited reforms
Enlightenment in Europe
• Lives of the majority...– Peasants– Serfdom
• Not until the 1800s would the lives of the majority change.
Why it matters...
Enlightenment thinkers challenged divine right of
monarchs, the union of church and state, and the existence of
social classes...Their theories inspired American and
French revolutionary movements
The American Revolution
Chapter 6 Section 4
Britain & Its American Colonies
Colonies distinct but all shared a sense of independence from
Britain
Britain & Its American Colonies
• Navigation Acts (1651)
• French and Indian War (1754)
• The Stamp Act (1765)– Taxation w/o representation
• The Boston Massacre (1770)
• The Boston Tea Party (1773)
The American Revolution
• July 1776 Second Continental Congress– The Declaration of
Independence• Thomas Jefferson
Which enlightenment philosophers influenced Jefferson?
The Deceleration of Independence
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinion of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness...”
The American Revolution
• Britain vs. The Colonists– Stronger army vs. Motivation &
French alliance
Treaty of Paris (1781)- Americans win their independence!
Constitution of the United States
“We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America.”
James Madison “Father of the Constitution”
Constitution of the United States
• Constitutional Convention (1787)– Representative Government– Federal System
• Power divided between national and state governments
– Three Branches of Government• Legislative, Executive, Judicial
– Bill of Rights
Romans, Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes
Montesquieu
Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau, English Bill of Rights, Magna
Carta