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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTTHE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

GROUP MEMBERSMUHAMMAD ADNAN JALALBSCE-01143133KHALID AMIRBSCE-01143132HAMZA ABIDBSCE-01143137FAROOQ WATTOOBSCE-01143072

CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYSURVEY FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON MOUNTAINS

OUR PROJECT

Stages of surveying

The entire work stages of survey operation in civil engineering may be divided into the following three stages:Desk studyField workOffice work

DESK STUDYThe geographical and the topographical maps were studied and the relevant information regarding the alignment selection, cross drainage structures, gradient of the road were discussed.The strategy for the field study was made accordingly.The study team member discussed the related matters of the project.During desk study information and materials required to the project such as topographic maps references and survey equipment were gatheredThe literature review was briefly conducted and the information was gathered.

FIELD WORKThe field work includes measurement of all the necessary horizontal and vertical distances, horizontal and vertical angles, elevations, etc. and keeping a systematic record of what has been done in a field book. Field work is further subdivided into(i) reconnaissance(ii) field measurements or observations(iii) field record.

Reconnaissance

During reconnaissance, the surveyor examines the area to be surveyed in order to know how the survey work can be performed in the best possible ways. He will fix a number of stations to establish a system of horizontal controls. He will also make a rough sketch of the area showing the stations and some permanent features including the north line.

Field Measurements

The surveyor takes all linear and angular measurement with survey instruments. The measurement includes horizontal and vertical distance, horizontal and vertical angles, etc. Method of measurement depends type of instruments and the method of surveying.

Field Record

All the measurements are recorded in a field book. The field records may be numerical values, sketches and explanatory notes. Every care is made to ensure correct entries of all the observations; otherwise the survey may be useless. The competency of a surveyor is judged by his field records.

Office WorkThe office work of a surveyor consists of three typesbased on the field records.(i) Drafting (ii) Computing (iii) Designing.

DraftingThis process consists of preparation of plans, longitudinal sections and cross sections by plotting the field measurements to the desired scale.

ComputingThis process consists of calculating data necessary for plotting and determining the areas and volumes of earthwork.

DesigningThis process consists of selecting the best alignment of roads on the plotted plan.

EQUIPMENT USED FOR SURVEYING

Total stationGPS deviceStaffCompassMeasuring tapeHammerCommunicating Device

Care & Adjustment of Instruments

A great care is required to handle the survey instruments both in field and office. A beginner should always be made familiar with care and adjustment of the instruments and their limitations. Precise instruments like theodolite, level, prismatic compass, etc. need more care than the equipment such as chains, arrows, ranging rods, etc

DESIGN

Objective

To conduct detailed survey engineering survey of proposed Road.

To prepare detailed design and cost estimate for construction of proposed road.

Road Classification

As the road project falls on the category of provincial Roads.

A Design speed of 50 km/hr is taken for the design of geometric parameters of the road.

Design Speed

Building a Contour Map

methods of contour surveyingHowever, broadly speaking there are twomethods of contour surveying:1. Direct methods2. Indirect methods

Direct MethodsIt consists of finding vertical and horizontal controls of the points which lie on the selected contour line. For vertical control leveling instrument is commonly used. A level is set on a commanding position in the area after taking fly levels from the nearby bench mark. The plane of collimation/height of instrument is found and the required staff reading for a contour line is calculated. The instrument man asks staff man to move up and down in the area till the required staff reading is found. A surveyor establishes the horizontal control of that point using his instruments. After that instrument man directs the staff man to another point where the same staff reading can be found. It is followed by establishing horizontal control. Thus several points are established on a contour line on one or two contour lines and suitably noted down. Plane table survey is ideally suited for this work. After required points are established from the instrument setting, the instrument is shifted to another point to cover more area. The level and survey instrument need not be shifted at the same time. It is better if both are nearby so as to communicate easily. For getting speed in levelling some times hand level and Abney levels are also used. This method is slow, tedious but accurate. It is suitable for small areas.

Indirect methodsIn this method, levels are taken at some selected points and their levels are reduced. Thus in this method horizontal control is established first and then the levels of those points found. After locating the points on the plan, reduced levels are marked and contour lines are interpolated between the selected points.

Earth WorkThere are many forests on mountain. Cutting of trees is required.

Earth WorkIncivil engineering, afillingorcuttingis where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain is cut out or filled to make way for a canal, road or railway line. Earth work includes:cuttingfilling

Cutting & Filling

Alignment

The most suitable alignment was selected considering the following factors:Short (S)Easy (E)Safe (S)Economical (E)

4.3 Geometric ParametersParametersValuesRemarksNo. of lane2 As per construction companyCarriage way Width9.5 m As per construction companyShoulder Width1 m (both sides)As per the site conditionRight of way3.75 m (both sides)As per construction companyFence0.25mAs per construction companyShoulder Slope5%As per construction companyMinimum Horizontal Curve Radius3 mAs per construction companyMaximum Superelevation5%As per DesignMaximum Gradient47As per DesignMinimum Gradient10As per DesignAverage Gradient30As per Design

ESTIMATEQuantity Estimate

Rate Analysis or Cost Estimate

QUANTITY ESTIMATEEarthwork Calculations:Calculated at each cross-sectionSeparate calculation according to soil typeTotal cut volume = 10283.57 m3 Total fill volume = 16052.44 m3Balance (fill) = 5768.869 m3 Earthwork for drain = 768.129 m3 All the detailed calculation is shown in the tabular form in the following slides:

COST ESTIMATEThe BoQ was prepared on the basis of the quantity of work calculated and rate analysis done previously:The cost estimate is as below:

conclusionsTransport is no doubt the backbone for the development and is therefore the most important infrastructures. Considering the economy and topography of our country road is the best feasible means of transportation. As such like other road this proposed road has also its significance in the development of the its influenced area. As such the detailed survey and engineering design and estimate of the propose road was completed as per the norms and conditions of the country and the prevailing rates.

This road is constructed to ease the transportation facility between the two villages of Badikhel and Badegaun or to link these two villages. As such this proposed road will definitely fulfill its objective of connecting these two villages.

This road will further help in the development of trade and industry in the area, promotes the socio economic activities in the region and helps in other infrastructural development like health and education in the region.

Thank you