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Sub :ADVACE CANTUCTION TECNOLOGYS

SUB CODE :3350605 SEM : 5TH DIVISHAN : C2

Topic : ROAD CONSTRUCTION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DAHOD

JHALOD ROAD, DAHOD, DIST. DAHOD 389151

NAME.ENROLMENT NO.DHABHI AJAY126300306501DHABHI BIPIN126300306505KA.PATEL KASHYAP126300306509CHOHAN JAYDEV126300306514Guidance By : Sir.H.R.Bharpoda

Road Constructionindex IntroductionClassification of roads in IndiaMaterial used for Road constructionRoad Equipment

Introduction Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with adequate road network. Roads are the major channel of transportation for carrying goods and passengers. They play a significant role in improving the socio economic standards of a region. Roads constitute the most important mode of communication in areas where railways have not developed much and form the basic infra structure for the development and economic growth of the country. India has one of the largest road networks in the world ( over 3 million km at present ) . For the purpose of management and administration , roads in India are divided into following categories .

National Highways (NH) State Highways (SH) Major District Roads (MDR) Other District Roads (ODR) Village Roads (VR) Classification of roads in India.

Non-urban Roads:

1) Expressways.2) National Highways.3) State Highways.4) Major District Roads.5) Other District Roads.6) Village Roads.

Urban Road

1) Expressways: 2) Arterial Streets:3) Sub-arterial Streets:4) Collector Streets:5) Local Streets:

Material used for Road construction

CEMENTSANDBOULDERAGGREGATES (different sizes)STEELMESHBITUMENGEO-TEXTITLERCC HUME PIPESROAD EQUIPMENTEARTH EXCAVATORS.BulldozerGraderRoad RollerPaver

EARTH EXCAVATORSExcavators are heavy equipment consisting of a boom , bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an under carriage with tracks or wheels. All movement and functions of the excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, be it with rams or motors.

TYPES OF EXCAVATOR:

COMPACT EXCAVATOR CRAWLER EXCAVATOR WHEELED EXCAVATORS BACKHOE LOADER DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR LONG REACH EXCAVATORBulldozer

Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area (decreasing - ground pressure ), thus preventing it from sinking insandy ormuddyground. Extra wide tracks are known asswamp tracksorLGP(low ground pressure) tracks. Bulldozers have transmission systems designed to take advantage of the track system and provide excellent reactive force.

Because of these attributes, bulldozers are often used in road building, construction, mining, forestry, land clearing, infrastructure development, and any other projects requiring highly mobile, powerful, and stable earth-moving equipment.Another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic,articulated steeringsystem. The blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is hydraulically actuated.The bulldozer's primary tools are thebladeand theripperGrader

Agrader, also commonly referred to as aroad grader , ablade, amaintainer, or amotor grader, is a construction machinewith a long blade used to create a flat surface during thegrading process. Typical models have threeaxles, with theengineandcabsituated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with thebladein between. In certain countries, for example inFinland, almost every grader is equipped with a second blade that is placed in front of the front axle. Some construction personnel refer to the

entire machine as "the blade". Capacities range from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m and engines from 93373kW(125500hp). Certain graders can operate multiple attachments, or be used for separate tasks like underground mining.Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance ofdirt roads andgravel roads . In theconstructionof paved roads they are used to prepare thebase course to create a wide flat surface for theasphaltto be placed on. Graders are also used to set nativesoilfoundationpads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings. Graders can produce inclined surfaces, to givecant(camber) to roads. In some countries they are used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections on either side of highways

Road roller Roller-compactor" redirects here. For other types of rolling compactors, seeCompactor.Aroad roller(sometimes called aroller-compactor, or justroller) is acompactor typeengineering vehicle used tocompact oil, gravel, concrete, orasphaltin the constructionof roadsandfoundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical advantage (vibrating). Initialcompaction of the substrate on a road project is done using a pad foot drum roller, which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area. On large freeways a four wheel compactor with pad foot drum and a blade, such as a Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads a smaller single pad foot drum machine may be used. The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth, and this is usually done in combination with a motor grader to get a level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used. These rollers feature two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres that overlap, and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller toeffectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The next course (road base) would be compacted using a smooth single drum, smooth tandem roller or pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader, and a water truck to achieve the desired flat surface with the right moisture content for optimum compaction. Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface (There is however an exception, if the single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine). The final wear course ofasphalt concrete(a.k.a. asphalt or blacktop in North America, or macadam in England) is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller. Three point rollers on asphalt were very common once and are still used, but tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now, with the pneumatic tyre roller's kneading action being the last roller to seal off the surface.

Rollers are also used inlandfill compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot" drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the smaller area contacting the ground.

paverApaver(paver finisher, asphalt finisher,paving machine) is a piece of construction equipment used to layasphalton roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat

Mechanical Asphalt Paver Finisher is a unique paver with combination of features designed and engineered to give maximum output with comforts and efficiency. The hydraulically extendable screed allows step less and hassle free width adjustment. The higher H.P. engine ensuressmooth paving in gradients. The paver can be employed for both asphalt as well as wet mix paving with slight modifications. Paver Finisher is used in road construction industry for paving or laying hot mix material on constructed surface. This is simple to operate and require negligible maintenance.

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