road safety audits: an overview 2015 team conference henry brown, p.e. research engineer university...
TRANSCRIPT
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Road Safety Audits: An Overview
2015 Team ConferenceHenry Brown, P.E.Research Engineer
University of MissouriMarch 11, 2015
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Acknowledgements
• Craig Allred (FHWA)• John Miller (MoDOT)• Dana Ternus (NW Missouri Regional
Council of Governments)• Charlie Nemmers, Carlos Sun, and Praveen
Edara (University of Missouri)
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Presentation Outline• Overview of RSAs• Procedures for RSAs• RSA Case Studies
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Basic Concepts
• What is a road safety audit?• Why do we need RSAs?• When do we conduct RSAs?
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What is an RSA?
• Formal safety performance examination
• Existing or Future Road Segment or Intersection
• Independent, multidisciplinary team
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A road safety audit also…
• considers the safety of all road users
• considers interactions at the borders or limits of the project
• examines the interaction of project elements• may proactively consider mitigation
measures
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… a simple standards check for adherence to design guidelines.
… an opportunity to redesign the project.
A road safety audit is NOT…
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Why do we need RSA?
Road Environment Factors (28%)
Vehicle Factors (8%)
Human Factors (95%)
4%
24% 67%4%
4%
TYPICAL REPORTED CRASH CAUSES
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Why do we need RSAs?
Relatively few road-related safety issues are identified in collision reports.
Road designs need to anticipate and accommodate common driver errors.
Easier to design and build safer roads than to modify some entrenched driver behaviors.
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Reduce the number and severity of crashes
Promote awareness of safe practicesProcess to identify and address problemsConsiders human factors and multimodal issuesLow cost
RSA Benefits
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When do we conduct RSAs?• pre-construction:– planning / feasibility– preliminary (draft) design– detailed design
• construction:– work zones– pre-opening
• post-construction/operational:– existing roads
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When do we conduct RSAs?
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The Eight Step RSA Process
Procedures
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1 Identify project
2 Select
RSAteam
3 Start-up meeting
4Field
reviews
5Analysis
& Report
6 Present findings 7
Prepareresponse
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
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1Identify project
2Select
RSA team
3Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepareresponse
8Implement findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
1Identify project
1Identify project
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Step1
Step1
In-service projectDesign stage project
Step 1: Identify the Project
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High-crash sites
High-profile sites
Changed traffic characteristics
Step1
Step1Candidates for In-service RSAs
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• Make structural changes on paper instead of in concrete.
• Optimize crash and conflict prevention.
RSAs: Design Stage Step1
Step1
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team
3Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepareresponse
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
2Select RSA team
2Select RSA team
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• Independent
• Experienced
• Multi-disciplinary
Step2
Step2Select RSA Team
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Operations
Step2
Step2
Geometric
Road users/human factors
Select the RSA Team: Core Skills
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Interdisciplinary RSA Team: Composition and Size
• local agency staff
• exchange staff from another local agency
• consultants
• combination of above
Step2
Step2
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team 3
Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
3Start-up meeting
3Start-up meeting
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• Crash history
• Traffic volumes
• Aerial photographs
• Design drawings
• Background reports
• Design criteria
Step3
Step3The Start-up Meeting:
Provide Project Information
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1Identify project
2Select
RSA team
3Start-upmeeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
4Field
reviews
4Field
reviews
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• Review available crash data
• Arrange transportation
• Designate a secretary and photographer
Step4
Step4Perform Field Review:
Preparation for the Field Review
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Step4
Step4Perform Field Review:
Common Items to Look For• Sight distance obstructions• Pedestrian and cyclist conflicts• Visual clutter
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Step4
Step4Perform Field Review:
Common Items to Look For• Roadside Hazards• Driveway Issues
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Peak and off-peak traffic periods Dry and wet weather conditions Day and night conditions
Step4
Step4Perform Field Review:
Variable Conditions to Observe
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Perform Field Review:Identify Safety Issues
Safety analysis considers three elements concurrently:
• geometry • operations• user characteristics and interactions
Step4
Step4
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Identify Safety Issues: Geometry
Use of design standards and guidelines:
• a sound starting point
• cumulative effect of minimum/ maximum values
• supplement with human factors analysis and project-specific concerns (such as maintenance concerns)
Step4
Step4
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• curve radius
• sight distance + curve + gradient
• hazard in clear zone
Identify Safety Issues: Geometry
Step4
Step4
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Identify Safety Issues: Operations
• congestion and delay• signal operation• operating speeds• turning movements• queueing• driveways
Step4
Step4
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Identify Safety Issues: User Characteristics and Interactions
• school buses• farm vehicles• trucks• cyclists• school children• driver age
Step4
Step4
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Step4
Step4Perform Field Review:
Checklists and prompt lists:
• may provide structure to the site visit
• remind the team what to look for, and help ensure that nothing is missed
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team 3
Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
5Analysis & Report
5Analysis & Report
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Prioritize Safety Issues
may be based on crash frequency and severity:
• crash history (audits of existing roads)• expected crashes (design stage audits)– qualitative estimate of risk– quantitative estimate of risk
Step5
Step5
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• Short term solutions include: maintenance, vegetation, changing signage or pavement markings, Enforcement & Education
• Long term solutions include: flattening a curve or modifying a roadway’s vertical alignment, Enforcement & Education
Step5
Step5Mitigate Safety Concerns:
Suggestions Appropriate to Project Stage
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Early design stage:alignment changes
Later design stage: signing improvements
Step5
Step5Mitigate Safety Concerns:
Design-Stage
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Roundabouts
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Roundabouts
“If the politicians really go ahead with this, they’ll pay at the ballot box,” driver Turner Lane warned. “What goes around comes around.”
(Winnipeg Sun: April 1, 2013)
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Short Range
Paint, Signage
Mid-Range
Contour Bank
Long-Range
Realign Skewed Intersection
Step5
Step5Suggested Countermeasures
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Summarizes the project Identifies team Documents site visits Documents results Identifies and prioritizes
safety concerns May include suggestions for
improvements
Step5
Step5
The RSA Findings: Formal Report
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Step5
Step5The RSA Findings:
Formal Report
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team 3
Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
6Present findings
6Present findings
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• Discussion of safety concerns
• Clarify findings and suggestions
• Assist project owner in making best choices
Step6
Step6The RSA Findings Presentation
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team 3
Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
7Prepare response
7Prepare response
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Inadequate Response
“We will not realign the intersection at Jefferson Road. We do not feel that it is needed.”
Step7
Step7Responses
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1Identify project
2Select RSA team
3Start-up meeting
4Perform field reviews under
various conditions
5Conduct auditanalysis and
prepare reportof findings
6Present findings 7
Prepare response
8Implement
findings
Responsibilities RSA Team Design Team / Project Owner
8Implement findings
8Implement findings
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Implementation - may depend on policy, manpower, and/or funding.
Step8
Step8Step 8: Implementation of
Improvements
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Pre-construction RSAs:
Changes to design drawingsPost-construction RSAs:
Incorporate improvements in
operating budgets or maintenance programs
Step8
Step8Implementation of
Improvements
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Examples:What to Look For
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Sight Distance
SR42Before
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Sight Distance
SR42 Before
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Sight Distance
SR42 After
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Sight Distance
SR56 Before
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Sight Distance
SR56 After
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Sight Distance
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Sight Distance
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Roadside Safety
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Ph
oto
s: C
raig
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(F
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Pavement Considerations
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Drainage
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Pavement Markings and Signs
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BEFORE
AFTER
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Signalization
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Operations
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Pedestrians
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RSA Case Studies
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Case Study 1: US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue, Chillicothe, Missouri
Chillicothe
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Overview
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: RSA Team
•Mo-Kan Regional Council• MoDOT• City of Chillicothe• Green Hills RPC• Delaware Valley RPC• Chillicothe Police Department• Missouri Highway Patrol• Northwest Missouri Regional Council of
Governments
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Statistics
• 21 Reported Crashes 2006-2011 • 2 Fatalities• AADT– US 36: 4,300 vpd–Mitchell Ave.: 1,000 vpd
• Speed Limit– US 36: 65 mph–Mitchell Ave.: 35 mph
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Sight Distance
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Signs
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Operations
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Suggested Improvements
• Increase Size of Essential Signs• Relocate Industrial Park Sign• Paint Yield Line, Stop Bar, Turn Arrows• Increase Lighting• Add Intersection Ahead Signs• Reconfigure Intersection• Extend Turn Lanes• Re-route Truck Traffic to US 65
Interchange
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US 36 at S. Mitchell Avenue: Suggested Pavement Markings
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Case Study 2: Bullhead Parkway, Bullhead City, Arizona
• 10.2 miles• 4-lane divided
highway• AADT 10,000 to
15,000 vpd• 50 mph speed limit• 17 intersections (4
signalized)
(FHWA 2012)
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Bullhead Parkway RSA: Examples of Implemented Countermeasures
• Update Pavement Markings• Install RPMs on Inside Edge
Lines and Lane Lines• Extend Right Turn Lanes• Install Two-Direction Arrow
Signs at T-Intersections• Install Guardrail for
Embankments• Improve Grading at Median
Drainage Structures
(FHWA 2012)
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Bullhead Parkway RSA: Crash Reductions
(FHWA 2012)
• 54% Total Crashes
• 50% Injury Crashes
• 30% Intersection-Related Crashes
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Case Study 3: Work Zone RSA I-275 Tampa, Florida
• Two Interchanges• Positive Elements– Good delineation– Signal Backplates– Repeat Exit
Notification• Suggestions– Adding Signing– Crosswalks– Align Signal Heads– Signal Timing
(FHWA 2013)
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Case Study 4: Design Visualization Burma Road, Rhode Island
• New Corridor• Used 3D Model• Recommended
Roundabout Over Signalized Intersection
• Other Suggestions– Lighting– Large turn
radius for trucks– Extend left turn
lanes
(FHWA 2011)
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Case Study 5: Safe Routes to School Albany, Georgia
• Suggestions– Sidewalks around school
grounds– Upgrade signs and markings– H.A.W.K. Signal
(FHWA 2010 & 2011, National Center for Safe Routes to School, 2008)
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Additional Resources• NCHRP Synthesis 336: Road Safety
Audits (TRB)• Road Safety Audit Guidelines (FHWA)• FHWA Website:
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa• Bicycle Road Safety Audit Guidelines
and Prompt Lists (FHWA)• RSA Newsletter (FHWA)