road user costs model 20100218.ppt - world...

HDM-4 Road User CostsModel Version 2.00

Rodrigo Archondo-CallaoFebruary 18, 2010

http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/

HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00

Road User Costs Knowledge System (RUCKS)HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00, February 12, 2010

Step Inputs Calculations Outputs

1) I-Vehicle Fleet & Country DataI-Vehicle Fleet Calibration

Road User Costs O-Road User Costs2) I-Road Characteristics O-Resources and Performance

O-Emissions

Sensitivity Analysis O-Roughness Sensitivity3) I-Sensitivity Parameters O-Speed Limit Sensitivity

O-Traffic Sensitivity

Calculate Road User CostsCalculate Road User Costs

Calculate Sensitivity AnalysisCalculate Sensitivity Analysis

O-RONET RUC CoefficientsO-Charts One VehicleO-Charts All Vehicles

Network Road User Costs4) I-Network Characteristics O-Network Road User Costs

Calculate Network RUCCalculate Network RUC

Cost Benefit Analysis5) I-Cost Benefit Analysis Data O-Cost Benefit Analysis Results

Calculate Cost Benefit AnalysisCalculate Cost Benefit Analysis

Instructions

http://www.worldbank.org/transport

Twelve Vehicles Types

• Motorcycle• Small Car• Medium Car• Light Delivery Vehicle• Four Wheel Drive• Light Truck• Medium Truck• Heavy Truck• Articulated Truck• Articulated Truck• Light Bus• Medium BusMedium Bus• Heavy Bus

Road User Costs Components• Fuel• Lubricant oil• Tire wearTire wear• Crew time• Maintenance labor• Maintenance parts

Vehicle Operating CostsMaintenance parts

• Depreciation• Interest• OverheadsOverheads

• Passenger time• Cargo holding timeTime Costs • Cargo holding time

Accidents Costs New

Emissions New

Vehicle Speed and Physical Quantities

Road and Vehicle CharacteristicsRoad and Vehicle Characteristics

Vehicle Speed

Physical Quantities Unit Costs

Road User Costs

Physical Quantities

Component Quantities per Vehicle-kmFuel litersFuel litersLubricant oil litersTire wear # of equivalent new tiresCrew time hoursPassenger time hoursCargo holding time hoursCargo holding time hoursMaintenance labor hoursMaintenance parts % of new vehicle priceDepreciation % of new vehicle priceDepreciation % of new vehicle priceInterest % of new vehicle price

Free-Flow Speeds Model

Free speeds are calculated using a mechanistic/behavioral models and are a minimum of the following constraining velocities.

• VDRIVEu and VDRIVEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used driving power

• VBRAKEu and VBRAKEd = uphill and downhillVBRAKEu and VBRAKEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used braking power

• VCURVE = velocity limited by curvature• VROUGH = velocity limited by roughness• VDESIR = velocity limited by safety and speed limit

enforcementenforcement

VDRIVEDrive Force

Grade Resistance

Rolling ResistanceAir Resistance

- Driving powerO ti i ht

- RoughnessT t d th- Operating weight

- Gradient- Density of air

- Texture depth- % time driven on snowcovered roads

- Aerodynamic drag coef.- Projected frontal area- Tire type

- % time driven on watercovered roads

Tire type- Number of wheels

VCURVE

VCURVE is calculated as a function of the radius ofcurvature.

VCURVE = a0 * R ^ a1

R = Radius of curvature

R 180 000/(* (18/ C))R = 180,000/(*max(18/ ,C))

C = Horizontal curvature

a0 and a1 = Regression parameters

Speed Flow Model

To consider reduction in speeds due to congestion, the “three-zone” model is adopted.g , pSpeed (km/hr)

CCar

Pickup

Bus

Truck

Sult FlowSu

Qo Qnom QultFlowPCSE/hr

Traffic Flow Periods

To consider different levels of traffic congestion at different hours and days during a year HDM 4 evaluates differenthours and days during a year, HDM-4 evaluates different traffic flow periods for which different hourly flows are applicable

PeakFlow PeriodsFlow

Next to PeakMedium flowNext to LowNext to LowOvernight

Number of Hours in the Year

Fuel Model

TRACTIVE FORCES ACCESSORIESC f

INTERNAL

• Based on ARRB ARFCOM model

Rolling, air, inertia, gradeand cornering resistance

Cooling fan,power steering,air conditioner,alternator, etc.

ENGINEFRICTION

• Predicts fuel use as function of

DRIVE - TRAININEFFICIENCIES

power usage TOTAL POWER

ENGINE FUEL EFFICIENCY FACTOR

ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION

Congestion Modelling

UncongestedUncongested

Congested

0Acceleration in m/s/s

Maintenance Parts Consumption

0.70%

Maintenance Parts Consumption

0 50%

0.60%

er 100

0 km

)

0.40%

0.50%

of veh

icle price pe

Medium Car

M di B

0.20%

0.30%

onsumption (%

o Medium Bus

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0.00%

0.10%

Parts C

Maintenance parts consumption function of roughness and age of the vehicle

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Capital Costs

• Comprised of depreciation and interest costscosts

• HDM-4 uses ‘Optimal Life’ method, in hi h hi l i lif i f tiwhich vehicle service life is a function

of roughness, or constant life method

Road Safety

• HDM-4 model estimates road safety costs of:costs of: Fatal accidents Injury accidents Injury accidentsDamage only accidents

• HDM-4 RUC model follows theHDM 4 RUC model follows the International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) methodology andProgram (iRAP) methodology and estimates road safety costs of:FatalitiesPersons with Serious Injuries

iRAP Methodology

• User defines vehicle fleet fatality rate in number per 100 million vehicle-kmnumber per 100 million vehicle km

• User defines vehicle fleet serious injury rate per 100 million vehicle-kmrate per 100 million vehicle km

• Cost per fatality computed function of GDP per capita (default: GDP per capitaGDP per capita (default: GDP per capita multiplied by 70)

• Cost per serious injury computed functionCost per serious injury computed function of cost per fatality (default: 25% of fatality cost)cost)

International Road Assessment Programme methodology (iRAP).http://irap.net/

Emissions Model

Road characteristicsT ffi l / tiTraffic volume/congestion

Vehicle technologyHydrocarbonHydrocarbonCarbon

monoxideNitrous oxidesSulphur dioxideFuel consumption

Carbon dioxideParticulates

L dLead

RUC Comparison

0.800

0.600

0.700

cle‐km

) Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

C Ti

0.400

0.500

sts (US$

per veh

ic Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

Depreciation

0 200

0.300

nit R

oad User C

os Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

Tire

0.100

0.200

Un

Lubricants

Fuel

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

0.000

Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

RUC Composition

90%

100%

70%

80%

90%

Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

C Ti

50%

60%

User C

osts (%

) Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

Depreciation

30%

40%

Unit R

oad Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

Tire

10%

20% Lubricants

Fuel


0%

Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

1.400

Heavy Truck Unit Road User Costs Sensitivy to Roughness

1.200

‐km) Road Safety Cost

CO2 Emissions Cost

0.800

1.000

(US$

per veh

icle

Cargo Time

Passenger Time

Overhead

Interest

0.400

0.600

Road User C

osts

Depreciation

Crew Time

Maintenance Labor

Maintenance Parts

0.200

Unit Tire

Lubricants

Fuel

0.000

2 IRI 6 IRI 12 IRI 18 IRI


1.400

1.000

1.200

vehicle‐km

)

0 600

0.800

osts (U

S$ per

Medium Car

Medium Bus

0.400

0.600

Roa

d User Co Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0.000

0.200Unit

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0



1.400

1.000

1.200

vehicle‐km

)

6.0 IRI = 0.22 US$ per vehicle-km2.0 IRI = 0.21 US$ per vehicle-kmSaving = 0.01 US$ per vehicle-km

0 600

0.800

osts (U

S$ per

Medium Car

Medium Bus

g p

AADT = 3,000 vehicles/day=> 1,095,000 vehicles/year

0.400

0.600

Roa

d User Co Heavy Truck

MotorcycleSaving = 10,850 US$ per year per km

0.000

0.200Unit

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0


Fuel Consumption and Speed

45 00

50.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

00 km)

25.00

30.00

ption (liter per 10

Medium Car

Medium Bus

10 00

15.00

20.00

Fuel Con

sump

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0.00

5.00

10.00

30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)


CO2 Emissions and Speed

1400

1000

1200

m)

600

800

ioxide

‐CO

2 (g/k

Medium Car

Medium Bus

400

600

Carbon

Di

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0

200


30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Fuel Consumption and Roughness

45 00

50.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

00 km)

25.00

30.00

ption (liter per 10

Medium Car

Medium Bus

10 00

15.00

20.00

Fuel Con

sump

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0.00

5.00

10.00

Speed function of roughness

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0


CO2 Emissions and Roughness

1400

1000

1200

m)

600

800

ioxide

‐CO

2 (g/k

Medium Car

Medium Bus

400

600

Carbon

Di

Heavy Truck

Motorcycle

0

200

Speed function of roughness

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

Roughness( IRI, m/km)

Road Software Tools Website

• HDM 4 Road User Costs Model Version• HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.00 available for download at:

http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/

road user costs model 20100218.ppt - world...

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