roaring twenties - mercer island school · pdf file• the 1920 census showed that for the...
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ROARING
TWENTIES
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AMERICAN LIFE CHANGES
The Main Idea
• The United States experienced many social changes during the 1920’s.
Focus
• What were the new roles for American women in the 1920’s?
• What were the effects of growing urbanization in the United States in the 1920’s?
• In what ways did the 1920’s reveal a national conflict over basic values?
• What was Prohibition, and how did it affect the nation?
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NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN
New Opportunities
• The 19th amendment allowed women to vote, and some were
elected to state and local office.
• In general, however, women voted about as much as the men in
their lives.
• Many women had taken jobs during World War I but lost them
when men came home.
• During the 1920’s women joined the workforce in large
numbers, through mostly in the lowest-paying professions.
• Women attended college in greater numbers.
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• Flappers shocked society by: cutting
their hair, shortening their hemlines,
smoking, drinking, and dancing.
• Associated with rebellious girls, the
term suggests an independent
lifestyle.
• Flappers mostly lived in cities, but
rural people would have read about
them in magazines.
• This represents the rift between cities
and rural areas.
• Older women did not typically
approve of the “flapper lifestyle” and
did not take flappers seriously.
THE FLAPPER
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EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
• Even though the 1920’s were a time of great economic growth, farmers did not share in the prosperity.
• Farmers suffered when workers moved to industrialized cities after World War I.
• The 1920 census showed that for the first time ever, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas, and three-fourths of all workers worked somewhere other than a farm.
• The rise of the automobile helped bring the cities and the country together, and rural people were now likely to spend time in town and were less isolated.
• Education also increased. Many states passed laws requiring children to attend school, helping force children out of the workplace.
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CONFLICTS OVER VALUES
• Americans lived in larger communities, which produced a shift in
values, or a person’s key beliefs and ideas.
• In the 1920’s many people in urban areas had values that differed
from those in rural areas.
• Rural America presented the traditional spirit of hard work, self
reliance, religion and independence.
• Cities represented changes that threatened those values.
• The Ku Klux Klan grew dramatically in the 1920’s because many of its
members were people from rural America who saw their status
declining.
• The group focused on influencing politics and was mainly in the
South.
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PROHIBITION
• Over the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and World War I helped the cause when grain and grapes, which most alcohol is made from, needed to feed troops.
• The fight against alcohol also used bias against immigrants to fuel their cause by portraying immigrant groups as alcoholics.
• Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists also favored a liquor ban because they thought alcohol contributed to society’s evils and sins, especially in cities.
• By 1917 more than half the states had passed a law restricting alcohol.
• The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was proposed in 1917 and ratified in 1919. The Volstead Act enforced the amendment.
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PROHIBITION IN PRACTICE
• Enforcing the new Prohibition law proved to be virtually impossible, as
making, transporting, and selling alcohol was illegal, but drinking it
was not.
• Speakeasies were illegal bars that grew out of the Prohibition.
• Prohibition gave rise to huge smuggling operations.
• Authorities tried to catch bootleggers but it is estimated that in 1925,
they were only catching about 5% of the illegal liquor entering the
country.
• Many people made their own liquor at home, while some got it from
their doctors who could prescribe it for medicine.
• The bootlegging business was the foundation of great criminal
empires, like Al Capone’s crew, who smashed the competition and
progressed to bribery of the police.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What were the new roles for American women in the
1920’s?
• What were the effects of growing urbanizations in the
United States in the 1920’s?
• In what ways did the 1920’s reveal a national conflict over
basic values?
• What was Prohibition, and how did it affect the nation?
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THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
The Main Idea
Transformations in the African American community contributed to a blossoming
of black culture centered in Harlem.
Reading Focus
• What was the Great Migration, and what problems/opportunities did African
Americans face in the post World War I era?
• What was Harlem, and how was it affected by the Great Migration?
• Who were the key figures of the Harlem Renaissance?
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THE GREAT MIGRATION
• Beginning around 1910, Harlem, New York, became a favorite
destination for black Americans migrating from the South.
• Southern life was difficult for African Americans, many of whom
worked as sharecroppers or in other low-paying jobs and often faced
racial violence.
• Many African Americans looked to the North to find freedom and
economic opportunities, and during World War I the demand for
equipment and supplies offered African Americans factory jobs in the
North, such as in Chicago and Detroit.
• This major relocation is known as the Great Migration.
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Tensions
• Many found opportunities in the North, but also racism.
• Racial tensions were especially severe after World War I when a shortage of jobs created a rift between races.
• Racially motivated riots occurred in about two dozen other cities in 1919.
• The most deadly riot occurred in Chicago when a dispute at a public beach left 38 people dead and 300 injured.
Raised Expectations
• Another factor that added to the racial tension was the changing expectations of African Americans.
• Many believed they had earned greater freedom for helping fight overseas in the war.
• Unfortunately, not everyone thought that their war service had earned them greater freedom.
• In fact, some white were determined to strike back against the new African American attitudes.
AFRICAN AMERICANS AFTER WWI
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LIFE IN HARLEM
• New York City was one of the northern cities many African Americans moved
to during the Great Migration, and by the early 1920’s about 200,000 African
Americans lived there.
• Most of these people lived in a neighborhood known as Harlem which
became the unofficial capital of African American culture and activism in the
United States.
• A key figure in Harlem’s rise was W.E.B. Du Bois.
• In 1909 Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP).
• Du Bois also served as editor of a magazine called The Crisis, a major outlet
for African American writing, which helped promote the African American arts
movement known as the Harlem Renaissance.
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HARLEM & W.E.B. DU BOIS
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A RENAISSANCE IN HARLEM
• Little African American literature was published before that era.
• Writers like Zora Neale Hurston and James Weldon Johnson wrote
of facing white prejudice.
• Poets like Claude McKay and Langston Hughes wrote of black
defiance and hope.
• Black artists won fame during this era, often focusing on the
experiences of African Americans. William H. Johnson, Aaron
Douglas and Jacob Lawrence were well known.
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Zora Neil Hurston Langston Hughes
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What was the Great Migration, and what problems/opportunities
did African Americans face in the post World War I era?
• What was Harlem, and how was it affected by the Great
Migration?
• Who were the key figures of the Harlem Renaissance?
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A NEW POPULAR CULTURE IS BORN
The Main Idea
New technologies helped produce a new mass culture in the
1920’s.
Reading Focus
• How did mass entertainment change in the 1920’s?
• Who were the cultural heroes of the 1920’s?
• How was the culture of the 1920’s reflected in the arts and
literature of the era?
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Rise of the Radio
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the
radio in the late 1800’s, and by
the early 1900’s the military and
ships at sea used them.
• In 1920, most Americans still did
not own radios, and there was
not any programming.
• In 1920 a radio hobbyist near
Pittsburgh started playing
records over his radio, and
people started listening.
Radio Station Boom
• The growing popularity of those simple broadcasts caught the attention of Westinghouse, a radio manufacturer.
• In October 1920, Westinghouse started KDKA, the first radio station.
• By 1922 the U.S. had 570 stations.
• Technical improvements in sound and size helped popularity.
RADIO DRIVES POPULAR CULTURE
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New Film Techniques
• In early years movies were short, simple pieces.
• During World War I, filmmaker D. W. Griffith produced The Birth of a Nation, a controversial film that some consider racist.
• The film also gave rise to a new kind of celebrity- the movie star.
• One of the brightest stars was Charlie Chaplin and his derby hat.
• Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith -
Trailer (1915) - YouTube
MOVIES
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MOVIES
Talkies and Cartoons
• Another important innovation was the introduction of films with sound,
or “talkies.”
• In 1927 filmgoers were amazed by The Jazz Singer, a hugely
successful movie that incorporated a few lines of dialogue and helped
change the movie industry forever.
• In 1928, the animated film Steamboat Willie introduced Mickey Mouse
and cartoons
• By the end of the 1920s, Americans bought 100 million movie tickets a
week, though the entire U.S. population was about 123 million people
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ARTS OF THE 1920’S
• F. Scott Fitzgerald helped create the flapper image, coined the term
the “Jazz Age,” and explored the lives of the wealthy in The Great
Gatsby and other novels and stories.
• Willa Cather and Edith Wharton produced notable works of literature.
• Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos were war veterans and, as
part of the so-called Lost Generation, wrote about war experiences.
• Gertrude Stein invented the term Lost Generation, referring to a group
of writers who chose to live in Europe after World War I.
• George Gershwin was a composer best known for Rhapsody in Blue—
which showed the impact of jazz—as well as popular songs written
with his brother Ira.
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