Slide 1

THE WORLD OFROBOTICS & ROBOTS

by M.RAMKI X

ROBOTICS The word robotics is used to collectively define a field in engineering that covers the mimicking of various human characteristics. Robotics includes the knowledge of Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical & Computer Science Engineering. It may be human controlled or automatic. It must be able to perform certain tasks we set for it. The desired task must be achieved within some given limitations.

LAWS OF ROBOTICSThe term Robotics was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Asimov's Laws of Robotics: First Law A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.Second Law A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.Third Law A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

ROBOTS A Robot is a Re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. A Robot can also be an automatic industrial machine replacing the human in hazardous work. The meaning of the word Robot is: Robota (Czech) = A worker of forced labour The Japanese Industrial Robot Association(JIRA) states: A robot is a device with degrees of freedom that can be controlled.

The Robots can be classified in two categories:

Autonomous : This kind of Robot works totally by itself(programmable). This type of Robot is the major king of Robot in the present day world.

Manual : This kind Robot is programmed first, then the sensors are fixed to it, then when humans command it, it receives command through the sensors. This type of Robots are used while teaching Robotics.

HISTORICAL ROBOTS INCLUDE: Mechanical automata The Robot moves or does the work mechanically without any programming. Motor-driven automata The Robot moves or does the work with the help of motors. Some are programmed and some are not programmed. Computer-controlled robots The Robot is totally programmable and is controlled by computers. LANGUAGES USED BY A ROBOT RoboML (Robotic Markup Language) ROSSUM XRCL (Extensible Robot Control Language) Robot Ants James McLurkin invented micro robots that work together as a community and were known as Robot Ants.

CAPABILITIES OF A ROBOT A robot must have the following essential characteristics:Mobility: A Robot should possess some form of mobility. Programmability: A Robot should imply computational or symbol- manipulative capabilities that a designer can combine as desired(a robot is a form of computer). It should be able to be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it should operate automatically or manually. Sensors: A Robot should be to sense the environment and give useful feedback to any device or human.Mechanical capability: A Robot should be able to enable it to act on its environment rather than just merely function as a data processing or computational device. Flexibility: A Robot must be able to be operated using a range of programs and manipulate and transport materials in a variety of ways.

EXAMPLES OF ROBOTS Automatic Toy Car An automatic toy car for a child to play with. Mobile Sweeper Machine An automatic mobile sweeper machine at a modern home. Machines removing mines A machine removing mines in a war field all by itself. Escape Robot Solar Beam Robot

An ExampleLine FollowerA line follower is a robot capable of tracking a line drawn on a surface.Optical sensors capture the line position at the front end of the robot.The robot is steered to keep it always over the line.

TYPES OF ROBOTSWheeled Robots

Legged Robots

Climbing Robots

Flying Robots

BODY OF ROBOTSStructureThe structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain. The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom.

Power source Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors and associated circuitry Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V DC Batteries can also be used to run robots Robots are driven by different motors :- DC Motors Stepper Motors Servo Motors

DC Motors

Servo MotorsStepper Motors

Actuation Actuators are like the "muscles" of a robot, they are the parts which convertstored energyinto movement. The most popular actuators are electric motors that spin a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. But there are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air.

These are the things or parts which provide movement to a robot.Electric motorsLinear actuatorsSeries elastic actuatorsAir musclesMuscle wireElectro active polymersPiezo motorsElastic nano tubes

Sensors Sensors are the parts that act like senses and can detect objects or things like heat and light and convert the object information into symbols or digital form so that computers understand. Then Robots react according to information provided by the sensory system. Some types of sensors are:Vision SensorProximity Sensors Proprioceptive Sensors Logical Sensors

Manipulation Robots which must work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects:pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator. Some manipulators are: Mechanical Grippers Vacuum Grippers General purpose effectors

Locomotion As the name suggests a mobile robot must have a system to make it move. This system gives a machine the ability to move forward, backward and take turns. It may also provide the ability for climbing up and down any object.

These are the different types of locomotive robotsRolling robotsTwo-wheeled balancing robotsOne-wheeled balancing robotsSpherical orb robotsSix-wheeled robotsTracked robotsWalking applied to robotsZMP TechniqueHoppingDynamic Balancing (controlled falling)Passive DynamicsFlyingSnakingSkatingClimbingSwimming (like a fish)

W F S ROBOTS

iCub robot, designed by theRobot Cub Consortium

RQ-4 Global Hawkunmanned aerial vehicle

Two robot snakes. Left one has 64 motors (with 2 degrees of freedom per segment), the right one has 10 motors.

WHERE CAN ROBOTS BE USEDHOME House cleaning Lawn mowing Assistance to the elderly and handicapped INDUSTRYOffice assistantsRepetitive tasksHigh speedFew sensing operations High precision movementsPre-planned trajectories and task policies No interaction with humans

ROBOTS AT WORKHouse cleaning robots.Car industry robots.

Robots in schoolRobots in medicine

Robots at warRobots as entertainment

WHY ROBOTICSThese are some reasons why we need a Robot or why we need Robotics. Speed It can work in hazardous/dangerous environment. To perform repetitive task. Efficiency Accuracy Adaptability These are the things which the Robots can do if we create them.Robots can make Revolution in Medical science and Health care systems. Robots can be useful for New & wide scope in Education & Training. Robots can be a good help in Nuclear industry. Robots can be Used tremendously in Sports activities. Robots can Play the role of an efficient assistance in Research and Development sciences. Robots Can very well handle household business.

ROBOTS LEARNING HOW TO WALK

CURRENT ROBOTS IN THE GROWING WORLDSensor-richThe whole Robots works with sensors to act according to the situation and environment. FlexibleRobots make sure that no part of their body falls. Versatile ControllableThe Robots can control their body and they can also control their functions.

HYTECH ROBOTS

PROBLEMS OF ROBOTSThese are some of the problems that we can see in robots.BasicallyNo sensing Can not handle uncertainty No interaction with humans Reliance on perfect task information Complete re-programming for new tasks

Scientifically Sensor Uncertainty: Sensor readings are imprecise and unreliable Non-observing: Various aspects of the environment can not be observed The environment is initially unknown Action Uncertainty: Actions can fail Actions have nondeterministic outcomes

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ROBOTSScientists say that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by 2019 . Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when computers and robots are smarter than humans. In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own. The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AAAI) has researched on this problem.

Future Home Robots

Peter Menzel / MIT AI Lab Honda Corp

How Does NASA Use Robots?NASA uses robots in many different ways. Robotic arms on spacecraft can move large objects in space. Robotic spacecraft can visit other worlds. Robotic airplanes can fly without a pilot aboard. NASA is studying more new types of robots.

What is a Robonaut? A Robonaut is a dexterous humanoid robot built and designed at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. NASAs challenge is to build machines that can help humans work and explore in space. Working side by side with humans, or going where the risks are too great for people, Robonauts will expand NASAs ability for construction and discovery. NASAs challenge has been to build machines with dexterity that exceeds that of a suited astronaut. Robonauts allow NASA to study various types of mobility, control methods, and task applications. The value of a humanoid over other designs is the ability to use the same workspace and tools Robonauts are essential to NASA's future as NASA goes beyond low earth orbit and continues to explore the vast wonder that is space.

SPHERESAnother robot idea is called SPHERES. These small robots look a little like soccer balls. SPHERES are being used on the space station to test how well they can move there. Someday, robots could fly around the station helping astronauts ASPECT OF NASA.

SPHERES robots have been and are being tested on the International Space Station.

NASA ROBOTS

Robonaut sent its first tweet on July 26, 2010, with the help of its team.

NASA and General Motors have come together to develop the next-generation dexterous humanoid robot.

Robonaut could perform tasks that astronauts otherwise would have to do.

The R2 the new humanoid robot of NASA

Dextre is attached to the end of the International Space Station's robotic arm. Image Credit: NASA

Spirit is one of a group of robots that have explored Mars from the surface or from orbit. Image Credit: NASA

TOPIO, ahumanoid robot, playedping pongat TokyoInternational Robot Exhibition(IREX) 2009.

HUMANOID ROBOTS

MOVIES ON ROBOTS & ROBOTICSScary robot movies - Death Machine, Screamers, Deadly Friend.

Action packed robot movies - Solo, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Enthiran.

Funny robot movies - WALL-E, Space balls, Robots.

Classic robot movies - Metropolis, Forbidden Planet, Alpha ville.

Scientific robot movies - The Terminator, West world, I, Robot.