rock melts when the temperature within the earth (geotherm) exceeds the melting point (solidus) of...
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Normally the geotherm does not cross the solidus, so there is no melting. (THE MANTLE IS SOLID!!!!) BUT, it is very close at about 100-250 km in depth ( Asthenosphere).TRANSCRIPT
Rock melts when the temperature within the earth (geotherm)
exceeds the melting point (solidus) of rock. This happens for
different reasons at (1) subduction zone volcanoes, (2) mid-ocean
ridge volcanoes, and (3) hotspot volcanoes. Normally the geotherm
does not cross the solidus, so there is no melting.
(THE MANTLE IS SOLID!!!!) BUT, it is very close at about km in
depth ( Asthenosphere). What are the 4 main forms of
volcanoes?
1. Seafloor Subduction Subduction Zones: wet melting Mt. Fujiyama
Cotopaxi Volcano, Equador Cotopaxi, by Frederic Church, 1862
Stratovolcano (Composite Cone) Cerro Negro, Nicaragua Cerro Negro,
Nicaragua Paricutin, Mexico (1946) Mayon, Philippines (1984)
Pacaya, Guatemala Pacaya, Guatemala (Agua volcano in background)
Pacaya, Guatemala (2004) Pyroclastic flow sweeps down the side of
Mayon Volcano, Philippines, 1984. Mayon, Philippines (1984) Mayon,
Philippines (1984) Mayon, Philippines (2000) Mt. Pinatubo,
Philippines, 1991. Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) Pinatubo,
Philippines (1991) Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) A small lahar
triggered by rainfall in Guatemala, 1989. Pinatubo, Philippines
(1991) Pinatubo, Philippines (1991) Mt. Pinatubo: So much ash into
the atmosphere that Earths temperature dropped, and sunsets were
redder. What are the 4 main forms of volcanoes?
2. Mid-Ocean Seafloor Spreading Ridges: pressure release melting
Figure 4-15b Ocean Crust Layers What are the 4 main forms of
volcanoes?
3. Continental Rifting Continental Rifting leaves a complex
structure beneath passive margins like the east coast of North
America What are the 4 main forms of volcanoes?
4. Hotspot Mantle Plumes Hawaii rises more than 5 miles above the
seafloor. Hawaii Kilauea, Hawaii Mauna Loa, Hawaii Figure 4-7b
Kilauea, Hawaii Figure 3-1 Pahoehoe lava, Hawaii Aa lava flow,
Kilauea, Hawaii Figure 4-10b Figure 4-10c Mt. St. Helens: Giant
Eruption May 18, 1980 Mt. Adams Mt. St. Helens Mt. St. Helens:
Before May, 1980 After Phase 1: Small earthquakes and puffs of
steam indicate that magma is rising.Bulge develops in North face.
Phase 2: A magnitude 5.1 earthquake shakes mountain, dislodging
bulge which slides down mountain. Decreased pressure on magma
starts lateral blast. Phase 3: Eruption causes a second block to
break free, exposing more magma and initiating an eruption column.
Lateral blast goes at 300 mph, covers 230 square miles. Phase 4:
The Eruption Column reaches 80,000 feet in less than 15 minutes.
Mt. St. Helens Earthquakes: 1995-2005 The Dome is Growing Again The
center of the Yellowstone Caldera is rising up at 7 cm/year!
Magma chamber structure and uplift in Yellowstone. Recent GPS and
InSAR studies show that the Yellowstone caldera is uplifting at a
rate of 7 cm/yr, which is apparently related to a magma recharge
(Chang et al., 2007). In receiver functions recorded by EarthScope
station H17A from 100 teleseismic earthquakes in 2008, two P-to-SV
converted phases exist that are consistent with the top and bottom
of a low velocity layer (LVL ) at about 5-km depth beneath the
Yellowstone caldera. P- and S-wave velocities suggest at least 32%
melt saturated with about 8% water plus CO2 by volume. (from Chu et
al., 2010) Chang, W.L., R.B. Smith, C. Wicks, J.M. Farrell, and
C.M. Puskas, Accelerated uplift and magmatic intrusion of the
Yellowstone Caldera, 2004 to 2006, Science, 318, 952 956, 2007.
Chu, R., D. V. Helmberger, D. Sun, J. M. Jackson, and L. Zhu, Mushy
magma beneath Yellowstone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01306, doi:
/2009GL041656, 2010. Yellowstone Plume Shear-wave velocity
anomalies in a cross section aligned parallel to the track of the
Yellowstone hotspot and the absolute velocity of the North American
plate (Obrebski et al., in review). The section shows the strong
low-velocity anomaly in the upper 300 km beneath the eastern Snake
River Plain and a low-velocity conduit extending as deep as can be
resolved (1000-km depth) beneath Yellowstone. (left) Thermal model
for a plume rising beneath Yellowstone showing the effects of the
moving lithosphere (Lowry et al., 2000). The imaged low-velocity
conduit is more complex in shape than in the simple thermal model,
which is likely due to its interaction with other objects in the
mantle (not shown). Lowry, A.R., N.M. Ribe, and R.B. Smith, Dynamic
elevation of the Cordillera, western United States, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 23,37123,390, Obrebski, M., R.M. Allen, M. Xue, S.-H.
Hung, Plume-Slab interaction beneath the Pacific Northwest, in
review. Finished 15 minutes early again. Not many questions
Finished 15 minutes early again. Not many questions. Got to
Chemical weathering in the next lecture. Shear-wave velocity
anomalies in a cross section aligned parallel to the track of the
Yellowstone hotspot and the absolute velocity of the North American
plate (Obrebski et al., in review). The section shows the strong
low-velocity anomaly in the upper 300 km beneath the eastern Snake
River Plain and a low-velocity conduit extending as deep as can be
resolved (1000-km depth) beneath Yellowstone. (left) Thermal model
for a plume rising beneath Yellowstone showing the effects of the
moving lithosphere (Lowry et al., 2000). The imaged low-velocity
conduit is more complex in shape than in the simple thermal model,
which is likely due to its interaction with other objects in the
mantle (not shown). Lowry, A.R., N.M. Ribe, and R.B. Smith, Dynamic
elevation of the Cordillera, western United States, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 23,37123,390, Obrebski, M., R.M. Allen, M. Xue, S.-H.
Hung, Plume-Slab interaction beneath the Pacific Northwest, in
review.