1.Recapping from Junior Cert _____________ are formed from hot volcanic material that has cooled down two examples are __________ and _______________. ________________ rocks are formed from particles of animal or plant remains, or other rocks. Examples include _______________ and ______________. _________________ rocks are rocks that are changed by great _____ or ___________. Examples include ____________ and _______________.

2. 2006 OL 3. Igneous rocks Formed underground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive) Two basic intrusive types Plutonic formed deep underground, with large crystals. Example Granite of Wicklow Mountains Hypabassal formed close to the surface, smaller crystals. Example Dolerite of Co. Antrim. One extrusive type Basalt (Giants Causeway) 4. Hypabassal Dolerite Fair Head sill Formed close to the surface, has an appearance like Basalt. Crystals are small. 5. Plutonic Igneous Rock - Granite Contains many crystals due to slow cooling underground as it was formed. Found in the Dublin & Wicklow mountains (Batholith) 6. Extrusive Rocks - Basalt 7. Definitions & Examples Extrusive ____________________________________________ Example of Extrusive rock ______________________________ Intrusive ____________________________________________ Hypabassal __________________________________________ Example of Hypabassal Rock ____________________________ Plutonic _____________________________________________ Example of Plutonic Rock _______________________________ 8. 2010 HL 9. 2010 OL 10. 2010 Ordinary Level LC 11. Sedimentary rock - formation Key words and phrases Accumulation build up of Strata (layers) of particles Compaction squashing of layers together Cementation glueing together of particles Lithification the process of changing sedimentation into stone 12. Sedimentary Rock types Organically formed from dead plant/animal material (e.g. Coal, Limestone, Chalk) Inorganically formed from particles of other rocks (e.g. Sandstone, Mudstone) Chemically formed (less common) formed from evaporation of sea water, leaving the salts behind (e.g. Gypsum, Rocksalt) 13. Gypsum a chemically formed sedimentary rock (from seawater evaporating) 14. Sediments laid down a salt pan 15. Metamorphic Rocks P 68 Three types: Thermal (rocks changed by intense heat e.g. Quartzite (thermal metamorphism of Sandstone, Sugar Loaf Mountain) Dynamic Metamorphism (rocks changed by pressure e.g. Shale into slate) Regional Metamorphism (rocks changed over a long time and over a large area, being slowly cooked to form new rocks e.g. Gneiss. Found in N. Scotland, NW Ireland and Canada) 16. Metamorphic Rock - Gneiss 17. Slate used as a roofing material 18. Irelands Rocks 19. 2011 LC Hons Q 20. Rock Cycle P 62 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7YQ5vwaL98 The process by which rocks are constantly recycled by the natural processes of the Earth. 21. The Rock Cycle 22. 2006 LC HL 23. Tara Mines Case Study 24. Case Study - Tara Zinc and Lead mines An important Primary Economic Activity in the GDA (Greater Dublin Area) At Tara Mines people interact with the Rock Cycle in many different ways Constructing Shaft Mines Working on new methods to extract ore Inventing safe methods to dispose of mining waste Developing transport systems to move ore to the market 25. Zinc and Lead 26. Zinc and Lead - uses Zinc Used in alloys for car manufacture Galvanising Dietary supplements Batteries Lead Soldering Bullets Batteries 27. Shaft Mine 28. Tara Mines ore extraction 29. Tara Mines stope and pillar mining 30. Ore Transportation 31. Tara Mines Largest Zinc Mine in Europe, 5th largest in the world Ore (rock that contains the metals) is extracted at Navan, shipped to refineries in Finland and Norway The ore was formed approx 350 million years ago between layers of carboniferous limestone, now lies 500 to 900m below surface Stope and Pillar mining is used (see p 66) Rock is crushed to a powder, mixed with water and chemicals to remove the metals from the rock Waste water is toxic, needs to be treated carefully 32. Tara Mines - Environment Mining is potentially very dangerous for environment Sediments and chemicals used are vulnerable to transport by wind can get blown onto crops, towns, people Since 1997 improvements have been made at the mine to improve the local environment Waste water treated by natural bacteria Landscaping in local area Restoration of tailings pond (where sediments are allowed to settle) Constant monitoring for pollution 33. LC Exam Question on mining (2009) Discuss, with reference to one of the following, how humans interact with the rock cycle (30 marks) Mining Extraction of building materials Oil / Gas exploitation Geothermal energy production Marking Scheme Interaction identified: 2 marks Discussion: 14 x SRPs Give credit for up to two examples of location. 34. LC Exam Question 2009 Examine, with reference to examples from Ireland, the formation of sedimentary rocks. [30m] Marking Scheme Name two sedimentary rocks: 2 + 2 marks Name two associated Irish locations: 2 + 2 marks Examination: 11 x SRPs Give credit for 1 SRP for diagram without annotation. Give credit for extra labelling in diagram from Examination SRPs. Allow treatment of up to 3 rocks in examination. At least 3 SRPs for treatment of second sedimentary rock If description only 2 x SRPs max