rocks and minerals chapters 2 & 3 test 2 material begin
TRANSCRIPT
ROCKS AND MINERALS
Chapters 2 & 3Test 2 material
Begin
Grand Canyon
RELATIVE TIME
TIME IN RELATIONSHIP WHILE COMPARING ONE ROCK LAYER WITH ANOTHER
GEOLOGIC LAWS - SUPERPOSITION
EACH LAYER OF ROCK IS OLDER THAN THE LAYER ABOVE IT AND YOUNGER THAN THE LAYER BELOW IT
GEOLOGIC LAWS - CROSS CUTTING
WHEN ROCKS CUT THROUGH OTHER ROCKS, THEY ARE ASSUMED TO BE YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT THROUGH
GEOLOGIC LAW - INCLUSIONS
PIECES OF OLDER ROCK CONTAINED WITHIN A YOUNGER ROCK
TYPES OF FOSSILSPETRIFICATION - TURNED TO STONEINDIRECT EVIDENCE - TRACE OF ITS EXISTENCE (COPROLITE)ACTUAL REMAINS - SHELLIMPRINT - BIRD TRACKS OR WORM BURROWSONLY FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK
PETRIFICATION
COPROLITE - INDIRECT
SHARK TOOTH – ACTUAL
IMPRINT
OPPOSING THOUGHT - UNIFORMITARIANISM
SAME PHYSICAL PROCESSES ACTIVE TODAY HAVE BEEN OPERATING THROUGHOUT GEOLOGIC TIMEPRESENT HOLDS KEY TO PASTJAMES HUTTON - FATHER OF MODERN GEOLOGY
OPPOSING THOUGHT - CATASTROPHISM
CATASTROPHIC OR CATACLYSMIC EVENTS HAVE ALTERED DEPOSITION AND EROSION THROUGHOUT TIMESCABLANDS OF IDAHO - 100,000 YEARS OF EROSION TOOK PLACE IN A 30 DAY PERIOD
HOW ROCK DIFFERS ACROSS THE EARTH’S
CRUST
CONTINENTAL ROCK - GRANITE - SIAL WHICH IS COMPOSED OF SILICA AND ALUMINUM AND LIGHTER THAN OCEAN ROCKOCEAN ROCK - BASALT - SIMA WHICH IS HEAVIER AND COMPOSED OF SILICA AND MAGNESIUM
GEOLOGIC CONCEPT - ISOSTACY
EQUILIBRIUM STATE IN EARTH’S CRUST FORMED BY THE RELATIONSHIP OF PORTIONS OF THE LITHOSPHERE & ASTHENOSPHERELOG FLOATING IN RIVER
GEOLOGIC CYCLESHYDROLOGIC CYCLEROCK CYCLETECTONIC CYCLE
MINERALINORGANIC SOLID NATURAL COMPOUND HAVING A SPECIFIC CHEMICAL FORMULA AND POSSESSING A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE THAT IS FIXED OR VARIES WITHIN A DEFINITE RANGE
EXAMPLES OF MINERALSTALCGYPSUMCALCITEQUARTZSULFURHALITEGRAPHITE
GALENAFLUORITEAPATITEMAGNETITEDIAMOND
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER - APPEARANCE OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM A MINERAL - METALLIC OR NONMETALLICCOLOR - INHERENT OR EXOTICSTREAK - AFTER RUBBING MINERAL ACROSS A PORCELAIN PLATE THE LEFTOVER POWDER RESIDUE
STREAK PLATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - WEIGHT OF MINERAL TO EQUAL VOLUME OF WATERCLEAVAGE - ABILITY TO BREAK OR CLEAVE IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS MORE READILY THAN OTHERSFRACTURE - DOES NOT BREAK IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS
CLEAVAGE
FRACTURE
MAGNETISM - CAN PICK UP WITH MAGNETTASTE - HALITEFEEL - TALC (SOAPY) GRAPHITE (OILY OR GREASY)ACID TEST - WILL FIZZ OR BUBBLEHARDNESS - SCRATCHING RESISTANT
MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS
1 = TALC2 = GYPSUM2.5 = HUMAN FINGERNAIL3 = CALCITE4 = FLUORITE5 = APATITE5.5 = GLASS
7 = QUARTZ10 = DIAMONDIF YOU SCRATCH IT WITH YOUR FINGER NAIL = LESS THAN 2.5CAN’T SCRATCH IT AND IT WON’T SCRATCH GLASS = 2.5-5.5SCRATCHES GLASS = GREATER 5.5
MINERAL GROUPSSILICATES
OXYGEN & SILICON ATOMSSILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON [4 OXYGEN ATOMS SURROUNDING A MUCH SMALLER SILICON ATOM]FELDSPARS, QUARTZ, MICAS, HORNBLENDE, OLIVINE, AUGITE
SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON
NON-SILICATE MINERALSCARBONATES - CALCITE & DOLOMITEHALIDES - HALITE & FLUORITENATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD, COPPER, DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, SILVERSULFATES - GYPSUMSULFIDES - GALENA & PYRITEOXIDES - MAGNETITE & HEMATITE
USES OF NON-METALLIC MINERALS
APATITE - FERTILIZERSASBESTOS - FIBERSCALCITE - CHEMICALS, CEMENTCLAY [KAOLINITE] CHINA, KAOPECTATEFLUORITE - GLASS, CHEMICALSGRAPHITE - PENCIL LEAD
GYPSUM - PLASTER OF PARISHALITE - TABLE SALTMUSCOVITE - ELECTRICAL INSULATORSULFUR - CHEMICALSTALC - BABY POWDER, PAINTS
GEMSTONESPRECIOUS
DIAMONDEMERALD [BERYL]OPALRUBY [CORUNDUM]SAPPHIRE [CORUNDUM]
DIAMONDS
EMERALDS
GEMSTONESSEMIPRECIOUS
AMETHYST - QUARTZCAT’S EYE - QUARTZGARNETJADE - JADEITEMOONSTONE - FELDSPARTOPAZTURQUOISEZIRCON
AMETHYST
METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES
ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, GOLD, IRON, LEAD, MAGNESIUM, MERCURY, NICKEL, PLATINUM, SILVER, TIN, TITANIUM, TUNGSTEN, URANIUM, ZINC
ROCK TYPESIGNEOUSSEDIMENTARYMETAMORPHIC
ROCK CYCLE
IGNEOUS ROCKSFORM WHEN MAGMA OR LAVA COOLS AND CRYSTALLIZESCOOLS RAPIDLY HAVE SMALL CRYSTALS - EXTRUSIVECOOLS SLOWLY HAVE LARGE CRYSTALS - INTRUSIVE
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL SLOWLY IN THE CRUST (MAGMA)EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL RAPIDLY AT THE SURFACE (LAVA)WHICH WILL HAVE THE LARGE CRYSTAL SIZE?
CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKS
MINERAL COMPOSITIONTEXTURE - OVERALL APPEARANCE OF ROCK BASED ON SIZE & ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS
FINE-GRAINEDCOARSE-GRAINEDPORPHYRITICGLASSY
GLASSY
FINE-GRAINED
COARSE-GRAINED
PORPHYRITIC
IGNEOUS ROCKSGRANITEBASALTPUMICEOBSIDIANRHYOLITE
RHYOLITE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSBITS AND PIECES OF EXISTING ROCK ARE TRANSPORTED THEN LITHIFIED BY COMPRESSION, COMPACTION, AND CEMENTATIONLAID DOWN IN HORIZONTALLY LAYERED BEDSONLY ROCK TYPE TO CONTAIN FOSSILS
CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - ORIGINATE AS SOLID PARTICLES FROM WEATHERED ROCKSCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - SOLUBLE MATERIAL PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING
CLASSIFICATION BY PARTICLE SIZE - DETRITALBOULDER, COBBLE, PEBBLE = GRAVEL = CONGLOMERATE OR BRECCIASAND = SAND = SANDSTONESILT = MUD = SILTSTONECLAY = MUD = SHALE
GRAVEL-SIZED
SAND-SIZED
SILT-SIZED
CLAY-SIZED
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCONGLOMERATESANDSTONESILTSTONESHALELIMESTONEPEAT MOSS & LIGNITE COALBITUMINOUS COAL
METAMORPHIC ROCKSTRANSFORMED FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS BY EITHER HEAT, PRESSURE, OR CHEMICAL ACTIONFOLIATED (BANDS OR LAYERS) AND NON-FOLIATED
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
SLATESCHISTSGNEISS
FOLIATED ROCK
NON-FOLIATEDMETAMORPHIC ROCKS
MARBLEQUARTZITE
NON-FOLIATED ROCK
OLD ROCK TO METAMORPHIC EQUIVALENT
GRANITE BECOMES GNEISSMICA BECOMES SCHISTSHALE BECOMES SLATELIMESTONE BECOMES MARBLESANDSTONE BECOMES QUARTZITEBITUMINOUS COAL BECOMES ANTHRACITE COAL
Yosemite Valley