rocks and the rock cycle. as we already learned, rocks are made from minerals and can be classified...
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CHAPTER 10.2Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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Rock Families
As we already learned, rocks are made from minerals and can be classified into 3 major families (or types) based on how they are formed
The 3 Families are: Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
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Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when magma and hot lava cool and solidify Magma – is melted rock that is found below
the Earth’s crust. Even though the Earth’s mantle is solid, magma can sometimes be found in pockets
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Types of Igneous Rocks
Geologists classify igneous rocks based on where they were formed above or below the Earth’s surfce. There are 2 types of igneous rocks.
Types of Igneous Rocks: Intrusive Rock Extrusive Rock
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Intrusive Rocks (Igneous Rocks)
When magma cools and hardens below the Earth’s surface a new rock is formed. Because the rock was formed in the Earth’s surface we call it an Intrusive Rock.
Granite is an example of an intrusive rock (Igneous Rock) because it is formed very slowly and deep in the Earth’s Crust.
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Extrusive Rocks (Igneous Rocks)
Extrusive Rocks are formed when lava cools on the Earth’s surface. Lava is the name for magma once it breaks
through the Earth’s surface during a volcanic eruption.
Example: Basalthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuIercRAxQU&feature=related
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Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks are made from sediments which are loose materials such as bits of minerals, rock and plant and animals remains.
The sediment becomes packed and cemented together
Sedimentary Rocks make up about 75% of the rocks on the Earth’s Surface because Igneous Rocks mostly occur below the Earth’s Surface
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Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Over many years the rock sediments begin to settle and pile up usually near lakes and oceans
As the sediment settles on top of other sediment, the rock begins to take on a layered appearance.
These layers are called beds
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Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
As the layers of sediment begin to form on top of each other, their weight causes the rocks to become compacted (squeezed together)
In some rocks the minerals dissolve in the water creating a natural cement that holds the rock together
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Formation of Sedimentary Rock
This process is known as Compaction
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Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone is the most common type of sedimentary rock. It is a very unique rock because it is formed from large amounts of sediment and the remains of fossils (such as mussels and snails)
Fossilized limestone in North Carolina
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aqy-p41VpKU&feature=related
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Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks are created under the Earth’s surface when extremely high pressure and heat cause the rock to “change form”
Slate and Marble are two examples of metamorphic rocks
Slate Marble
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-h7G0h9Ip0&feature=autoplay&list=PL82758DE4FBD2555A&index=7&playnext=3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkGVE6wNAzo
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The Rock Cycle
We have learned that Igneous Rocks are formed when magma or lava cools
Sedimentary Rocks are formed from sediments are compacted and cemented together
Metamorphic Rocks are formed from both igneous and sedimentary rocks which have undergone high pressure and heat
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The Rock Cycle
Because rocks are continually changing on an ongoing basis we call this process “The Rock Cycle”
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Mechanical Weathering
As we have learned, sediment is formed when larger rocks have broken or become worn away from a natural process known as weathering.
Mechanical Weathering is defined by rocks that are physically broken up by things such as gravity, weather and erosion. Example: When a rock falls off a cliff, gravity
pulls it to the ground and parts can become broken off.
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Erosion and Deposition
Erosion is a type of mechanical weathering that “wears away” and deposition is a process that build up by blowing sediments from one place to another
Erosion Deposition
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Chemical Weathering
Chemical Weathering is a breakdown of minerals due to a chemical reaction with water, chemicals dissolved in the water, or with gases in the air. Example: Acid Rain – can react with some
rocks
Photo: Limestone is weathered due to rainwater
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Biological Weathering
Biological Weathering is the when rocks are broken physically or chemically due to living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi).