rocks!!! ch. 3. any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of...
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ROCKS!!!
CH
. 3
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• Any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
• 3 types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
WHAT IS A ROCK?
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• Interactions among Earth’s water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change from one type to another
• A continuous process
THE ROCK CYCLE
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• Forms when lava or magma hardens.
• Lava:• Molten rock on the
surface of the Earth
• Magma:• Molten rock beneath
Earth’s surface.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
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• Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten rocks and the crystallization of minerals.
IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION
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• Intrusive Igneous rock: forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface
• Extrusive Igneous Rock: forms when lava hardens on the surface of the Earth
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
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Igneous Rocks are classified based on their texture and composition.
CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKS
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• Texture: size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking crystals.
• Course Grained: slow cooling, large crystals.
• Fine Grained: rapid cooling, small interconnected mineral grains.
• Glassy: looks like glass, extrusive igneous rocks. Ex. Obsidian
• Porphyrite: large crystals embedded in a matrix of much smaller crystals.
TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION
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Composition: based on proportions of light to dark minerals
Basaltic Composition Contains many dark silicates minerals and plageoclase
feldspar Rich in magnesium and iron Ex: basalt and gabbro
Granitic Composition Made almost entirely of light-colored silicate minerals like
quartz and feldspar 0 to 25% dark minerals Biotite and amphibole
COMPOSITION CLASSIFICATION
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Andesitic Composition
Between basltic and granitic composition
At least 25% dark minerals
Ultramafic Composition
Composed mainly of iron and magnesium rich mineral
Almost entirely dark minerals
COMPOSITION CLASSIFICATION
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Composition and Texture
Granite Andesitic Basaltic Ultramafic
Coarse Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite
Fine Phyolite Andesite Basalt Kematite
Porphyritic Inside any given rock Uncommon
Glassy Obsidian, Pumice
IGNEOUS CHART
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Forms when existing rocks are broken down into sediment then compacted and cemented together
ProcessesCementing Compaction
WHAT IS A SEDIMENTARY ROCK?
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Weathering: Any process that break rocks into sediments
Erosion : The removal of weathered rocks
Deposition: when an agent of erosion (water, wind, ice, or gravity) loses energy, it drops the sediment
Compaction: is a process that squeezes or compacts sediments together
Cementation: takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments
HOW DO THEY FORM?
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• Classified by the way they form
• Clastic or chemical
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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• Made of weathered bits of rocks and minerals
• Grouped according to the size of the sediment.
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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Texture Sediments Name of Rock
Coarse(over 2 mm in size)
Gravel - rounded Conglomerate
Gravel- angular Breccia
Medium (2mm to 1/6 mm)
Sand Sandstone
Fine (1/16 to 1/256 mm)
Silt Siltstone
Very Fine (< 1/256 mm)
Mud Shale/mudstone
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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Form when dissolved minerals precipitate from water solution
Biochemical Sedimentary Rock: made from once living organisms (like shells and skeleton remains)
Ex: limestone, chalk, conquina, rock salt, and bituminous coal
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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Form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure
Metamorphism: means “change form”
WHAT IS A METAMORPHIC ROCK?
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Heat: provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions which causes existing minerals to recrystallize
Pressure: applied in all directions on a rock which causes spaces between mineral grains to close
Hydrothermal Solutions: hot, water based solutions that promote recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and then depositing new ones
WHAT CAUSES METAMORPHISM?
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Classified by texture and composition
Foliated Rock with layered or banded
appearance Ex: Gneiss
Nonfoliated No layered or banded appearance Contains only one mineral Ex: Marble
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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CLASSIFICATION OF FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKSName Texture/Grain
SizeParent Rock
Slate Very fine Shale, mudstone
Phyllite Fine Slate
Schist Medium to course Phyllite
Gneiss Coarse Schist, granite
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CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKSName Texture/grain size Parent rock
Marble Medium to coarse Limestone
Quartzite Medium to coarse Quartz, sandstone
Anthracite Fine Coal