rocks & minerals
DESCRIPTION
Rocks & Minerals. Minerals. Saddle-shaped pink dolomite crystals. What is a Mineral?. Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Definite Chemical Formula Definite Crystal Structure. Beryl. Galena. Naturally Occurring. Formed by natural processes not in the laboratory. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rocks & Minerals
![Page 2: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Minerals
Saddle-shaped pink dolomite crystals.
![Page 3: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a Mineral? Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Definite Chemical Formula Definite Crystal Structure
Galena
Beryl
![Page 4: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Naturally Occurring Formed by natural processes not in
the laboratory. - Is an Ice Cube a mineral? - Is the ice on the wind-
shield of a car a mineral? - What about the ice in
your refrigerator?
![Page 5: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Inorganic Formed by inorganic processes; not
living Does not contain chains of carbon
atoms
![Page 6: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Solid Not gas or liquid
H2O as ice in a glacier or a snowflake is a mineral, but liquid water in the ocean is not.
The element mercury is a metal that’s a liquid at room temperature/pressure. Liquid mercury is NOT a mineral!
![Page 7: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Definite Crystal Structure Highly ordered atomic arrangement
of atoms in regular geometric patterns
8 Tourmaline
K-spar FluoritePyrite
KyaniteFluorite
![Page 8: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Crystal Structure of Ice
![Page 9: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Definite Chemical Formula Minerals are expressed by a specific
chemical formula-Gold (Au)-Calcite (CaCO3)
-Quartz (SiO2)-Pyrite (FeS2)
![Page 10: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Composition of the Earth’s Crust
Eight Elements that make up over 98% of Earth’s Crust-Oxygen (O)-Silicon (SI)-Aluminum (Al)-Iron (Fe)-Calcium (Ca)-Sodium (Na)-Potassium (K)-Magnesium (Mg)
![Page 11: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Where Do Minerals Come From?Crystallize from magma and
lava.
Precipitate from water due to evaporation.Olive crystallizes
from mafic magma.
![Page 12: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How Are Minerals Identified? Color Luster Hardness Streak Density Crystal Shape Cleavage and Fracture Special Properties
![Page 13: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Color Usually the first and most easily
observed-Some minerals are always the same color-Some minerals can have many colors
QUARTZROSE QUARTZ SMOKY QUARTZ
![Page 14: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Luster General appearance of a mineral
surface in reflected light
Glassy-Obsidian
![Page 15: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hardness Resistance to scratching by
different items; “scratchability”
Mohs Hardness Scale>2 fingernail 3 penny ~5 Steel of a pocket knife 5.5 Window Glass6.6 Steel of a file 7 quartz crystal
![Page 18: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mohs Mineral Hardness Scale
1) Talc 2) Gypsum 3) Calcite 4) Flourite 5) Apatite 6) Feldspar 7) Quartz 8) Topaz 9)
Corundum 10) Diamond
Softest
Hardest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
![Page 19: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Streak The color of a finely powdered mineral Determined by rubbing the mineral on a
piece of unglazed porcelain (streak plate)
![Page 20: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Density The amount of matter in a given
space (Mass/Volume)
![Page 21: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Crystal Shape Minerals have a characteristic crystal
shape resulting from the atomic packing of the atoms when the mineral is forming
![Page 22: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage is the tendency of a
mineral to split or crack along parallel or flat planes
Rhombohedral cleavage forms “smushed” cubes
(calcite).
Octahedral Cleavage forms bi-pyramids (Fluorite)
One direction of cleavage = basal
cleavage (biotite mica).
![Page 23: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cleavage and Fracture Fracture occurs when a mineral
breaks at random lines instead of at consistent cleavage planes.
Conchoidal fracture is what gives quartz, obsidian, chert, and flint those super-sharp edges!
Quartz has no cleavage and instead exhibits conchoidal fracture.
![Page 24: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Special Properties Magnetism (Magnetite) Optical Properties (calcite and
ulexite) Glowing under ultraviolet light
(Fluorite) Salty taste (Halite) Smell (Sulfur) Reaction to weak acids (Calcite)
Magnetite
![Page 25: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Economic Importance of Minerals
Minerals are in many things we see and use everyday such as; bricks, glass, cement, plaster, iron, gold
![Page 26: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Every American Requires 40,000 Pounds of New Minerals
per Year at this level of consumption the average newborn
infant will need a lifetime supply of:-795 lbs of lead (car batteries, electric components)-757 lbs of zinc (to make brass, rubber, paints)-1500lbs of copper (electrical motors, wirings-3593 lbs aluminum (soda cans, aircraft)-32,700 lbs of iron (kitchen utensils, automobiles, buildings)-28,213 lbs of salt (cooking, detergents)-1,238,101 lbs of stone, sand, gravel, cement (roads, homes, etc.)
![Page 27: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rocks
![Page 28: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rocks Made of two or more different
minerals that have been: cemented togethersqueezed and heated together melted and cooled together.
![Page 29: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Types of Rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
![Page 30: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Igneous Rocks Most igneous rocks are produced
deep underground by the cooling and hardening of magma
![Page 31: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sedimentary Rocks Formed from the breaking apart of
other rocks (igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks) and the cementation, compaction and recrystallization of these broken pieces of rock
![Page 32: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fact about the Mississippi River
Did You Know?
The Mississippi River carries an average of 436,000 tons of sediment each day
It moves an average of 159,000,000 tons of sediment a year
![Page 33: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Metamorphic Rocks Formed from heat and pressure
changing the original or parent rock into a completely new rock. The parent rock can be either sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock.
![Page 34: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Rock Cycle The diagram of the rock cycle shows how
the earth's rocks are changed again and again
![Page 35: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Composition-refers to the minerals that make up the rock
Texture-shape, size, arrangement and distribution of minerals that make up the rock
![Page 36: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Composition Extrusive- Formed from lava; volcanic
Intrusive- Formed deep within the earth
Obsidian Pumice
Granite
![Page 37: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Textures Glassy
Fine-grained
Coarse-grained
PorphyriticObsidian Granite
Granite
Basalt
![Page 38: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rocks- Made of the fragments of previously existing rocks
Organic Rocks- Come from organisms
Chemical Rocks- Formed by inorganic processes such as evaporation
![Page 39: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Clastics Rocks Conglomerate
Sandstone
Mudstone
![Page 40: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Organic Rocks Limestone
Coquina Fossiliferous Limestone
![Page 41: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Chemical Rocks Limestone
![Page 42: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Metamorphic Rocks Foliated- Parallel alignment of flattened
mineral grains and pebbles Unfoliated-Rocks that are not
banded and do not break into layers
![Page 43: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Foliated
Gneisse
![Page 44: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Unfoliated
Marble
![Page 45: Rocks & Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5681650e550346895dd786ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Distribution of Rocks in the U.S.