role of amyloidosis in dementia for animals
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Role of Amyloidosis in DementiaName: Md. Fayezur
Rahaman.Roll No:16VPATHJJ04M
Reg No: 37164Department of PathologyBangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
Dementia?• Dementia is a general term for a
decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Memory loss is an example. Alzheimer's is the most common type of dementia.
Causes:• Neuron death is the main cause of dementia.• Some causes of dementia are treatable.
These include:• Head injury • Brain tumors• Infections (such as
meningitis, HIV / AIDS, or syphilis)
• Hydrocephalus • Hormonal disorders • Metabolic disorders • Hypoxia • Nutritional (i.e vitamin)
deficiencies• Drugs
Unfortunately, most disorders associated with dementia are progressive, degenerative , and irreversible. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are,
Alzheimer's disease (the progressive loss of nerve cells without known cause) and Vascular dementia (i.e. loss of brain function due to a series of small strokes).
Dementia in Wild Animals:Wild animals can show physical deterioration like arthritis, some cognitive deterioration may occur in the wild, but anything as severe as dementia or Alzheimer’s would simply not allow them to last.
Domestic Pets SusceptibleOn the other hand, domestic pets tend to live in safe environments and receive regular veterinary care. That means many cats and dogs live long enough to develop dementia.
Beta Amyloid Hypothesis:
Pathogenesis:
Missense mutation in APP, PS1, or PS2 gene
Increased Aβ42 production and accumulation
Aβ42 deposition as diffuse plaques
Microglial and astrocyte activation(Complement factors, cytokines etc)
Progressive synaptic and neuritic injury
Altered neuronal ionic homeostasis; oxidative injury
Altered kinase /phosphatase activities
Widespread neuronal dysfunction and cell death
Dementia
Signs & Symptoms:Dogs:
Cats: Yowling at random times of day
• Acting disoriented, • Walking in circles,
or• Staring into corners
or [at] the wallOther symptoms include• Aggression• Changes in sleeping patterns • loss of interest in family members• Inability to control urination or
defecation
How Can We Help Aging Pets?Although there isn’t a cure, there are ways to manage cognitive dysfunction.• We have to keep the [pet’s] brain active,
even at an older age• Teach them new tricks• Getting them outside and challenging their
brains with new environmental stimuli is very important to helping the brain not deteriorate as quickly.”
• Also, adding antioxidants to their diets can help with brain health.
Diagnostic tests:• Psychiatric assessments. • Mental status examination and
neuro psychological assessment.• Laboratory tests.• Brain imaging . * CT scan * MRI • CSF Examination
References:• Vivekanandan S, Brender JR, Lee SY, Ramamoorthy A (Jul 2011). "A partially
folded structure of amyloid-beta(1-40) in an aqueous environment". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 411 (2): 312–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.133. PMC 3148408Freely accessible. PMID 21726530.
• Nussbaum JM, Seward ME, Bloom GS (Jan–Feb 2013). "Alzheimer disease: a tale of two prions". Prion. 7 (1): 14–9. doi:10.4161/pri.22118. PMC 3609044Freely accessible. PMID 22965142.
• Pulawski W, Ghoshdastider U, Andrisano V, Filipek S (Apr 2012). "Ubiquitous amyloids". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 166 (7): 1626–43. doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9549-3. PMC 3324686Freely accessible. PMID 22350870.
• Tharp WG, Sarkar IN (April 2013). "Origins of amyloid-β". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-290. PMID 23627794.
• Hiltunen M, van Groen T, Jolkkonen J (2009). "Functional roles of amyloid-beta protein precursor and amyloid-beta peptides: evidence from experimental studies". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 18 (2): 401–12. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-1154. PMID 19584429.
• Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Farhoudi M, EJ Golzari S, Sabermarouf B, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Beta-amyloid exhibits antagonistic effects on alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in orchestrated manner". Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas. 8: 48–52.