Academic Journal of Entomology 7 (1): 07-16, 2014ISSN 1995-8994© IDOSI Publications, 2014DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2014.7.1.82289

Corresponding Author: K. Jothimani, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, India.

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Role of Butterflies as Pollinators in Maruthamalai Hills of Southern Western Ghats

K. Jothimani, V.S. Ramachandran and A. Rajendran

Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, India

Abstract: The present study was carried out in Maruthamalai Hills of Southern Western Ghats duringSeptember 2012- February 2013, to study the role of butterflies as pollinators and floral attributes whichinfluence nectar feeding butterflies. During the study period, 27 species of butterflies were collected as flowervisitors on 36 species of flowering plants. Among the life habits, the herbs are the dominant species (19),followed by shrubs (7), trees (6) and under-shrubs (4). Out of 27 butterfly species, 12 species belong to thefamily Nymphalidae, 7 species belong to the family Pieridae, 5 species belong to the family Lycaenidae and 3species belong to the family Papilionidae. The following butterfly species, Junonia orithiya L. Melanitis ledaL. and Acytolepis puspa Hors. shows mud-puddling behaviour. A very little information is available on butterflyspecies and their nectar host plant relationships. The present study is an essential factor for pollination processand provides preliminary information on the relationship between plants and butterflies. It is suggested thatan adequate care should be taken to conserve both flora and fauna for the sustainable utilization of ourbioresources.

Key words: Flora Flower visitors Pollination process Eco-econo-benefits Human society

INTRODUCTION particularly at risk notably of medicinal importance [4].

India, being a vast country with wide contrasts in suffering reduced regeneration from seeds as a result ofphysical features, climate and vegetation, possesses one Pollinator scarcity [5]. Study on pollination ofof the richest and most varied flora and fauna in the world. threatened and economically important species wouldThere are approximately 45,000 plant species of which be valuable to conserve the concerned species.about 20,000 species are flowering plants. The Western Careful observation of flowers and flower visitors canGhats is an area of exceptional biological diversity and yield information on the role of visits in pollination.conservation interest and are “one of the major tropical Insects are excellent organisms for community andevergreen forest regions in India” [1]. This region shows ecosystem studies as they occupy many niches andhigh species diversity as well as high levels of endemism. tropics levels [6, 7].Though the ideal climatic conditions prevailing in this A significant majority of insects have strongregion, their populations is rapidly declining due to interactions with plants and other biotic components ofvarious factors such as habitat degradation, any ecosystem [8, 9]. Whenever, insect species evolvedfragmentation of populations, lack of specific pollinating to exploit a new source of food, they became a resourceagents, poor fruit set, improper seed dispersal, other for parasite, parasitoid or predator species than mightreproductive problems etc [2]. have coevolved to exploit it [10]. Organisms that visit

The global concern about the deforestation and flowers for nectar or pollen may or may not pollinate thedegradation of ecological communities makes a plant species. Butterflies are monitored to indicate climaticsubject of Plant-Animal interactions. Much recent change and environmental degradation. Some ecologicalattention has focused on the importance of pollinators, factors such as temperature, availability of food andespecially insects, in the production of food crops for suitability of habitat have an impact on the lifespan of anhuman consumption [3]. Certain groups of plants are adult butterfly.

An estimated 62% of all flowering plants may be

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Butterflies (Lepidoptera) are very important group of plants and insects (Family, species level analysis) and toinsects because they take part in the key stone ecological access the relationship between insects and plants basedprocess of pollination [11]. There are about 18,000 species on colour and size of the flower.of butterflies in the world. India has 1,501 species, ofwhich 321 are Skippers, 107 Swallowtails, 109 Whites and MATERIALS AND METHODSYellows, 521 Brush-footed butterflies and 443 Blues [12].Butterfly migrations are known to take place mainly due to Angiosperm Plants Recorded During the Study Period:day length, rainfall, temperature changes or shortage of The present investigation was undertaken with a view tofood plants. Monitoring the butterflies has proven useful list out the plant-Insect interaction in Coimbatore district,in the evaluation of terrestrial landscape for biological Tamilnadu. Intensive field visits were undertaken inresource conservation. Maruthamalai Hills during the study period, at twice in a

The butterflies are the best indicator of these day. The entire area is covered at different seasons duringchanges and can be used as surrogate to assess the the year 2012 (September) - 2013 (February). The plantsconservation threat to the biodiversity. It is hence collected were given with field numbers, identified withencouraging that butterflies are now being included in the help of Flora of the Presidency of Madras [15], Florabiodiversity studies and biodiversity conservation of Tamilnadu Carnatic [16], Flora of Tamilnadu (Analysis)prioritization programmes. Many of butterfly species are [17, 18], Flora of Coimbatore [19] and comparingstrictly seasonal and prefer only a particular set of authenticated specimens available in the Madrashabitats [13] and they are good indicators in terms of Herbarium, Botanical survey of India (BSI), Southernanthropogenic disturbance and habitat quality [14]. circle, Coimbatore. A few of the listed plants along withBeing good indicators of climatic conditions as well as insects were photographed in colour and incorporated inseasonal and ecological changes they can serve in the appropriate plates. The species were arrangedformulating strategies for conservation. Hence the present according to Bentham and Hooker’s system ofstudy is an attempt to analyze the interaction between Classification. Brief taxonomic descriptions are provided

Fig. 1: Study area map

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Fig. 2: Interaction of butterflies with respect to differentflower colour

based on the critical observation made in the field.Herbarium specimens have been deposited in theHerbarium of the Department of Botany, BharathiarUniversity (BUH).

Insect Diversity Study: Present studies were conductedregarding different flowering plants visited by butterflies,their foraging activity and abundance at differentlocations. The key characters used for identification werecolour pattern, wing span, mode of flight etc. during thestudy, flight patterns, activity patterns and behaviourswere also noted. Observations were made between 9 a.m.to 5 p.m. These observation were made for a period of 6months from September (2012) to February (2013).All observations were made on clear, warm (20°-27°C)days, when winds were calm. In addition to this thephotographic documentation is also used. The insectswere identified by using various field guides and otheravailable literatures [20-23]. Species classification andscientific names are as per Isaac Kehimkar.

Study Area: The study area Maruthamalai Hills consistsof an environment of moist dry deciduous type of forestat an altitude of 426.72m above MSL, 11.04’E 07 longitudeand 76.93’N latitude. The area has a predominant red,black soil types impregnated with organic matter, granite,bed rock is overlaid with shallow, sandy loam and glacialsoils are moderate to well drained. The maximum andminimum temperature of this area varies from 41°c and16°c respectively. The temperature in a year is varyingbetween 17°C and 38°C and annual rainfall is around

450 mm. Although this rainfall is not enough to sustainthe needs of the city for the year, small rivers like Siruvaniand Atthikadavu which fulfill the city’s water needs.(Fig. 1).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 27 butterfly individuals were recorded on36 plant species. The community of butterflies wascomposed of 27 species of butterfly, 12 species ofbutterflies belong to the family Nymphalidae, 7 speciesbelong to the family Pieridae, 5 species belong to thefamily Lycaenidae and 3 species belong to the familyPapilionidae (Table 1) (Fig. 3-6). Among 27 species ofbutterflies, three species such as Junonia orithiyaLinnaeus, Melanitis leda Linnaeus and Acytolepis puspaHorsfield shows this mud puddling behaviour.The butterfly species recorded in this study have alreadybeen reported from different regions of India and toprovinces of Pakistan [24, 25].

Among the 36 plants studied 19 plant species foundto be herbaceous, 4 species comes in the category ofunder shrubs, 7 plant species were found to be shrubsand 6 plant species are trees. Composition of herbaceousplant species in an ecosystem may bring an importance onbutterfly species richness and vegetation types cancontribute disproportionately high numbers of butterflyspecies compared to dominant vegetation type of thesingle species of plant [26]. Woody plant species richnessmay not good predictor for butterfly species richness [27].During the study flowering plant-butterfly interaction ismore frequent in January to March and graduallydecreased until November to December. Sajjad et al. [28]also observed that the abundance and richness ofbutterflies and flowering plants sharply increased fromJanuary to March and then gradually decreased untilDecember. The variation in abundance and richness ofbutterflies followed the variation in the availability offloral resources and exhibited a positive relationship withtemperature and negative relationship with relativehumidity.

Among 36 plants, the Asteraceae (4-species) was themost specious family followed by Euphorbiaceae,Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae (3-species each), Malvaceae,Fabaceae and Boraginaceae (2-species each) familiesduring the study period which may be due to theavailability of host plant. Thakur and Mattu [29] alsoobserved that the family Asteraceae is the most attractedby different butterfly species.

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Table 1: List of butterflies and larval food plants recorded from the study area.

Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Larval Food Plant

Papilionidae

1.Common rose Atrophaneura aristolochiae Fabricius Rare Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.

2.Crimson rose Atrophaneura hector Linnaeus Common Mangifera indica L. Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav.Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spreng. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

3.Common mormon Papilio polytes Linnaeus Very rare Parthenium hysterophorus L.

PIERIDAE

4.Pioneer Belenois aurota Fabricius Rare Tridax procumbens L.

.Common emigrant Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Rare Tribulus terrestris L. Hamelia patens Jacq.

6.Mottled emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Common Crotalaria verrucosa L. Tridax procumbens L.Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Duranta erecta L.

7.Common gull Cepora nerissa Fabricius Common Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins. Tridax procumbens L.

8.Common jezebel Delias eucharis Drury Rare Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.

9.Common grass yellow Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl.Tridax procumbens L.

10.Chocolate grass yellow Eurema sari Horsfield Rare Acalypha indica L.

LYCAENIDAE

11.Common hedge blue Acytolepis puspa Horsfield Very rare Mudpuddling

12.Common pierrot Castalius rosimon Fabricius Rare Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

13.Forget-Me-Not Catochrysops strabo Fabricius Rare Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

14.Grass jewel Freyeria trochylus Freyer Rare Tridax procumbens L.

15.Pea blue Lampides boeticus Linnaeus Common Corchorus trilocularis L. Crotalaria verrucosa L.Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.

NYMPHALIDAE

16.Tawny coster Acraea violae Fabricius Very common Tridax procumbens L. Stachytarpheta jamaicensisL. Vahl. Turnera subulata J. E. Sm. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem.Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke. Boerhavia diffusa L.Parthenium hysterophorus L. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Tribulus terrestris L.

17.Angled castor Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus Rare Trichodesma zeylanica (Burm.f.) R. Br.

18.Plain tiger Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus Very common Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.Tridax procumbens L.Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl.Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spreng. Waltheria Indica L.Justicia tranquebariensis L.f. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.Hamelia patens Jacq.Tribulus terrestris L.

19.Common crow Euploea core Cramer Rare Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.

20.Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus Common Tridax procumbens L. Chromolaena odorata (L.)King and Robins. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.Morinda pubescens Smith.

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Table 1: ContinueCommon Name Scientific Name Abundance Larval Food Plant21.Yellow pansy Junonia hierta Fabricius Common Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.Tridax procumbens L. Tribulus terrestris L.

22.Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias Linnaeus Common Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.Tridax procumbens L. Parthenium hysterophorus L.Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Tribulus terrestris L.

23.Blue pansy Junonia orithiya Linnaeus Very rare Mudpuddling24.Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Linnaeus Very rare Mudpuddling25.Blue tiger Tirumala limniace Cramer Common Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robins.26.White four ring Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson Common Tridax procumbens L. Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.27.Large three ring Ypthima nareda Kollar Rare Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Fig. 3: Foraging activity of pollinators in plants of the studt.

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Fig. 4: Foraging activity of pollinators in plants of the studt.

Fig. 5: Foraging activity of pollinators in plants of the studt.

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Fig. 6: Foraging activity of pollinators in plants of the studt.

Hamelia patens, Hedyotis corymbosa, Crotalaria The present study observed that the colour of theverrucosa, Leucas aspera, Lantana camara, Murraya flower is an important factor for plant-butterfly interaction.koenigii, Tephrosia purpurea, Justicia tranquebariensis, Among 27-butterfly varieties, maximum number ofVernonia cinerea, Gomphrena celosoides, Heteropogon butterfly visited cream colour (14-varieties) followed bycontortus, Corchorus trilocularis, Mangifera indica, White colour (10-varieties) and Bluish-mauve (8-varieties).Pithecellobium dulce, Ziziphus mauritiana, Boerhavia Orange-red, Whitish pink, Blackish brown, Bluish white,diffusa, Trichodesma zeylanica, waltheria indica, Green, Greenish yellow, Pale-yellow, Pinkish-purple andphyllanthus maderaspatensis, Tecoma stans, Turnera Purplish white visited by only one or two butterflysubulata, Morinda pubescens, Acalypha indica, varieties only (Fig. 2). Azadirachta indica, Duranta erecta, Pavonia zeylanica and Leppik [32] reported that the foragers shouldTrichodesma indicum were visited by minimum number of recognize the appearance of the flowers not just by theirbutterflies. colours or by odour alone but by all essential

Tridax procumbens was the most preferred plant characteristics of flowers such as size, colour, number ofspecies. It has a tubular flower (tube length 10-15 mm) and flower parts, symmetry and odour. The present study alsosuch flowers exhibited typical butterfly pollination observed that the butterflies are attracted to the flowersyndromes [30]. Floral preference in pollinators may vary initially based on their attractive colour. After that onlyfrom species to species. Most of the species are highly they realized the presence or absence of nectar in theirgeneralized while a few of them are highly specialized respective flowers. This was supported by some of thefeeders [31]. earlier workers [33].

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Dave Goulson [34] found that no relationship drawn from 34 genera belongs to 24 families. 27 species ofbetween size and visitation. A majority of studies have butterflies were found belongs to 4 families viz.found that insect foragers exhibit higher rates of visitation Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae. 17 flowerto larger flowers [35-42]. Flower size is correlated with colours were found in 36 production of pollen or nectar [43-46]. It has been shown plants. Cream colour flower was found common and thethat butterflies remember and associate certain stimuli like flower size ranges from 3mm to 130mm. Most of thethe preferred taste of nectar with the shape and colour of butterfly species visited cream colour flower. It is foundthe flowers and then choose flowers of similar features that plant-insect interaction is influenced by various[47, 48]. factors like flower colour, size of the flower, presence of a

The Nymphalidae (12-species) was the most specious nectar secretion cells etc. family in the study area, which accounted for around 44% The present study mainly focalized on plant-insectof the species richness and the abundance species interaction and how it affects pollen biology and plantrichness more in Nymphalidae (12), Pieridae (7), breeding. Due to lack of suitable management,Lycaenidae (5) and Papilionidae (3) families during the unsustainable utilization of natural resources,study period which may be due to the availability of host deforestation and urbanization, uncontrolled use ofplants. The different butterfly families are found in pesticides and in-organic manures, environmentaldifferent food and feeding association with the plant pollution may adversely affect the existence of bothspecies. But the Nymphalidae are associated with fruits insects and floral diversity of the area. The knowledge ofand feeding on even human droopings. Availability and pollination biology is a pre-requisite in a plant breedingdominance of flowering wild plants are influence on the and for obtaining better yield of plants. It is concludedbutterfly number richness. that, the plant-insect interaction is an essential factor for

Butterflies have evidential capabilities to recognize pollination process and better yield in both wild andthe plant source of food. For the reason, it is important to crop plants. So an adequate care should be taken tonote that each of the vegetation type can make unique conserve both flora and fauna of our nature for futurecontribution to the measured butterfly diversity and the generation.butterflies for the plant diversity [49, 50].

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