role of disaster governance in disaster risk...
TRANSCRIPT
Role of Disaster Governance in Disaster Risk Management
Abu-hena Mostofa Kamal1
Lecturer (Sociology)
Department of Humanities
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
Mohammed Moniruzzaman Khan2 Associate Professor
Department of Sociology, Jagannath University, Dhaka [email protected] 1
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Introduction and Background
Geographical location has made Bangladesh as one of the most climatic vulnerable countries of the world.
The mighty river system and their nearly unpredictable courses, soil conditions, the agriculture industry and livelihoods of millions of people depend extensively on the locational context.
The more alarming fact is that we are very near to three tectonic plates; any movement of these plates and their adjacent faults can generate catastrophic situations.
The history of a hundred years and the recent experiences from the occurrences in regional countries lead us to believe that we are very vulnerable to seismological events, particularly earthquakes.
Natural Disaster: Overview
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Year No. of Natural Disasters
2015 376
2005-2014 380(Avg.)
Year Death toll caused by natural disasters
2015 22,765
2005-2014 76,416(Avg.)
Year Economic damage(US$ billion)
2015 70.3
2005-2014 159.7(Avg.)
Source: Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2015: The Numbers and Trends; https://reliefweb.int/report/world/annual-disaster-statistical-review-2016-numbers-and-trends
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Natural Disaster and Bangladesh
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Overview:1980-2010
Natural Disaster Occurrence Top 10 Natural Disasters
3
7
19
27
68
2
108
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Drought
Earthquake
Exm. Temp
Epedemic
Flood
Mass Mov.Wet
Storm
Occurences
Disaster Year No. of Affected people
Flood 1988 45,000,000
Flood 2004 36,000,000
Flood 1984 30,000,000
Flood 1987 29,700,000
Drought 1983 20,000,000
Storm 1991 15,438,849
Flood 1998 15,000,050
Flood 2007 13,771,380
Flood 1995 12,656,006
Flood 1993 11,469,537
Cyclone SIDR
2007 8,923,259(2,064,026)
Cyclone Aila
2009 545,954(118,757 families)
Source: www.prevention.web.net; Unnayan Annyasan; http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/
Statement of the Problem
• Bangladesh is one of the first line victims of ongoing and upcoming threats of climate change due to its geographical location, poverty and higher dependence on climate sensitive sectors (e.g. agriculture).
• 28% of the total population who live in coastal areas are in the risk of absolute increasing level of climate change and disasters.
• GO and NGO initiatives in risk management and Weak institutional framework and vulnerability of the people of coastal region (Azam, 2009).
• Socio-economic consequences of cyclone Aila (e.g. food crisis, drinking water crisis, diseases etc)
To reduce vulnerabilities and ensure effective disaster governance institutional responses are needed to be addressed.
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Sociological significance of the Study
• Achievement of Bangladesh in disaster management (CDMP, FFWC, CMS)
• Increasing rate of global warming and its severe impact on weather pattern(increase in temperature and rainfall averages, more frequent and intense monsoons and cyclones, drought, salt water intrusion in inland areas, riverbank erosion etc.)
• Emerging need to address vulnerabilities to climate change through disaster governance (viz-adaptation efforts, complementing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the rate and magnitude of climate change)
• Governance is becoming more important as it involves the structures and institutions that determine the amount and quality of social protection people have access to
• Lack of disaster governance will increases people’s day-to-day vulnerability.
• A detailed understanding of local politics, power relations and resources are required to ensure that international funds and policy frameworks are accessed by the most vulnerable groups.
In these regard this study is sociologically important to seek the strength and weakness of the disaster governance system in the coastal areas.
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Conceptualizing Disaster Governance
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Objectives of the study
Broad objective
To explore the efficacy of the existing disaster governance system is in the coastal communities to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the disaster prone people of the coastal area.
Specific objectives
o To know the pattern and frequency of the disaster and techniques of responses of the community.
o To understand the role of GOs in disaster governance in local areas.
o To understand the role of NGOs in disaster governance in the study area.
o To evaluate the effectiveness of the GOs and NGOs activities in disaster risk reduction.
o To find out the gender role differences in disaster management.
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Hypotheses of the Study
The higher the rate of experiencing disaster, the higher is the capability of
diminishing disaster caused vulnerability.
Disaster affects both women and men but the burden of disaster coping
falls heavily on women.
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Methodology of the Study
Mixed method
Data collection procedure Quantitative
oSemi-structured questionnaire survey (111)
Qualitative oIn-depth Interview (10)
oKey Informant Interview (10) oFocus Group Discussion (5)
Sampling procedure
o Purposive Data Analysis
Quantitative oSPSS version 17
Qualitative o Developed a coding system
manually and reviewed data to identify common research themes and concepts, and summarized the coded data according to the study
objectives.
• Study area:
No. of Village: 06
Union : 02 (Mohesripur and North Betkasi)
Sub-districts: Koyra
District: Khulna
Age group: 15-80 year
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Findings and Discussion
Table: Impact of Cyclone Aila
Response N %
Damage of agri. crops 95 85.6
Damage of dwelling place 82 73.8
Death of livestock 58 52.2
Psychological problem 56 50.4
Death of family members 48 43.2
Physical injury 45 40.54
Occupational predicament 32 28.9
(*n=111*More than one response counted)
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Findings and Discussion
Initiatives
Responses
N %
Early warning dissemination 102 91.9
Emergency rescue 99 89.2
Training 95 85.6
Relief 61 55.0
Post disaster reconstruction 53 47.7
Others 8 7.2
(*n=111*More than one response counted)
Table: CBDM initiatives in the study area
Recommendations
Responses
N %
Increase collaboration with organization
103 92.8
Increase community engagement 82 73.9
Increase GO and NGO patronization 70 63.1
Strong administrative structure 62 55.9
Advance training 62 55.9
Provide modern equipments 58 52.3
Financial arrangement 46 41.4
Table: Recommendations to Improve DBDRM
(*n=111*More than one response counted)
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Findings and Discussion
Initiatives
Responses
N %
Early warning dissemination 111 100
Emergency rescue 94 84.7
Training 78 70.3
Relief 76 68.5
Sheltering 61 55.0
Post disaster reconstruction 44 39.6
Others 4 3.6
Table: GOs initiatives in the study area
(*n=111*More than one response counted)
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Findings and Discussion
Table: Malpractice in GO Relief distribution program
Findings and Discussion
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Initiatives
Responses
N %
Awareness building 111 100
Medicare 101 91.0
Provides clothes 72 83.8
Structural reconstruction 65 64.9
Sheltering 42 58.6
Early warning 36 37.8
Emergency rescue 28 32.4
Others 3 11.0
Table: NGOs initiatives in the study area
Table: Satisfaction about NGO measures (*n=111*More than one response counted)
Findings and Discussion
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Nature of participation N %
Structural reconstruction 94 100
Awareness building 78 83.0
Nursing injured people 65 69.1
Emergency rescue 61 64.9
Others 3 3.10
(*n=94*More than one response counted)
Table: Women’s participation in Disaster Governance
X2=10.042; df=2; Phi=.233; p= .000***
Table: Women’s Responses after Early Warning
Hypothesis Tests
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Table :The higher the rate of experiencing disaster, the higher is the capability of diminishing disaster caused vulnerability.
Χ² = 17.41, df= 6, V=0.396, p= .001**
Table : Disaster affects both women and men but the burden of disaster coping falls heavily on women.
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Root Causes Service availability Risk exposure
-Lack of knowledge, mobilization & resources -Politicization -Inadequate relief management
Limited access to -Food & water - Shelter -Medical services - GO & NGO relief - Early warning
-Hygiene practices -SRH problem -Domestic violence -Insecurity in shelter center -Migration of male members
Engendering disaster: -Exposure to risk -Risk perception -Preparedness -Physical impact -Psychological impact -Reconstruction & recovery
Nature of Vulnerability -Emergency communication -Decision making -Dual work burden -Income disparity
Vulnerable Society: Special groups: older women, women with disabilities, pregnant and nursing women, and those with small children
Conclusion and Recommendations
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Successful operations of GOs, NGOs and Community based organizations have reduced disaster risk and vulnerabilities of the study area. Although GOs are working in collaboration with NGOs and community people but GO initiatives required intensive monitoring and supervision to avoid politicization, nepotism. NGO measures seem to be more adequate compared to GOs but engaging community people is recommended. Findings indicates less domination of gender identity during disaster but women’s participation in decision making processes requires further consideration More research is needed in this nascent field of study on factors that contribute to effective governance and on other topics, such as the extent to which governance approaches contribute to long-term sustainability
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• Limitations:
• -Self-reported data
• -Recall bias
• -Socio-Religious stigma
• Acknowledgement
• -Participants
• -Hon’ble supervisor Mohammed Moniruzzaman Khan
• -Department of Sociology, Jagannath University
• -Field assistants
Final Words
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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Accountability, resource availability, selection of target groups, and prioritizing of activities have to be ensured.
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