role of gas during explosive cladding

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31-10-13 TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory Delft University of Technology Role of Gas During Explosive la!!ing I.M. Richardson E.P. Carton Y. van der Drift H. van der Linde 

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Page 1: Role of Gas During Explosive Cladding

7/27/2019 Role of Gas During Explosive Cladding

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31-10-13

TNO Prins MauritsLaboratoryDelft University ofTechnology

Role of Gas DuringExplosive la!!ing

I.M. Richardson

E.P. Carton

Y. van der Drift 

H. van der Linde 

Page 2: Role of Gas During Explosive Cladding

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

Outline

• "ntro!uction

• Mo!el of #eat Transfer

• Mo!el Pre!ictions

• Experi$ental Observations

• Te$perature Measure$ents

• onclusions

"ntro!uction

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

%asics& Operation

explosive

gap

b' During

detonato

r

Mediumexplosive

 eta' %efore

c' En!

"ntro!uction

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

 !1, "1  !0, "0

%asics& Effect of GaseousMe!iu$

• (lyer plate generates a shoc) *ave• The co$presse! gas *ill have a higher

te$perature

  Ther$al effects + #eat transfer to the plate

  Mechanical effects + Possible gap variation

"ntro!uction

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

 #eat Transfer Mo!el

• Gas te$perature

• "nteraction ti$e of the

gas *ith the $etal

• #eat flux fro$ the gas

into the $etal&

• onservation ofEnergy&

)( interfacegas   T T hq   −=      D      i     s      t     a     n     c     e

gas

plate

temperature

 !gas

 !plate

#eat Transfer

T t 

T C  p

2∇=

∂κ  ρ 

Page 6: Role of Gas During Explosive Cladding

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

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 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

• (or an i!eal gas

1

11

0

00   ,

a

u M 

a

u M    ==

 ρ γ   P 

a   =2

)1()1(1

212

0

2

02

1

1 −− −+=γ  γ  

γ   M 

 M  M 

M # Mach $o%ux # &elocit'

ax # (peed of sound" # "ressureρ  # Densit'γ   # )dia*atic constantσ  # 1st "ressurecoefficient

 ! # !emperature

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 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

M # Mach $o%ux # &elocit'

ax # (peed of sound" # "ressureρ  # Densit'γ   # )dia*atic constantσ  # 1st "ressurecoefficient

 ! # !emperature

σ 01   P  P  =

1)-(M1

2+1   2

1+=

γ  

γ  σ 

02

1

2

1   T1)M(

)1)M-(+(2T   1

+=

γ  

γ  σ 

o ρ γ  

γ   ρ 

2

1

2

11

1)M-(2

1)M(

+

+=

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• The length of the heate! gas region s is

  *here uc is the collision point velocity an! us the shoc) front velocity

 Gas Metal "nteraction

#eat Transfer

   

  

 =

 su x s   cu-1

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12

400

800

1200

1600 Air vd = 3 x 103 m !1

0.01 "ar 

0.1 "ar 

0.5 "ar 

1 "ar 

   T  #  m  $  #  r  a   %  &

  r  #   (   K   )

'#$% (mm)

Mo!el

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

Mo!el

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

000

500

0 0!02 0!04 0!06 0!0" 0!1 0!12 0!14 0!16 0!1" 0!2

Depth (mm)

   T  e  m  p  e  r  a   t  u  r  e   (   K   )

#tain$ess #tee$Titanium

%o&&er 

Titanium 'eta-21s

($uminium

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12

400

600

800

1000

= 105 a

 Argon 3 km !1

 Air

2.0 km !1 

 Air

2.5 km !1

 Air 2.8 km !1

   T  #  m  $  #  r  a   %  &  r  #   (   K   )

'#$% (mm)

Mo!el

#i h - ! -t )

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#igh,-pee! -trea) a$era"$age

Observations

Th l Eff t !

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Ther$al Effects an!Microstructure

• Ti(e an! Ti(e. 

inter$etallics in a

Ti/(e cla!!ing

• Effect of the

para$eters&

pressure an! type

of gas

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

T t M t

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Te$perature Measure$ent&-tatic,$etho!

• "nterrupte! cla!!ing process• Measure time averaged temperature of a metal

foil heated *' shoc+ed gas

• se calorimetric principles to determine heat

transferred from the gas to the metal

#x$*oi#+ 

"ov#n$*aa%

o*,m##r 

-%a*#n %ri$

ond#r$*aa%

x$*oiv#

/*,#r $*a%#

o*,m#r 

Tin o$$#r +oi* Anvi**

a#

Te$perature

T t M t

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Te$perature Measure$ent&-tatic,$etho!

• Experi$ental result on u,

foil

Te$perature

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

-10.0

-20.0

Time (s)

   T  e  m  p  e  r  a   t  u  r  e    (

   °   C   )

Te$perature Measure$ent&

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Te$perature Measure$ent&Dyna$ic,$etho!

• Thin ther$ocouple *ires• eat up fairl' homogeneousl' in thic+ness .d/

0 micron

Te$perature

Te$perature Measure$ent&

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Te$perature Measure$ent&Dyna$ic,$etho!

"reliminar' result2

Te$perature

Time (μs)

   V  o   l   t  a  g  e    (

  m   V

-t'pe2 ! 4 1506C

ud 7 3 +m s-1

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onclusions

Ther$al effects&

• -i$ple $o!el sho*s

• Reduced surface temperature 8ith reduced gas pressure

• Reduced surface temperature 8ith monatomic gas

• Reduced surface temperature and increased thermal

penetration 8ith increased .metal thermal conductivit'

• Experi$ents in!icate

• 9as in the gap emits visi*le radiation during cladding

• :ntermetallic formation is consistent 8ith model predictions• Callorimetric .static and thin 8ire thermocouple .d'namic

temperature measurements can provide an indication of metal

surface temperatures%

onclusions