role of gene expression: activation of a gene that results in a protein cells do not need to...
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CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
ROLE OF GENE EXPRESSION: Activation of a gene that results in
a protein Cells DO NOT need to produce
proteins for every code.
GENOME: Complete genetic material of an
individual Cells can regulate what genes get
expressed.
GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTESLac Operon: Control system that regulates the production of
enzymes to break down lactose.
3 Regulatory Elements Control the Expression
1. Structural Genes:
Genes that code for proteins
2. Promoter:
Recognizes RNA Polymerase and promotes transcription
3. Operator:
Binding site for inhibitory protein that blocks transcription.
LAC OPERONCollection of 3 types of genes working
together
Genes for lactose utilization were expressed only when lactose is present
2 Forms of Control:1. REPRESSION2. ACTIVATION
Repression: Repressor attaches to the
operator when lactose is absent
Blocks RNA Polymerase from binding to structural genes
Activation: Lactose binds to the repressor
and removes it RNA Polymerase transcribes
the gene Lactose acts as an INDUCER
A molecule that initiates gene expression
GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES
Much larger and more complex than in prokaryotes
DNA is located on several chromosomes Control is at the individual chromosome
level Related to coiling and uncoiling of DNA
EUCHROMATIN: Relaxed state of DNA when transcription
is possible
TWO TYPES OF GENES IN EUKARYOTES
Introns:Non-coding for proteins
Exons:Genes that when expressed code for PROTEIN
CONTROL AFTER TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription produces Pre-mRNAContains introns and exons
mRNA is formed when INTRONS are removed and EXONS are spliced together.
ENHANCER CONTROLNon-coding control sequences
that facilitate transcription
Transcription Factors:Bind to Enhancers and RNA
Polymerase and regulate transcription
Activation Enhancers:Have been studied in the
expression of the gene controlling the production of estrogen.
GENE EXPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT
Cell Differentiation: Development of cells with specific functions.
Morphogenesis: Development of form
HOMEOTIC GENES: Regulatory genes that determine
where anatomical structures will develop during MORPHOGENESIS
HOMEOTIC GENES: Master genes of
development Determine the overall
body organization
HOMEOBOX: Specific DNA sequence
that regulates patterns of development
Mutations of these genes may have devastating impacts
CANCER Tumor:
Abnormal proliferation of cells that result from uncontrolled, abnormal cell division.
Benign:Cells remain within a mass. Generally pose no
threat to life.
Exception: If the mass grows large enough that is compresses against vital organs.
Examples: Fibroid Cysts, warts
Most benign tumors can be surgically removed.
MALIGNANT TUMORSKNOWN AS CANCER Uncontrolled dividing cells invade and
destroy healthy tissues elsewhere in the body
METASTASIS: The spreading of cancer cells beyond their original site
Cancer cells break away from the malignant tumor and spread to other body parts where they begin to form new tumors.
KINDS OF CANCER: Tumors are classified
by the types of tissues they affect
Link to national cancer institute
CARCINOMAS: Grow in the skin
and the cells that line the organs of the body.
Examples: Lung cancer and breast cancer breast cancer
TYPES OF CANCER:Sarcoma: Cancer that grows in the bone and
muscle tissues
Lymphomas: Solid tumors that grow in the tissues that
form blood cells May cause LEUKEMIA –
The uncontrolled production of white blood cells
It usually takes several years for cancer to develop, but it may be accelerated in vital organs like the pancreas or liver
CANCER AND THE CELL CYCLEIn normal cells, the frequency of cell division is controlled by
several factors:
1. Adequate nutrition2. Must be attached to another cell, membrane or fibers
3. NOT ALL CELLS ARE DESTINED TO DIVIDE (Neurons)
4. Normal cells stop dividing when it becomes too crowded
5. Normal cells will only divide 20-50 times before they die:
Apoptosis – programmed cell death
HOW CANCER CELLS DIFFER FROM NORMAL CELLS:
1. Loss of DENSITY DEPENDENT INHIBITION: Cells continue to grow even when they are
densely packed together
2. Continue to grow when they become unattached to other cells
3. Block apoptosis: don’t allow natural cell suicide
4. Angiogenesis: Cancer cells can stimulate the formation of
new blood vessels to supply the growing tumor
CAUSES OF CANCER
Normal cells use genes that code for GROWTH FACTORS that control the process of cell division.
Mutations of the genes that code for the growth factors lead to cancer
1. May occur due to a SPONTANEOUS MUTATION
2. Most likely they occur due to an exposure to CARCINOGENS.
CARCINOGENS: Any substance that increases the risk of
cancer with exposure.
EXAMPLES: Tobacco (90% of all lung cancers), Asbestos Ionizing Radiation (X-rays or UV light)
MUTAGEN: (most carcinogens are also mutagens)
Agents that cause mutations to occur
WHAT DETERMINES WHO DEVELOPS CANCER?Depends on many factors:1. Family history (some families have higher than
normal rates of cancer)
2. The number of exposures to the carcinogen
3. The amount of carcinogen in each exposure
4. Usually more than one mutation is needed to cause cancer.
5. Risk of cancer increases with age due to more exposures throughout a lifetime.
ONCOGENESGene that causes cancer or other
uncontrolled cell proliferation Begin as normal PROTO-ONCOGENES –
Controls a cells growth and differentiation. Code for proteins that regulate the rate of
the cell lifecycle An error causes the rate of cell division to
increase
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
Code for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell division.
When they mutate they do not get expressed properly and lead to a predisposition to cancer