role of nutrition and metabolism on fertility in dairy cows matt lucy f21c animal reproductive...
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Role of nutrition and metabolism on fertility in dairy cows
Matt LucyF21C Animal Reproductive Biology
Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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Lactose (milk sugar)
A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose
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Lactose (milk sugar)
Two molecules of glucose are used in the production of one molecule of
lactose
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Ever-Green-View My 1326-ET Waldo, Wisconsin USA February 2010
32,805 kg of milk* 1,267 kg fat974 kg protein365 d lactation
*3-times average US cow in 2010
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How much glucose per day?72 g of glucose to produce 1 kg milk100 kg milk per day7.2 kg glucose per day
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Glucose synthesisHealthy later lactation or dry cow
Drackley (1999) J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259-2273.
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Glucose supply and demand: Prepartum and early lactation
Overton (2001) Proceedings of the Western Canadian Dairy Seminar
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Glucose synthesisCow in negative energy balance
Drackley (1999) J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259-2273.
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Bovine embryonic and fetal development depends on glucose
Photo courtesy of The Drost Project (University of Florida)
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The Warburg EffectMetabolic Requirements for Cell Growth
Vander Heiden et al. (2009) Science 324:1029-1033
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Plasma GH concentrations in postpartum dairy cows
0
5
10
15
20
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Days Relative to ParturitionP
lasm
a G
H (
ng
/ml)
Kobayashi et al. (1999) Endocrinology 140:3947-3954.
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GH, GHR, IGF1, and insulin in Postpartum Cows
GH
IGF1
Liver
HypothalamusPituitary
GHR
Stimulatory actionInhibitory action
Nutrient PartitioningMilk Production
Insulin
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Journal of General Physiology (1931)
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GH/Insulin Antagonism
Insulin
GH
IGF-I
GlucoseNEFA
GHR
IR
Mammary
Liver
Pancreas
Adipose
HypothalamusPituitary
IR
GHR
Glucose
Stimulatory actionInhibitory action
Lucy 2004 (NZSAP Proceedings)
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75th Annual Hoard’s Dairyman Cow Judging Contest
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Glucosesupply
Glucosesupply
Insulin
GH
IGF-I
GH/Insulin antagonism during lactation
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Dexcel Strain TrialHamilton, New Zealand 2001-2003
• Three strains– NA90– NZ90– NZ70
• Two different feeding levels– Low– High
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Milk energy production and body condition score 2003 Strain Trial Cows
Lucy et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci. 92:526-539.
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Dexcel Strain TrialHamilton, New Zealand 2001-2003
Lucy et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci. 92:526-539.
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Theoretical model of milk production, energy balance, and body condition score
Lucy (2009) Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference
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Liver
Uterus
Ovary
GH
IGF1
Adipose
Glucose
NEFA
Insulin
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Embryonic loss for heifers and cows
Santos et al. (2004)
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Methods• Pregnant Holstein dairy heifers (n = 43) were
randomly assigned to one of two groups. • After calving:
– One group was dried off immediately (not milked; nonlactating).
– The other group was milked normally (twice daily; lactating).
– Slaughter at 28, 35, or 42 d of pregnancy.
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)Lucy et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. (submitted)
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Postpartum Glucose
Trt P < 0.001Status P < 0.090Trt*Status NSDPP P < 0.070Trt*DPP NSStatus*DPP P < 0.007T*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Postpartum insulin
Trt P < 0.001Status NSTrt*Status NSDPP NSTrt*DPP NSStatus*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Postpartum IGF1
Trt P < 0.001Status P < 0.019Trt*Status NSDPP P < 0.001Trt*DPP P < 0.001Status*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Postpartum NEFA
Trt P < 0.001Status NSTrt*Status NSDPP P < 0.001Trt*DPP P < 0.001Status*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Day 28 bovine fetuses
7 mm
Cow 15 Cow 34 Cow 39
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Effect of lactation on fetal wt (g)
Lact NonlactDay 28 fetus 0.11 + 0.15 0.12 + 0.11
Day 35 fetus 0.61 + 0.11 0.80 + 0.15
Day 42 fetus 1.64 + 0.10 2.02 + 0.11
Treatment P < 0.06Day P < 0.001Status P < 0.005
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Effect of lactation on placental wt (g)
Lact NonlactDay 28 placenta 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 + 1.6
Day 35 placenta 8.1 + 1.7 13.2 + 2.2
Day 42 placenta 16.8 + 1.5 25.0 + 1.6
Treatment P < 0.01Day P < 0.001
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Fetal tissues and cavities
Drawing from:University of GuelphDepartment of Animal and Poultry Science
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Maternal and fetal glucose
Maternal plasma Fetal fluids
Treatment P < 0.001Slaughter NST*S NS
Treatment P < 0.002Slaughter P < 0.001T*S NS
Lucy et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. (submitted)
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Effect of status on fetal wt (g)
Pregnant to 1st AI
Pregnant to 2nd or 3rd AI
Day 28 fetus 0.14 + 0.10 0.08 + 0.13
Day 35 fetus 0.91 + 0.08 0.49 + 0.16
Day 42 fetus 2.05 + 0.10 1.61 + 0.11
Day P < 0.001Status P < 0.005
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Day 35 bovine fetuses
Cow 15 Cow 34 Cow 39
Lactating;Pregnant at 2nd AI
Not lactating;Pregnant at 1st AI
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
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Waldron study cowsPostpartum uterine weight
Lucy and Waldron (unpublished)
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Day 3
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Day 25
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Day 25
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Luminal Epithelium of the bovine uterus at 25 dpp
Lucy and Waldron (unpublished)
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Glucose infusion0.695 g/min (1 kg/d)
Lucy (unpublished)
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
Mammary Gland
MuscleAdipose
IGF1
AA
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Unhea
lthy l
iver
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
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Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cells
MuscleAdipose
IGF1
Mammary Gland
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Liver
Uterus
Ovary
GH
IGF1
Adipose
Glucose
NEFA
Insulin
Solutions: