role of sweetness in the diet; past, and present -...
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Role of sweetness in the diet; past, and present
ILSI workshop, April 2017, Kees de Graaf
History of consumption
Sweetness in the current diet
Sweetness in the diet
History of sugar consumption
Neolithic diet: virtually no sugar, sweetness in neolithic diet, dades, honey; most fruits were not so sweet
Early, agriculture based starch rich diet little sugar
Chad family:
● No sweet foods
● Sugar ration: 15 g/p/d
Menzel, D’Alusio, Hungry planet; Chad
History of sugar consumption
In early middle ages in Europe, sugar was considered as a spice, condiment, e.g. like pepper
From 1500 – 1800 increase in production and consumption with rise in sugar cane plantations, slavery; as sweetener in tea, coffee, and chocolate
Mintz: Sweetness and Power
History of sugar consumption
From 1800 middle 20th century
Industrial revolution
Sugar beet sharp drop in price increased availability
Cordain et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2005
Contribution macronutrients as functie of GNP - Perusse
With an increase BNP:
↓ en% carbohydrates, ↑ en% sugar, ↑ en% fat
↑ en% animal protein, ↓ en% plant protein, en% total protein constant
↑ en% animal fat, ↓ en% plant fat
History of sugar consumption
1950 – 1970: slight increase
1970 – 1980 : stable
Since 1980’s Netherlands stable sugar intake: 20 en%
FCS 1988 1992 1998 2007-10
124 g 117 g 123 g 112 g
Hautvast, den Hartog, 1988, Aula
Inborn preference, decline until adulthood
Sweetness preference with age
De Graaf et al, Physiol Behav 1999
Contribution of mono- and disaccharides to energy
intake (%), according to Dutch National Food
Consumption Survey
1988 1998 2007-2010
Girls/boys 1 – 3/4 35 33
Girls/boys 7- 18/21 27 28 27
Women 16-64/69 22 21 21
Sensory database – 481 foods
9
Mean taste intensity (0-100 mm)
Cluster N Sweet Sour Bitter Umami Salt Fat
Example
foods
Overall 481 22±20 11±14 4±9 8±11 17±17 31±24
Fat 37 7±6 13±16 2±3 6±6 20±14 80±11 Mayonnaise
Neutral 130 10±8 4±3 3±4 4±5 10±9 13±9 Bread brown
wheat
Sweet/
sour 66 31±15 36±15 3±5 1±4 5±7 11±12
Apple with skin
average
Salt/umami
/fat 119 8±6 9±7 1±2 23±9 42±9 46±14
Cheese Gouda
48+ average
Sweet/fat 113 51±11 5±7 3±5 1±1 8±5 37±16 Chocolate bar
milk nuts
Bitter 16 12±8 12±11 47±11 1±1 2±1 5±4 Coffee prepared
481 foods contribute in total to 83% of energy intake
Taste intake patterns - Netherlands
Dutch National Food Consumption Survey
2007-2010
N=1,351
2 x 24 hr recall
Dietary assessment methodology study
2011-2013
N=944
2 x 24 hr recall/FFQ’s translation to cohort studies
10
Taste intake patterns by gender
11
Weight status, men
12
Weight status, women
13
Discussion
Sweetness is not necessarily part of diet
Sugar as sweetener came up after 1800’s
Intake of sugar relatively constant since 1970’s
Children consume more sweet products than adults
Women consume more sweet products than men
No relationship between weight status and consumption of sweet products
Thank you for
your attention
Questions?