role of women in patriarchal societies ap world history what role did gender play with respects to...
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Role of Women in
Patriarchal Societies
AP WORLD HISTORY
What role did gender playWith respects to male/femaleRelationships?
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Early Agricultural Societies
• Most were PATRIARCHAL : which means they were run by men and based on the assumption that men directed political, economic and cultural life.
• Family structure rested on men’s control of property. Done through laws, veiling, denial of access to institutions
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Mesopotamia• Marriages were arranged for women by their
parents.
• The husband served as authority over his wife and children as he did over his slaves.
• Adultery by a wife = punishable by death….
• Adultery by a husband = far more tolerated.
Double Standard?
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Mesopotamia, continued….
• Emphasis on the importance of women’s virginity at marriage.
• Imposing a veil on respectable women in public to emphasize their modesty.
• Mesopotamian Law (Hammurabic Codes) - large portion was given over female protections…but clearly emphasized limits and inferiority.
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Conditions Varied in other Agricultural Societies….
• Egyptian civilization gave upper-class women more credit than Mesopotamia did…there were several queens.
• Jewish law traced descendants from mothers rather than fathers, though women were separated and inferior in worship.
• The role of family (particularly mother/wife) in Pre-Confucian China had important implications for women, involving good treatment, but subservience to men.
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Why was Patriarchal Societies
so pervasive?• As agriculture improved with better techniques, women’s labor became less
important than in hunting/gathering societies.• This was more common in upper classes. • Inferior position of women was less marked in peasant families where their
work was essential. • Essential for men to know who their heirs were (to pass along land)…when
resulted in regulating women’s sexuality to assure faithfulness.
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Indirect or informal Female Powers
• Women often wielded informal power by their emotional hold over husbands/sons. • Confucian theorists argued that women must obey men…but men must treat them decently. • Women also formed networks within large households…which indirectly affected society.• Older women had power over daughters/ daughter-in-laws and servant women. • In exceptional cases, women could serve as regent(in place of your heir to throne) and weild
exceptional power (Egypt’s Hatshepsut and Neffertiti were Pharoahs)
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Women in the Americas
• Both the Olmec and Chavin were firmly patriarchal.• Traditional roles as mothers and wives served their domestic
capacity.• They also contributed to the family through agriculture and weaving.
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Conclusions• Patriarchy was a commanding theme in agricultural societies. • Laws and Culture regulated order.• Women’s options were severely constrained. • Girls were reared to accept this order…and boys were conscious of their
superiority. • When population excess threatened a family’s well-being, these
assumptions often determined that female infants be killed as a means of population control.