.

- :

Y-

2015

ISBN 978-9975-4482-4-6.

: . .

: . . , . .

- - , Y-. R Q - , -. , , , , .

DESCRIEREA CIP A CAMEREI NAIONALE A CRII

, .

- : Y- = Th e East-Eurasian hypothesis of Dene-Caucasian Motherland : once again about the haplogroups of Y-chromosome / . . : Stratum Plus, 2015. 198 p.

Tit. paral.: lb. rus, engl. Bibliogr.: p. 180198.1 disc optic (CD-ROM): sd., col.; n container, 13 13 cm.Cerine de sistem: Windows 98/2000/XP, 64 Mb hard, PDF Reader.ISBN 978-9975-4482-4-6.[575+902]:81'27P 69

[575+902]:81'27P 69

Aleksey A. Romanchuk

The East-Eurasian hypothesisof Dene-Caucasian Motherland:

once again about the haplogroups of Y-chromosome

E d i t o r i n C h a r g e:Doctor of History R. A. Rabinovici

R e v i e w e r s:Doctor of Chemistry T. L. Yailenko,

Doctor of History V. N. Polivtev

Kishinev2015 . . , 2015

-: . .

6. N1-LLY22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

7. (J, G, E, L T) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

7.1. (J, G, E T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

7.2. (J, G, E, L T) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

7.3. G1 : ? . . . 133

8. R Q . . . . . . . . . . .142

8.1. R Q -? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

8.2 R1 R1b: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1. , Q R : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2. Object-Verb . . . . . . 19

3. R . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.1 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383.2. R1b-269 . . . . . . . .413.3. R1b-M269 ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483.4 R , . . . . . . . . . . . .52

4. Q . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.1. Q . . . . . . . . . .564.2. Q ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.3. Q

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

5. L : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.1. L, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

5.2 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

5.3. R-V88 OV- . . . . . . .91

6 7

C o n t e n t s

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 1. Th e Y-chromosome haplogroups , Q, and R and Eastern Eurasia: some introductory remarks. . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 2. Th e East-Eurasian hypothesis of Dene-Caucasian Motherland and the areal of Object-Verb word order model in Eurasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 3. Th e haplogroup R of North-Caucasian peoples and some their relatives and neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.1. Th e haplogroup R at the North Caucasus. . . . . . . . . . . . .383.2. Th e haplogroup R1b-269 of the Armenians and modern

Assyrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413.3. Th e haplogroup R1b-M269 at the territory of Turkey, East

Balkans and of the Cartvelians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483.4. Th e haplogroup R of Basques, Burusho and Kets . . . . . . . .52

Chapter 4. Th e haplogroup Q and Western Eurasia . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.1. Th e haplogroup Q and Kets against of background of Eurasia 564.2. Th e haplogroup Q in West Asia, North Africa and Europe. . .614.3. Th e haplogroup Q and North-Eurasien substratum in the

eastern borders of Wets Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Chapter 5. Th e haplogroups L and : from Pakistan to the North Caucasus and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.1. Th e haplogroup L, its origin and the Himalayan language union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.2. Th e haplogroups L and as a derivates of haplogroup K in India and West Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

5.3. Th e haplogroups and R-V88, and Object-Verb- languages in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Chapter 6. Th e East-Asian haplogroup N1-LLY22 and the origin of Ural race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Chapter 7. Th e West-Asian haplogroups (J, G, E, L T) of Basques, Burusho, and in the East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

7.1. Th e West-Asian haplogroups (J, G, E T) of Basques and Burusho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

7.2. Th e West-Asian haplogroups (J, G, E, L T) in the East Asia 1237.3. Th e haplogroup G1 in Kazakhstan and Central Asia: the Iranian

peoples or Upper Paleolithic migration?. . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Chapter 8. Th e haplogroups R and Q in East Asia. . . . . . . . . . .142

8.1. Are the haplogroups R and Q in East Asia the only real candidates to the role of primordial Sino-Tibetan?. . . . . 142

8.2. Th e haplogroups R1 and R1b: the place of origin and consequent divergence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

9

, ( 2008; 2009; 2009a; 2012; 2013; , 2009), - - ( -) . , , - , ( ( 2012: 322327) . . - ).

, -, . , -, Y- - (, 2014; 2015; 2015). 1.

, - (, 2014; 2015; 2015), , .

1 (, 2014; 2015), , - . , . . - .

10 11

, Q R ...

1. , Q R

:

, R Y-, R Q, , - -, (Malyarchuk, Derenko et l. 2011: 583; Karafet, Mendez et al. 2015; Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015).

- : It is assumed that haplogroup P-92R7 consisting of subclades Q-M242 and R-M207 originated in Central Asia about 40Ka (Malyarchuk, Derenko et l. 2011: 583).

, - - : Interestingly, the monophyletic group formed by haplogroups R and Q represents the only subclade with K2b that is not geographically restricted to Southeast Asia and Oceania. an initial rapid diversifi cation process of K-M526 that likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q (Karafet, Mendez et al. 2015: 369).

. , -, .

, - R (, ; , -

, ) . - ( 24 ) (Raghavan et al. 2014; 2014; 2014). - II ( 17 ).

( ), - 45 - (Fu et al. 2014).

, - R ( ) : - - R?

, - -. , - , , (Balanovsky, Utevska, Balanovska 2013: 24).

, , - ( , ) , . , , - , , .

- R . , - , - - R.

12

1

13

, Q R ...

, - . , , , .

, R ( 80 % ), , - R . , - .

, , - R ( ).

, , (, 2014; 2015), - R - -, , - 2.

2 2014 . . , R1b - . - . . . , - .

, . . , , , -, , . . , ( , - , , ), ( , , ) - , , . , -

, . . -, - - - ( 1988: 152154; 2007: 312358; Starostin 2007b: 818; 2015: 188). . . (, . ) . : Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European is the result of the imposition of a Eurasiatic language to use Greenbergs term on a population speaking one or more primordial Northwest Caucasian languages (Bomhard 2015).

, , ( - . ), , , , , - . , .

, . , , ( ) . ( 2013: 273274). , -, , - (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015:

(, , ) . , , - , - .

, . . , - .

, , ( ) .

14

1

15

, Q R ...

44). , . . , -, : , - - - ( 2015: 190).

, . . : - .

, , . . - - .

- ., -, -

. , , , - . , . . ( 2009; 2009) - - , 3.

3 . . (2015: 192) , - - , . ( - , - ; ) , . , - , , -, , ( : 2009; 2009; , 2014: 60). , , .

: . . . . (- & 2007: 879 f.) -

, - , - ( ), - , - . , . , , -

- ( Proto-AfrasianProto-North Caucasian isoglosses ) ( 2015: 192). .

(, 2014: 6061). , -, - , , (. ).

, - .

, , , . . (2015), - , . , - .

, & 2007: 876881 .-. - . , - - . . . , - . , 2- . 43 . . ., - ( 2015: 190191).

, , - . S. Starostin 2007a: 819, .

, - .

, : - ( > ) ( 2015: 160).

16

1

17

, Q R ...

, -. , - - , - ( ). - - (, -). - , - , - . , (, (, 2014: 5052)) (- ; ). , - .

, - - . (, -, ) .

, -, : ( - . ( . )) - .

: - R - , -, , terminus post quem - R 26 . - R -

. , , , - -, . ( ), - , . . - (Starostin 2007: 768), , , - , , . , , - . 4.

-, : - -, , , - R (Nasidze, Ling et al. 2004: 213; Balanovsky et al. 2011: 8, 27, tab. 2; Myres et al. 2011: 9697; 2011: 14; Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab.3).

4 , , ( , ( 2009: 367; 2012: 305, 312; , 2014: 51)), , , .

, 16, 14 1210 (.: Starostin 2007 a: 450; 2003; 1991: 14; 2015). , - . , , - . -.

, , - - -- - 23 2018 ( 2003). , - ( - ).

, -. , - Homo Sapiens sapiens, - .

18

1

19

R , , Q L.

-, , . , , , .

2.

Object-Verb

- . , , - - , .

, Object-Verb , , Q. , , , - , - . , , 5.

, , - , , - (, , ) .

, , , . , the Gilaki and Mazandarani

5 , , : , 2005.

20

2

21

...

languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: 668).

, - .

, - .

, two language types will henceforth be labeled VO (Verb-Object, e. g., Arabic) and OV (Object-Verb, e. g., Turkish) In addition to Arabic and Turkish, we can also cite various languages in the Middle East and surrounding areas whose syntactic patterns conform to each of these ideal opposite types, or close to the ideal types. Arabic and languages of Mediterranian area (e. g., Romance, Berber, Albanian, Greek) are very close to the ideal VO set of features listed. On the other hand, standard Turkish, the Turkic languages of Iran, Central Asia and Siberia, Northeast Caucasian languages (Chechen, Ingush, Lezgi and other Daghestan languages), Georgian, Armenian, the Aryan and Dravidian languages of India, and the indigenous languages of central and eastern expanses of northern Eurasia all fi t the OV ideal rather closely or even exactly (Stilo 2005: 3536).

, , , . . . , 6070 . VO\OV - , ( : , ) . , , . . Branching Direction Theory (Dryer 1996; -, , ( 2001)).

, , , - ( - ) . ( 1999). , - , : -, , , . -, - (1999: 197).

, , - : , - , -. , , (http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerWalsSOV.pdf). , . . , - .

( ), , , . - - : - , , - , , -, ( 1980: 329); . ( 2007: 1417) 6.

6 , , . . : , XX , - , , - - -

22

2

23

...

, , - , -, . -, , , - - . - , - ( 1980: 328). , - (http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/022e.html).

, , : , VO\OV - . , SVO\SOV . . . ., - .

, , . : there are a few respects in which SVO languages exhibit properties intermediate between those of V-fi nal languages and V-initial languages, they in general pattern very much like V-initial languages, thus supporting the OV: VO typology (Dryer 1991: 443).

, , -, , , -

( 2003: 246). , . . , , , - ( 2003: 249). , , . - - , ( 2003: 250).

VO\OV. .

, , , \- .

, , , VO\OV , , , - . . -, , . .. , , - . , , - - (, 1970: 12) , -, . . - .

, : , VO OV , -. , , - .

. ., 50 %

(, . , , -), . - .

, - . - , , -

24

2

25

...

, OV (Stilo 2005: 39).

, OV : Armenian and Georgian whose classical languages both switched completely from consistent VO in the medieval period to consistent OV in their modern versions (Stilo 2005: 38). (http://wals.info/feature/83A#2/18.0/152.8), ( ) - .

, OV. , OV - , . ., 100 % , , (Stilo 2005: 5354, tab. 34). - 91 % OV, . 88 %, 75 %.

.. , -

84 % OV. - , 69 %.

(Stilo 2005: 55, map 3; 36, map 1), - . ( 1990) - - : , , . (http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/010c.html).

. OV (http://wals.info/feature/83A#2/18.0/152.8).

, ( , ( 1979: 2251; , , , 1998: 131)), - .

, - - , . , - . - ( ) , , , , (, , , 1998: 83).

, - OV.

- . ( . 1999: 163). , - , (: -) : - SOV (http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/325a.html). , , - . 7.

, S O2 O1 P, S , 2 -, 1 , P . . 1 P ( 1999: 173).

7 , : - - - ( ), , -, ( . 1999: 163).

26

2

27

...

, , [ . .] + + ( . 1999: 214). , -, , , , . ., SOV. ( 2007: 17).

(, , ) ( 1999: 259).

, - OV.

. : , - , OV 56 %. , , . , .

, 50 %, 40 %. 44 %. , (- ) 22 %.

, , : 97 %, 94 %, , 88 %. 8475 %.

5359 %, - 59 %.

, . , , , - - VO OV.

- 69 % OV (Stilo 2005: 61, map 4). OV. - OV 5666 %. - .

-, OV 2255 %. , OV , : - . , - .

, -, , - , , , . -, OV - , , , - Q R.

, , -, : , ( , , ) - OV- -. , , , ( ), - , , - . , , - , . , - , , ( , ) , OV- -

28

2

29

...

, - .

, - , - -. ( -), OV- -, , , - OV-.

, , , , - . - OV -. , OV, , - - OV (http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerWalsSOV.pdf). , , . . (2015: 39), - . V (S)O , . , , SV.

- - ; ( 1967: 160). , , - , -, , : Imenuae ini pili aguni . - , , -: utabi Imenuani Iipuinei ( ) , ( 1953: 285).

, , . . (2015: 39), [] [] (,

, , - . . ) - . (Taracha 1988), [] [] .

, , - OV. . .

( ), - VO.

. . : , - : [. ., VSO. . .]. , , -, - (, .), . : -- , , () , -. , , - [. ., SVO. . .]. , ( 1991: 28).

, - SVO, VSO.

. : the most common basic word order throughout Chadic is S-V- This almost certainly represents the word order of P [roto]-C [hadic]. V-S-, which occurs in a handful of Biu-Mandara languages spoken in the Nigeria-Cameroon border area (e. g., Gude and Ga'anda), is almost certainly an areal innovation (Newman 2006: 199200).

30

2

31

...

- : Chadic is a very early offshoot from AA, either the earliest (if Omotic is not the fi rst-either because it is not AA or because it properly belongs within Cushitic) or the second offshoot after Omotic (Newman 2006: 189).

, , - [: . . .] ( 1991: 28).

-, Syntactically, Proto-Indo-European seems to have had many of the characteristics of an SOV language, though there must, no doubt, have been a great deal of fl exibility in basic word order patterning (Bomhard 2015: 2). , - .

, , , - - .

, , - .

, VO (http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerWalsSOVNoMap.pdf), . , The domi nant order at the clause level in transitive clauses in Mandarin is SVO, SOV word order is also possible, though this word order is less common (Dryer 2003: 48).

, Nevertheless, the frequency of postpositions is somewhat unexpected of a VO language This makes Mandarin highly unusual from a cross-linguistic perspective: among 199 VO languages in my database that I code for order of adpositional phrase and verb, only three are PP-V, while the other 196 are V-PP. The three

that are PP-V are all Chinese languages: Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hakka. The Chinese languages are thus the only known instances of languages of this sort (Dryer 2003: 49).

, . , - .

, : Among 254 VO languages in my database for which I code the order of relative clause and noun, all are NRel, except for the three Chinese languages (Mandarin, Hakka, and Cantonese) and Bai (Dryer 2003: 50).

, , Hashimoto (1976) has shown a similar gradation from southern Chinese dialects to northern Chinese dialects. southern forms of Chinese share more features with their non-Chinese VO neighbors and northern form of Chinese share more features with their non-Chinese OV neighbors (Stilo 2005: 56).

, , . : Chinese is a VO language but atypical of such in a number of respects: it has postpositions in addition to prepositions, preverbal adpositional phrases, an unusually ordered comparative construction, preverbal manner adverbs, relative clauses preceding the nouns they modify. Additionally, Chinese has the genitive preceding the noun, sentence fi nal question particles, interrogative phrases which are not clauseinitial. Chinese is very unusual in having these more typically OV characteristics (. : Guillaume, Aime 2005: 133). , , , the explanation behind these phenomena is not to be found in the fact that the presumed original word order for ST was OV and that these features are retained. Instead, Dryer suggests that this is a result of contact with the OV languages to the North (. : Guillaume, Aime 2005: 133).

, - - OV: The distribution of OV and VO order among Tibeto-Burman languages is fairly clearcut and easy to describe.

32

2

33

...

VO order is found in only two groups, namely Karen and Bai, and the remaining languages are all not only OV but generally fairly rigidly verb-fi nal (Dryer 2008: 11).

, Karen represents the most southeastern of the Tibeto-Burman languages, the ones closest to Tai-Kadai and Mon-Khmer languages. Bai is spoken in an area of China east of Myanmar (Burma). , - - . - - - - .

, Bai and the Karen languages, the only in [ibeto]- [irman] to be VO, show features which are atypical for such word order (Guillaume, Aime 2005: 132). , . . , ( - I . . .) (Starostin 2007c: 580).

OV: Word order is SOV. Objects may precede subjects for discourse pragmatic reasons, but nothing but a sentence operator a fi nal or subordinating particle or a nominalizer follows the highest verb (DeLancey 2003: 265).

- . , ( - (, -)) VO - , , , , - .

, . : From the fact that we can clearly see changes in the word order of these three languages over time, and cannot see such changes in the Tibeto-Burman languages other than Bai and Karen, we assume that it was Bai, Karen, and Chinese that changed rather than all the other Tibeto-Burman

languages (La Polla 2003: 28). , , We can therefore assume MODIFIER-MODIFIED order in N-N structures, and GENITIVE-HEAD, HEAD-ATTRIBUTE, NEGATIVE-VERB, and RELATIVE-NOUN word order patterns for P [roto]-S [ino]-T [ibetan].

, - . , , , , -. , , ( - . - ) ( ), , OV- .

, , . , - VO- (Dryer 2003: 53), -, .

., OV\VO-

, - , - (, , ), , , - , .

, OV-, - RelN ( ), NRel ( -) (Dryer 2003: 52, map 3.3), . , these characteristics are best understood in terms of areal infl uence from languages of northeast Asia, - .

34

2

35

...

, , ( ), RelN. .

, , - .

, , , ( ) - OV . : 1,25 ( ) , 2,85 , 2,5 , 3,5 . , -, 4,25 (5,25) (Stilo 2005: 56, tab. 5).

- . , -, ( 2011).

. , , OV: One of the most studied properties of Basque syntax is its preverbal focus position. In this language, a wh or focused phrase (wh/f -phrase) must be left-adjacent to the verb. In the question, the wh-subject is left-adjacent to the verb, resulting in OSV word order (as opposed to the neutral SOV word order); similarly, in the answer, the focused subject, which constitutes the `answer' to the question, is also left-adjacent to the verb. In neutral sentences (i. e. answers to What happened?), the most natural word order in Basque is SOV. In sentences in which some constituent is a wh/f-phrase, it must be left-adjacent to the verb (Arregi 2001).

, , , VO.

, ( -) OV -. , .

: -, .

, OV - . (http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/grinberg-70.htm). . , OV , , , . (, 1970: 94), . , - , , . - (, ) .

, , - ( . ), (, 1970: 14; 1980). , , - , , . ( , ), , , ( ; ).

: OV . ,

SOV - . SOV ( 2012: 5658; .: 1984).

- (http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerWalsSOV.pdf).

, , - . , -

36

2

37

...

. , , , ( ) , - : VS, SVO, VOS, - .

. . (1972), , - - .

, - , -, , - - (, , , ) , - - . , - S 1 2 V ( 1 -, - ) S 1 V (http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/klimov-72.htm).

, , , : , , - ( 1999: 35).

, . , \-\ , , - ( ).

, : , - OV , - (http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerWalsSOV.pdf). , , , - (: ; . 2013: 271272; , 2014: 55, 60) - .

, : OV- - (, : - OV-).

, , -, , OV , - .

, . , , .

38 39

R ...

3. R

3.1. R

, R1a*-M198 (xM458) has an average frequency in the Caucasus as low as 5 %, but was found in 20 % of the Circassians and 22 % of the Dargins, two populations that occupy opposite parts of the Caucasus (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 8). R1b1b2-M269 - Lezghins (30 %) and in Ossets-Digor (16 %). - , 15 % 12 % (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 27, tab. 2; . : Myres et al. 2011: 9697).

( 2013: 11), - R1a1-M198, - 15 % .

2 % 68 % R1b3 ( 2006: 15). , (Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab.3) Rb1b2-M269 8. .

8 . , R1b1a2 2003 2005 R1b3, 2008 2011 R1b1b2.

, - .

, 68 % - , - . ( ) - 40 %.

, G-M201 ( G2-P287), J-12f2 (J1-M267 J2-M172) R1-M173 ( R1a1a-M198 R1b1b2-M269) [- . .]. - ( 2010: 39). , G, J R1 [- . .], G2, J1*, J2a*, J2a2*, R1a1 R1b1b2, 86.4 % ( 2010: 24).

, , R1 ( R1b1b2-M269) - . J1 G , . - J2, J1 G - . , G2, J2, J1 ( 2011: 1011, . 1).

, - R , - ( ) ( 2010: 29; 2010: 13; , . 2011: 74; 2011: 6; 2013: 21; . 2013: 55, 60).

, .

, , R1b - ( 2010: 29; 2011: 6), -

40

3

41

R ...

. , - R1b1a2a-L23 90 % R1b-M343 - -, . , , . - , , R1b-M343 - ( 2013: 13).

, , - R1b-Z2105 [. ., R1b1a2a-L23 . .] - R1b-Z2105 (36,2 %) (21,2 %) ( 2015: 19). R1b1a2a-L23 R1b1a2a2 , ( ) R - (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 19, tab.2) 9.

, -, , : this individual was basal to most west Eurasian R1b individuals which belong to the R-M269 lineage as well as to the related R-M73/M478 lineage that has a predominantly non-European distribution. The occurrence of chromosomes basal to the most prevalent lineages within haplogroups R1a and R1b in eastern European hunter-gatherers, together with the fi nding of basal haplogroup R* in the ~24,000-year old Malta (MA1) boy suggests

9 (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015), (Bomhard 2015), . . .

the possibility that some of the differentiation of lineages within haplogroup R occurred in north Eurasia (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 44).

( 2013) ( , ).

R1a - - . , , the initial episodes of R1a-M420 diversifi cation occurred in the vicinity of Iran and Eastern Turkey, and we estimate that diversifi cation downstream of M417/Page7 occurred ~5800 years ago (Underhill, Poznik et al. 2015: 130).

, - , . ., R1a-Z93.

, , - R1a-M420 (, ), . , .

, R1b-269 .

3.2. R1b-269

, , , . , , -

42

3

43

R ...

. , (, 1988; 2015), - ( - ( - , - - (, 2013: 117)) 10.

, - (. ., , ), , , - -: , , - , , , ( 1968: 237). , , -, - , . , - , ( 1968: 231).

, , R1b3-269 - , ( . 2013: 55, . 1). , . . , : - (, , , , ) - G2a3b-P303, R1a1-M198 J2-M172, - G1-M285 J2a2-M67, L1b-M317, G2a3b-P303 J2-M172 ( 2013: 6). ( 2011: 14), 22.6 %

10 - ( 2013: 273274).

G1, . , , J231,5 %, R1b3-343 9 %.

, . . . . ( . . (2012: 33, . 13)) - . - , - .

(Herrera et al. 2011: 2, fi g.2; Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9, fi g.2), , - G2 G1. G1 - - , , G1: The distinctive G1-M285 lineages are restricted to region 3 (Cinnioglu et al. 2004: 130).

(Balanovsky, Zhabagin et al. 2015: 3, tab. 1), G1, . 13 %; - , 12 %. -, - 42 %.

- G1 6 %. , 26 , .

, G1 - . , , - . - : The expansion in the Hemsheni Armenian is genetically dated to 1150 YBP using our rate. It corresponds well with the historical evidence that the Hemsheni originated from relatives and servants

44

3

45

R ...

of Prince Shapuh Amatuni, who migrated in 791 from the Abbasid Persian state (Balanovsky, Zhabagin et al. 2015: 15).

, , J - 30 %; ( ) 35 %-45 % (Yepiskoposian et al. 2006: 205, tab. 1). hg2 BR* (xB2b, CE, F1, H, JK) ( , , G: the modal haplogroup BT* (xDE, JK) in the Hamshenis is most likely to be the haplogroup G (Margaryan et al. 2012: 412)), 20 %-21 % ( , ).

734 , .

, , R1b3-269 (Herrera et al. 2011; Hovhannisyan et al. 2014; Yepiskoposian et al. 2006) , , .

: the majority of Armenian Y-chromosomes belong to lineages believed to have originated and expanded during or following the Neolithic, including E1b1b1c-M123, G-M201, J1-M267, J2-M172 and R1b1b1-L23 Of particular prominence in Armenia are haplogroups R1b-M343 and J2-M172, which are detected in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van at frequencies higher than those observed in any of the Near Eastern populations analyzed in this study (Herrera et al. 2011: 7).

, The haplogroup R1b1a2-M269 is the most frequently encountered subclade in all Armenian samples, except Sasun, which differs from others due to the predominance of haplogroup T (20 %) (Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9). , R1b1a2-M269 30 %,

16 % 36 % (Herrera et al. 2011: 2, fi g.2; Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9) 11.

, , - ( 732 , ), . , hg1 22 % ( , ; ) 40 % , - . 42 % (Weals et al. 2001: 662, tab. 1). (Haplogroup numbers follow a nomenclature expanded from that of Vogt et al. (1997) and Rosser et al. (2000)), hg1 (* (xR1b8, R1a, Q3) (YCC 2002: 340, 342)) , , R1b (xR1b8).

: ( , ) hg1 32 %, - 22 %.

, , - , , R1 (hg3) 46 %, 9 % . R1* 0,5 % 1 % -. , In this study we found that the marker M17 splits the old haplogroup 3 (hg3) into two further subgroups. We retain the name hg3 for M17G individuals and assign the new name hg29 to M17G+ individuals (Weals et al. 2001: 661).

11 (Hovhannisyan et al. 2014) R1b-M269 L23, R1b1a2-M269 , - (Herrera et al. 2011) R1b1b* R1b1b1*.

46

3

47

R ...

( - ) : The highest frequencies of hg1 (or P* (xR1b8, R1a, Q3)) were observed in Karabakh, Syunik, and Assyrians (42.79 %, 40.00 % and 41.51 %, respectively), the lowestin Syrians and Azerbaijanis (9.72 % and 7.50 %, respectively) (Yepiskoposian et al. 2006: 195) 12.

, , R1b-M269 .

, , R1 b-M269 - ( ).

, , - R1b-M2698,5 %. - R1b-M269 - (: ) 29.2 % (Grugni et al. 2012: 4); , 56 % (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1), - . , 23,5 %.

, , - -, - .

, , - .

, , . , , - , . ., :

12 hg3 (R1a1) highest levels were observed in Turks, Azerbaijanis, and in the southern region of Armenia (Syunik)11.17 %, 10.00 % and 9.29 %, respectively; the lowest values were revealed among the Iranian Armenians, Assyrians, and Yezidis1.79 %, 1.89 % and 2.04 %, respectively (Yepiskoposian et al. 2006: 195).

The self-designations of modern Syriacs and Assyrians, Sryy and Sry, are both derived from the ancient Assyrian word for Assyrian, Aryu (Parpola 2004: 16). , in classical Syriac, the toponym Srya also covered Mesopotamia and Assyria.

, II . . . ( 1968: 233). , ( 1968: 190), . lingua franca: , , -, ( 1968: 233).

, XIXXX . - ( . . ) - (, , , 2007: 6). , , - .

, , Sryy (-) Sry .

, - : the Assyrian population either experienced Eurasian gene fl ow (possibly from Armenia) or that enforced relocations and expulsion of conquered people with different origin led to the integration of descendants with R haplogroup (Lashgary et al. 2011: 364). , The genetic results indicate a relationship between Armenian and Assyrian groups in Iran Assyrians had elevated frequency (40 %) of R* (xR1a) and low frequency (11 %) of J.

48

3

49

R ...

3.3. R1b-M269 ,

, R1b3-M269 being preponderate at 14.5 % overall in Turkey (Cinnioglu et al. 2004: 131). , , , - 3, 4 7 33 76 (Cinnioglu et al. 2004: 130, fi g. 2). , -, . , , , ( - ) ( 2015: 191).

(, ( ) , , ( 1968: 190224)), R1b3 , .

, R1b1b2269 14 % ( Hg I is particularly frequent in the Balkans where it characterizes 36.3 % of the total Y chromosomes) (Battaglia et al. 2009: 822).

, The most prevalent haplogroups in Bulgarians are IM423 (20.2 %) and E-V13 (18.1 %). They represent the autochthonous and nearly endemic sub-clades of I-P37 and E-M78 in Southeastern Europe, respectively. Haplogroup R-L23*, the eastern branch of the western Eurasian R-M269 haplogroup, relates the paternal ancestry of 5.2 % of Bulgarians (Karachanak, Grugni et al. 2013: 34).

808 , - .

(, , ) , R - , ( . 2013: 55, . 1). , , - G2a, J2 L1 ( ( . 2013: 59): L1b-M317, G2a3b-P303 J2-M172).

(Nasidze, Ling et al. 2004: 213; 2006: 18; 2010: 2428; 2010: 11, .1; Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 3). L. , L .

R ( - R1a1a71,5 %) - 14 %, 9 % R11 ( 2010: 11, .1). R* . - . . . (, -, ).

(Nasidze, Ling et al. 2004: 213, tab. 3) R11* 10 % , 4 % 8 % -. R1* 10 % , 8 % - . - 1 ( R2) 1 %, * (. ., * (xR1b8, R1a, Q3 . ) 3 %. .

\ L , , , . . . -. ( , 72\82). ; . -. ( ) .

, , - ,

50

3

51

R ...

( 2006: 159). - ( 2006: 162).

, , .

, ( 2010: 11, .1), 50 % G (G2 ). G J 80 %. (Nasidze, Ling et al. 2004: 213), J272 %. - . . 92 % F*, . - (Tarkhnishvili t al. 2014: 17), G2, 80 % 13.

(Rootsi et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 4) , - G 50 %. , , G-P16 ( G21-16) 35 %. , , . . .

, 66 , - - (Yunusbaev et al. 2001).

13 , (Tarkhnishvili t al. 2014) 224 ( 87 Georgian DNA Project Family Tree DNA), - ( 1020 -). , , ( 78 ) , G2, G2, 7586 %. , , , , , (http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/index.php? showtopic=15112).

, (Yepiskoposian et al. 2006: 205, tab. 1), hg2 BR* (xB2b, CE, F1, H, JK) ( , , - G), - 48 %. J 30 %.

106 (, , ), - .

, - L 1 %.

(* (xR1b8, R1a, Q3) 10 %, R115 %. R1* , , .

, , - . R . , - .

, , - (in close proximity to Armenia), R1b (, , ) 2550 % (Tarkhnishvili t al. 2014: 17). , , - , (.: 1985: 202; : 2013: 266267).

, , , , - G2 ( , ) J2 ( - , - ; J2

52

3

53

R ...

20\29 ) (Tarkhnishvili t al. 2014: 49, fi g. 2; 53, append. 1).

, - (: 2013: 275276). J2 (- : ( ) J2a4b-67 (xM92), 51 % 87 % . 9 % ( 3 %) ( 2011: 10)) , - .

, .

, , , , R1b - .

3.4. R ,

, R1b, (, , ) R2 17 % ( - 3 %). , R22,8 % (Grugni et al. 2012: 4).

, R1 R1b - , R2 , - . , , - (Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 3). - 1,5 % ( 2010: 11, .1).

, , - -

- , .

: (), ( , ), - -, R , , . : R1a125 %, R214 %, R-20710 %, R1-1731 %, R11d-PK52 % (Firasat et al. 2007: 123) 14.

, R 52 %.

R-207 . ., R*, R11d-PK5 15.

R - . , R-2070,6 % (!), R28 %, R1-1735 %, R1a137 %.

14 , : , - , -, , ( - , - ) . , .

-, - - . , .

, , 2006 , - - , . , , -, .

15 , R11d-PK5 - R1a1b2a1-M560 (Underhill, Poznik et al. 2015: 126).

54

3

55

R ...

, R R2 R-207, (!) , - .

, , - , R1b 80 % (Young et al. 2011). , ( ), (Lopez-Parra et al. 2008: 45).

, R1b ( R1b1) R , 7 (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 25, tab.2).

- , R1a1 (4 %). - ( ( 2004); , ) R . R1a1 19 %, R1b 6,1 % ( 2012: 1314, 2; 2013: 80).

R -. , - , .

, R - ? , , .

, : - , Q R R - - ( ), ( -), -, , -

( - R) , , - -. , - R.

56 57

Q

4. Q

4.1. Q

R, Q. , , - (Malyarchuk, Derenko et l. 2011: 583; Bortolini et al. 2003: 527; Zegura et al. 2004: 168).

- Q - . Q 75 % 90 % (Bortolini et al. 2003: 527; Zegura et al. 2004: 168; Malhi et al. 2008: 424, tab 1; Dulik, Owings et al. 2012: 8473, Tab. 1; Roewer et al. 2013: tab. S2).

- Q .

, Q (94 %) ( . 2007: 680). , , - - Q 66 %.

- 515 % ( . 2007: 680; 2012: 1314, 2). (, . 2011: 28), Q - ( ) . , .

-, Q , , - . , : - Q 1 % 2 % ( 2012: 15, . 7; . 2011: 15, . 2). 1 %.

., Q1a -

(94 %), (66 %) -, , - (, . 2011: 28). , - (150 Tuvan male subjects from the Altai region in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region): The Chinese Tuvans also had the highest frequency of QM242 lineage (25.0 %), but this lineage was highly varied among the three villages (for example, up to 63.0 % in village Baihaba) (Chen et al. 2011: 493).

, Q - Q1a3 - 84 % (, . 2011: 28; 2012: 1314, . 2; 2013: 80).

, , - Q .

Q , 6 % (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 27, tab. 2). , - Q1a3 ( 2013: 86).

( 2010: 11, .1), Q ( - ) , . -

58

4

59

Q

Q 3,4 % (. : Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 3). 1,8 %. ( ) 0,4 % 1,5 % (Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9).

, ( - ) Q . - , - .

: Q - , ( 2010: 11, . 1; Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 3). - , (1\76).

(5\135). -, , .

- : Q (, , L) , 5 %, - ( . 2013: 279). , - - , . - , .

. , Q (Varzari

2006: 51, tab. 5.8; Varzari et al. 2009) (-

*-452 %) - (Nasidze et al. 2007: tab. 3) 16.

( 2010: 11, . 1; Yunusbaev et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. 3) . - . . , Q , .

( . 2013) -. , ( Q) - . , , Q .

, - (Bahmanimehr, Nikmanesh 2014; Andonian, Rezaie et al. 2011) Q, , .

, , Q 17.

, , - Q. , : -, , -

16 , , Q-M242 (1,9 %) , (Varzari 2006: 51, tab. 5.8). , - Q-M242 , (. ., ) (Martinez-Cruz et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. S1). , .

17 , (http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/index.php? showtopic=15112), Q1 2 %, 5 %. , , . - .

60

4

61

Q

, - ( . 2011: 17).

, - ( ) Q* 4 (4\9) 7 (3\9), 3 (1\9) (Cinnioglu 2004: 130, fi g. 2). , - , , , .

, , Q* - . Q , .

, - 8,5 %. , , a large pre-existing Anatolian population would have reduced the impact by the subsequent arrival of Turkic speaking Seljuk and Osmanl groups from Central Asia (Cinnioglu et al. 2004: 125).

, ( , 30 %), . , -, -, , . , - (, , , : - -

(, 2009)).

: - , , , , .

, -, , , , - , .

, , - - ( 2012: 35).

4.2. Q ,

, , - . .

, (Bekada et al. 2013) - Y- . (3581 , 3115 . .). , Q (MEH2, M242, P36.2, M25, M346) 6 %, 1,46 % ( - 618 ), 1,2 %.

, Q , .

, Q1* - . : -

62

4

63

Q

7,7 %, 2,6 % ( , , 1,7 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1).

Q. , -, - , ( , ; ), (Q1a3 2 %) (Q1a1 4,2 %). Q1a3 1,6 %.

: , : The Gilaki and Mazandarani occupy the South Caspian region of Iran It has been suggested that their ancestors came from the Caucasus region, perhaps displacing an earlier group in the South Caspian. their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from the South Caucasus (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: 668).

, - J2 R1 : Haplogroup J2* (M172) was found at high frequency in both groups, as was haplogroup R1* (M173); together, these two haplogroups account for more than 50 % of Mazandarani and Gilaki Y chromosomes. Interestingly, the frequency of haplogroup J2* (M172) in these groups is more similar to the frequency in South Caucasus groups than in other Iranian groups (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: 668). - (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: Suppl., tab. S2), J2*M172 30 % 40 %, -. R1*M17322 % , 14 % . , .

(Quintana-Murci et al. 2001: 531, tab. 1).

, (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: Suppl., tab. S2) P*M45, . .,

Q 4 % (, -). P1-M124, . ., R24 % ( , , ).

, ?

G , 1 % , 14 % . . , , coming perhaps from the region of Destn (Negahban 2001: 618). G , . , , , J1-M267 (xP58): 44 % 99 % ( 2011: 10). J2 , 6 %. 18.

, J1 J1-M267* (11 % ; 4 % (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1)). , , (. : Al-Zahery et al. 2011: 10, fi g. 6).

, .

: Q1a3 (1 %; 381 ) : the haplogroups L1, Q1a3, R1,

18 - IM170, 26 % - ( 2006: 20). , , - , . , ( , , 34 %) (Nasidze, Quinque, Rahmani et al. 2006: Suppl., tab. S2).

64

4

65

Q

R1a, R1a1 and R2 (10.5 %) A comparison of the relative incidences of E-M78 (V22), E-M123, G, J, L, Q and R on the Comoros with populations around the Arabian Sea shows greatest similarities with Southern Iran and, to a lesser extent, Turkey (Msaidie et al. 2011: 91, 90, fi g. 1). Q1a3, - ( ), 800 . .

, , , Q1a3 - (0,6 %). Q*-242, 12 %, - , , (Abu-Amero et al. 2009: 5, tab 1; Zalloua et al. 2008: 876, fi g. 2).

PQR2 , - (Behar, Yunusbayev et al. 2010: Suppl., tab. 4). PQR2 -: 38\856; 7\57; - 10\329; Cochini Jews 19\45; 7\62; - 11\25; 17\49; 24\79; 3\834; 2\292; 3\377; 8\174; 13\140; - 1\15; 7\74; 5\31; 12\102; 0\49; 2\57; 0\705; 0\116; 0\34; 0\196; 1\82; 0\126; 6\145.

- .

, Q*, , - : R1b3 (1.35 %) Q* and R2 (each 0.67 %) (Mohammad et al. 2010: 5). , - , , It has also been proposed that the Awazim may have originated from the Caucasus also consistent with the theory of Suluba. , , - R1a1 (at 42.8 %).

, Q (MEH2, M242, P36.2, M25, M346) , - (0,27 %), , 0,64 % (Bekada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 6). 156 .

Q - .

. , In concordance, an ancient DNA study from Ibero-Maurusian bone remains from Taforalt in Morocco detected the presence of haplogroups U6, V, T and probably H, pointing to a Paleolithic genetic continuity in Northwest Africa. Additionally, male lineages also provide support to a Paleolithic Asia to Africa back migration with Holocene trans-Saharan spreads as testifi ed by the haplogroup R-V88 distribution (Bekada et al. 2013: 2). (Kefi , Stevanovitch, Bouzaid, Beraud-Colomb 2005: 1), Mitochondrial diversity in Taforalt shows the absence of sub-Saharan haplogroups suggesting that Ibero-Maurusian individuals had not originated in sub-Saharan region The genetic inheritance of Taforalt population (12,000 years) is composed of Eurasiatic component (J/T, H, U et V) and North African component (U6). , : Toutes les sequences des specimens de Taforalt presentent des haplotypes appartenant a des haplogroups eurasiatiques. Parmi les haplogroupes majoritaires, H est considere comme originaire du Proche Orient, emergence de cet haplogroupe datee a 35.000 ans, tandis que l'haplogroupe JT, originaire du Proche Orient egalement, aurait un age egal a 50.000 ans; enfi n l'haplogroupe U6 originaire du Nord de l'Afrique est propose comme etant contemporain de l'haplogroupe JT. Les presences de JT et H traduiraient les fl ux migratoires paleolithiques venant du Moyen Orient (Kefi , Stevanovitch, Bouzaid, Beraud-Colomb 2005: 10).

, , , -

66

4

67

Q

- ( ), - () - . , -, - , . . - ( 2013: 271272, . 6). , - R-V88 - , . . - , . : , R-V88 . - - (, 2014: 55, 60).

. : -

Q - 0,39 % ( 776 ). -- 0,18 % ( 3401 ), - 0,13 %, 0,15 % ( 1971 ) (Bekada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 6).

, Q - , , - , - . , - .

, ( ), , -

Q, Q* (xQ3) (Adams, Bosch et al. 2008: 728, fi g. 1).

, (Karachanak, Grugni et al. 2013: 4, fi g. 2) , - (Bekada et al. 2013), Q, 0,42 %, . , -, - . Q* (0,7 %), , (Pericic et al. 2005: 1966, fi g. 2).

, Q (Lappalainen et al. 2008: 2, tab. 1) . ( 2012: 14, . 5). - , , , , , ( 2012: 25; Der Sarkisean et al. 2013; Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015).

, , , Q , .

, : -, , , ( , 3, , ), , Q ( Q* Q1a3) . .

68

4

69

Q

, - ( 2012: 35).

4.3. Q

, , .

, , - , ( - Q) Q1a1-M120, is widely distributed in both SEAS and NEAS populations, but absent outside East Asia except for one incidence observed in northern Pakistan (Zhong et al. 2011: 723).

, - (2 % ), Q-242 (Firasat et al. 2007: 123).

, , - Q* Q . , Q* - 16 % (Haber et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. S4). , , . , , . , , Q 11\25.

, - , Q-242 6 % (Di Cristofaro et al. 2013: 7). , - Jawzjan ( - ) - Q1a231 %.

Q - , : 13 %, 11 %, 3 % (Sharma et al. 2007: 2).

, , - Q, , , . , , -, -.

, .

, . . ., , (-) . - Q, (32 %). - 1718 % ( . 2011: 17).

-, , .

, - , -, (25 %), - - (23 %) ( . 2011: 17; , . 2014: 52, . 3). , - , .

, , : Q , - ?

- Q1a2-25 - Jawzjan.

70

4

71

Q

Q1a2-25 - , , , - - 42,6 %. (, , XVII ) (1,6 %) , , . (Di Cristofaro et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 7), . - Jawzjan.

, Q1a2-25 , - - .

, , - ( , , ) 4 . ., . - .

, ( , ), , . , (13 %) Q ( ) - (Gokcumen et al. 2011). . ., - , .

, Q1a2 ?

(Malyarchuk, Derenko et al. 2011: 584, tab. 2; Dulik et al. 2011: 2, tab. 1; 2012: 14, . 2; Duggan et al. 2013: 12, tab. 4), Q1a2 - . (Malyarchuk, Derenko et al. 2011: 585), Rare haplogroup Q1a2-M25 previously detected mostly in Iranians, Turks, Uygurs, Uzbeks and Han, was found also in Kalmyks (1.1 %). , -

. , Q1a2 - , - .

, -, Q1a2 (1,8 %), - , (1,4 % 4 %) (Zhong et al. 2011: 720, fi g. 2). , (Di Cristofaro et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 7).

, Q1a2 . , , , Q 35 %, 14 % (Seilstad et al. 2003: 701, tab. 1) 19. , Q1a2 . , - , , , . , , , .

(Balaresque et al. 2015: Suppl., fi g. 1, tab. 2), Q (: Q -36, . ., Q1) 43\461, . ., 9 %. Q (0\31; 1\29; 7\29; 17\35, , - 25\114, . ., 21 %). ( )

19 (Wells et al. 2001: 10245, tab. 1) Q 2 %. , , 14 % . , , , - , , - ( ) , .

72

4

73

Q

9\40, . ., 22 %. ( ) 6\54 (11 %).

Q - 0\51. , (On Trt Uruw) 1\54 (. ., 2 %).

2\50 (. ., 4 %), (2\46; 0\20; 1\22, 3\88).

, - . , Q , .

, , Q1a2 , , - , Q1a2 ( ) .

, , Q1a2 , .

, -, , 3 .

-, , - , NO*, N- LLY22g* (2,9 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1). . . . - , , N - Q. , - .

L3 ( ) - 5,6 % (. -: Mirabal et al. 2009: 1264, fi g. 2). , L3 - 20 %.

L : Haplogroup L, which was confi ned to this settlement, comprised

more than half of the haplotypes there (Gokcumen et al. 2011). , - , it is diffi cult to directlyassociate haplogroup L with the larger Turkic migration (s).

, : , Q1a2 ( L) .

?,

N , - ( ), . , , - N ( ) , - (, 2014: 5960) 20.

20 , 3 ( ) - . 3, , - : The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started ~40 thousand of years ago (KYA) alongthe coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia ~15 KYA (Zhong, Shi et al. 2010: 428). , -, .

, - . , , O2b*-SRY465 O2b147z - . (Kim et al. 2011: 2), The ages of the haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages (~9,900 years) and the pattern of variation within the lineages suggested an ancient origin in a nearby part of northeastern Asia, followed by an expansion in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. , , the early Korean population may have shared a common origin with Mongolian ethnic groups who inhabited the general area of the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal regions of southeastern Siberia (Kim et al.

74

4

75

Q

, Q1a2 .

, , , Q1a2 , , - 0,7 % ( Q-3782,1 %) (Al-Zahery et al. 2011: 3, fi g. 2). ( ), , , - 21.

, : Q1a2 , - , , - - . Q - . , - -, -

2011: 7). , , are consistent with linguistic, archaeological and historical evidence (Kim et al. 2011: 10).

21 , , ( 2015: 304). . . , -. : - - - , . : , - -. - .

, , - . , Haplogroup R1 is present at a signifi cantly lower frequency in the Marsh Arabs than in the Iraqi sample (2.8 % vs 19.4 %; P < 0.001), and is present only as R1-L23 [ . .] (Al-Zahery et al. 2011: 4).

, , - - Q .

, , - ( ), - ( 2009: 371372; 2012: 322327; , 2014: 54).

76 77

L ...

5. L :

5.1. L,

, L (, 2014: 5455; 2015).

L -, 3,4 % (L2) 3 % (L2), - 14 % (L3) (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 27, tab. 2). , L*-M20 ( ), L1 - .

, LM20, - , - . : 7,2 % , 5,2 % , 2,3 % 0,1 % , 0,5 % , 1,7 % 1,8 % () ( 2011: 14, . 3).

, LM20 - 3,8 % (Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9).

(Bekada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 6), , - L (M11, M20, M27, M76, M317, M274, M349, M357) 8,5 % ( 566 ), 4,2 % ( 523 ), - 3,4 % ( 2741 ). 2,9 % (-

3581 ). , , , , , - L . .

, , - L*, 3 (10\21), 4 (2\21) 7 (3\21) (Cinnioglu 2004: 130, fi g. 2). , - , - 3 . ., , .

L* ( 1,6 %) , (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1). -, (Di Cristofaro et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 7), - (1\25) \.

L . , , - (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1). , , .

, L1 L3 , 1,6 %. L21,4 %. L3.

, L - , - -, , , - . , , L .

, - , L20, L*, 48\914, 5 % (Zalloua et al. 2008: 876, fi g. 2). , : , .

78

5

79

L ...

: , , . , VII ( - XVII . 1560 .), ( 1992).

-, . -, .

- , - L . L3 12 %, L*-20 (Firasat et al. 2007: 123).

, L*- 20 4 % 3 %. L3 2 %. , L3 .

, , L1c-M357 is signifi cantly higher in Burusho and Kalash (15 % and 25 %) than in other populations (Di Cristofaro et al. 2013: 7). L1a-M76 is most frequent in Balochi (20 %), and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations.

( - ). . ., , - , , ( ).

, , L , - (Karafet et al. 2008: 6; Mendez et al. 2011: 47). , . ( 2007 ) - (Lacau et al. 2012: 1068).

, (-: ), L - (, 2014: 54). , ,

: LM20 most likely originated in what is today Pakistan rather than in India (Lacau et al. 2012: 1068).

, . , -: , - L - . , , () , L (Lacau et al. 2012: 1064, fi g. 2; . : Sahoo et al. 2006: 846, fi g. 2). L*, L3 20 % 4 % .

, , , - (: -) L - , , , .

, , ( , - ) L - , 22.

22 , - ( 2009: 371372; 2012: 322327; , 2014: 54). - - ( , ), , , , , ( 2009: 372).

, , P. miliaceum: The available genetic data, from microsatellite markers, lend more weight to the hypothesis of a single (Chinese) domestication rather than multiple (European and Chinese)domestications, but the evidence is still equivocal (Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute et al. 2013: 1074).

80

5

81

L ...

?

, , ., , ( 2009; 2009), ,

The wild ancestor of broomcorn millet is not known with certainty, A weedy form, P. miliaceum subsp. ruderale, has a widespread distribution across a region spanning from the Aralo-Caspian basin to China [ . .]. Weedy types are also found in central Europe and in north America (Hunt et al. 2011: 4757).

, ( -) ( 2009: 371; , 2014: 48, 6061). , . , - 19 . , , , .

, - (, , . . Zizania aquatica). , - , . .

, , . , : , -, (: 2008; 2009).

(, , ) .

, P. miliaceum : The eastern cluster (blue) includes the majority of samples from China and Mongolia, those from Nepal and northeastern India, the Russian Far East, Korea and Japan, and a minority of fi ve scattered samples from more westerly locations. The western cluster (red) includes the vast majority of samples from Ukraine, the Caucasus and European Russia, central Asia, northwestern India and Pakistan and ten samples from ChinaMongolia (Hunt et al. 2011: 4763).

, , . , - (Hunt et al. 2011: 4764, fi g. 4) .

, Dravidian speaking populations harbored a signifi cantly higher percentage of L haplogroup compared to the Indo-European speakers, 11.2 and 3.7 % respectively (Trivedi et al. 2007: 401), , L . - - L - (Sengupta et al. 2006: 208, tab. 6; Sahoo et al. 2006: 849, tab. 2; Kumar et al. 2007: 5, fi g. 2; Reddy 2007: 9, tab. 5; Karafet et al. 2010: 1836, fi g. 2; Chaubey, Metspalu et al. 2011: Suppl., tab.1); (Trivedi et al. 2007: 398, tab. 2) 0,7 %.

, , , , L , - - , - ( , -). , -, L - - - .

, , .

, , (, 1970: 15; 1980: 22).

. . (1978): , - (, - ), ,

, , - . . , P. miliaceum - ( ).

82

5

83

L ...

- , - . , - , -, , , , , (http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/edelman-78.htm).

, , - . . ., .

, , - (- ) - .

, , - ( - , . ., - ).

, - ( 1980: 31; 2009: 92).

, . . , , , ( 1980: 23, 27, 30).

, , - , -. , -

( ).

, , , - ? , - \?

, , , - , R, R2, - , - (, 2014: 54).

(, , -) - ( - ) -.

L, R2 R1, - .

, -: L , , ?

5.2. L

- - L - . , -: the geographic distribution of the two sister clades, haplogroup L and haplogroup T, overlap in the Near East, although L has a more easterly epicenter in India and Pakistan (Mendez et al. 2011: 47).

84

5

85

L ...

, , haplogroup T originated in the Near East and subsequently expanded from there (Mendez et al. 2011: 47).

.: major revision of the Y chromosome phylogeny

subdivides haplogroup K into two main clades, one containing haplogroups L and T, and the other containing all the remaining haplogroups downstream of K (i. e., M, N, O, P, Q, R, and S) (Mendez et al. 2011: 44).

, F ( DE ), -, G, J, I, F ( , , ; , , - , . ., ).

L T. , -

( F) M, N, O, P, Q, R S, .

L T. ., ,

: L T ( , LT) - ?

- F J2 L T.

F J - - 1,4 % 5 %, (Trivedi et al. 2007: 398, tab. 2). J2 - , ,

5,6 % ( 5,8 %). F 4,8 %, - 2,7 %.

, F - () 4 %, 353 (8 -) (Reddy et al. 2007: 9, tab. 5). 11 % 64 .

789 -, F 3,3 % (Kumar et al. 2007: 5, fi g. 2). , 92 , 11 %.

, - F - 34 %. J2 45 %. , , . , , - - .

L, , - , .

, , , , L , F J2 .

, , (Trivedi et al. 2007: 398, tab. 2), - R21,4 % ( 21 % 14 % - ); R1a10,7 %. R (R*, R1, R1, R1b3) ( (Sahoo et al. 2006: 849, tab. 2) - R2).

, (Trivedi et al. 2007: 399, tab. 2b), - - , - -

86

5

87

L ...

. , R2 10,6 % R1 R1 0,6 %. R27,1 % ( 27 %; 38 %).

(Chaubey, Metspalu et al. 2011: Suppl., tab.1) R2 , R1 7\246 (. ., 3 %). R25\286 (. ., 2 %), R114\286 (. ., 5 %).

(Kumar et al. 2007: 5, fi g. 2; Reddy et al. 2007: 9, tab. 5) - - R1, R2 5 % .

, , , , .

, J2 (Chaubey, Metspalu et al. 2011: Suppl., tab.1) 16\286 (. ., 5 %), 6\246 F 16\286 , 19\246 .

, -. , . . - .

. - (Chaubey,

Metspalu et al. 2011: Suppl., tab.1; Trejaut et al. 2014: 23, fi g.2) . (Trivedi et al. 2007: 398, tab. 2), 2 ( 2002 2008 ) - 1,4 %. 4,3 %, - 3,3 %.

(Trivedi et al. 2007: 399, tab. 2b), - , - 22,2 %, 2,8 %, 11,1 %.

2 , - 10 %.

(Sengupta et al. 2006: 208, tab. 6), 2 ( 728 ) ( 176 ) .

, ( ; - ), - () 2,7 % (Sharma et al. 2012: 2, fi g.2).

(Kumar et al. 2007: 5, fi g. 2) 2 - - . (Reddy et al. 2007: 9, tab. 5), K-M9* (xM11, M45, M175) , ( L, P O). - ( , - ) 5,7 %. , - . , , -, , .

, (Kumar et al. 2007: 5, fi g. 2; Reddy 2007: 9, tab. 5; Chaubey, Metspalu et al. 2011: Suppl., tab.1) -9 . , , - - .

, , , . (Di

Cristofaro et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. S7; Lacau et al. 2012; Haber et al. 2012: Suppl., tab. S4). (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1).

, L . L, , R ( R2) ( , - R11). , J2 F.

88

5

89

L ...

, , , -, - . , , , , .

, , L, ( , - . ., LT) - . , J2 L, ( LT) .

, L, ( LT) .

, , L, ( LT) .

, J2 , - , : J2-M172 is the main Iranian haplogroup (22.5 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 4).

: Haplogroup J is predominant in Iran where both its subclades, J2-M172 and J1-M267, are observed. Its highest frequencies are registered in the populations located along the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea and along the Zagros Mountains ridge. Exceptionally high is the frequency observed in the Baluchi of Sistan Baluchestan, in agreement with their likely Caspian Sea origin (Grugni et al. 2012: 4).

, , , - ( 10 %; 7,9 %), . . - , . - : - (8,5 %), (6,8 %) ,

(3,9 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1). : (6,4 %) (5 %).

3,4 % (- 938 ) (Grugni et al. 2012: 7, tab. 1). (Becada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 6) 2,1 % ( 566 ); -, 4 % ( 2741 ).

(20 %) - .

, ( LT) J2 , (, , ) - .

, , . ,

, (Mendez et al. 2011: 4748).

, J1. J1 ( ,

) . -, - , (Al-Zahery et al. 2011: 10, fi g. 6; Grugni et al. 2012: 10). : J1-M267* shows high variance in the Middle Eastern region including Eastern Turkey, North-West Iraq, and North-West Iran (Gilan Mazandaran), where probably originated (Grugni et al. 2012: 10). -, The Arab J1-Page08, likely originated in the region at the border between south-eastern Turkey and North Iraq, underwent an important Neolithic expansion in the southern countries of the Middle East and represents the most important haplogroup in the modern populations of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa (Grugni et al. 2012: 11).

90

5

91

L ...

: , , - .

, : - , , -, J1.

, , , , .

, , J1-M267* almost restricted to north-western Iranian groups ( , 11 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 10). - J1-M267* ( J1c3 PAGE08, - ).

, , -: L , L, . R Q.

, , -, - .

, . . - - , - (: , 2014: 5052, 54).

, - L -. - .

?

5.3. R-V88 OV

- - . R-V88.

R-V88 . :

With the exception of rare incidences of R1b-V88 in Corsica, Sardinia and Southern France, there is nearly mutually exclusive patterning of V88 across trans-Saharan Africa vs the prominence of P297-related varieties widespread across the Caucasus, Circum-Uralic regions, Anatolia and Europe. The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan provides an insight into the back to Africa migration route (Myres et al. 2011: 96).

, R-V88, (, 2014: 55), - ( - ).

, .-,

R-V88 : , ( ) - , () .

- : T1 is found mainly in the Middle East (Palestine, Lebanon, Oman, Turkey, southern Iran), North Africa (Egypt, Morocco), sub-Saharan Africa (especially in eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda) (Capredon et al. 2013: 7). (Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 2; Becada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. 6).

92

5

93

L ...

R-V88, , (Wood et al. 2005: 872; Berniell-Lee et al. 2009: 1584). , ( ).

: R1b1a [ R-V88; - R1b1. . .] has been observed at high frequencies in Northwest Africa (27 % in the Egyptian Berbers), with peaks in the Chadic-speaking populations from Central Africa, ranging from 29 to 96 % in Cameroon, and very rarely is found outside Africa (Ottoni et al. 2011: 122). - R 13 %. , Haplogroup K-M9 is restricted to Hausa and Gaalien with low frequencies and is absent in Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo. Haplogroup R-M173 appears to be the most frequent haplogroup in Fulani, and haplogroup R-P25 has the highest frequency in Hausa and Copts and is present at lower frequencies in north, east, and western Sudan (Hassan et al. 2008: 317). \ R1 (xR1b) 14\26 , , - (Hassan et al. 2008: 320).

, , R -V88 - .

-, - .

(Wood et al. 2005: 871, fi g. 2), R, - R-V88, ( 22 %, 236 ; - 2,5 % ( 705 ), 2,2 % ( 90 -)) 23.

23 , - - . , Mande languages are quite distinct from other Niger-Congo families, and because of this, their inclusion in

: The fi rst observation was that the highest frequencies of the R1b1a haplogroup were found among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations from the Central Sahel, with Chadic mostly contributing to this pattern. We have now extended our analysis to a further 258 unrelated male subjects from northern Cameroon the extended data fully confi rm the pattern originally observed (Cruciani, Trombetta et al. 2010: 1186).

(Cruciani, Trombetta et al. 2010: 1186, tab. 1), - R-V88 - 90 %. - , 40 %.

, , R-V88 - (- ) 21 % ( 105 ) 71 % ( 31 ).

, R-V88 - 5,2 %; - 883 (Berniell-Lee et al. 2009: 1584). - 520 %; . : (Veeramah et al. 2010: 9, tab. 4). (de Filippo et al. 2011: Suppl., tab. 3), R ( ).

- , - 5 .

- , : Both the KS and the BAN showed low levels (3.3 % and 0.6 %, respectively) of assimilation

the phylum is sometimes questioned (Sands 2009: 567). .

94

5

95

L ...

of the Eurasian Y chromosome haplogroups I, K* (xR), R1a1, and R1b (Naidoo et al. 2010: 7).

the most frequent E subclade amongst the KS was E1b1b1* (15.8 %).

-35. -35

(Tishkoff et al. 2007: 2184, fi g. 4; de Filippo et al. 2011: Suppl., tab 3; Trombetta et al. 2011: Suppl., tab. 2).

, Haplogroup E-M329 was observed almost exclusively in eastern Africa, where E-M2 is virtually absent. Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E1b1b trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E1b1 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested (Trombetta et al. 2011: 2). Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern.

, - -35, - . , , 24.

.

24 , Genetic and archaeological data have been interpreted as possible evidence for an ancient San presence in eastern Africa (Knight et al. 2003: 470471; . : Blench 2004: 13).

, (Tishkoff et al. 2007: 2184, fi g. 4; Hassan et al. 2008: 319, fi g. 2), - -35 . . - - 50 % . 25 - : The E3b1 (E-M78) lineage is most frequent in Afroasiatics (22.5 %) (Wood et al. 2005: 872). -35.

-35* - 9,9 %, 6,4 % (Wood et al. 2005: 871, fi g. 2).

.

( ) - ( , , , , ). , - ( - . . ) 26.

, R -V88 ?

?, -

OV- (http://wals.info/feature/83A#2/18.0/152.8).

, (: -)

25 - ( 2013: 16). , , .

26 , . , ( 1990), . . (, , ) - (http://www.tapemark.narod.ru/les/015b.html).

96

5

97

L ...

R-V88 . , .

R-V88 . - , , - R-V88 , , - , VO. (, ( - ), - - ), OV- ( . . , - SOV (http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/index/mandelang/semya_mande/)), ( - ) R-V88. , -, 27.

, R-V88\OV- (, ) . , .

, , -, OV- . , ( ), , OV-.

27 , , (Vydrin 2009). , , R-V88.

, R-V88 (14 %) (- ) (Cruciani, Trombetta et al. 2010: 1186, tab. 1) - OV. , , - .

OV - ( - ). .

From a syntactic point of view, the Southern Cushitic languages, as most Cushitic languages, display moderate SOV-characteristics, i. e. the fi nite verb is clause-fi nal Not all the West-Rift languages display the same pattern of typological features in these respects. Thus, Iraqw and Gorwaa stick closely to the rigid SOV order under all circumstances, whereas Alagwa and Burunge allow for a variation of SOV and SVO order depending on pragmatic factors (Kieling 2000: 72).

: Cushitic and Omotic languages are generally dependent-marking and verb-fi nal at sentence level. The Agaw language are quiet strict in their OV syntax, while most East Cushitic languages (with the notable exception of Saho and Afar) generally place the modifi er after their head, often giving rise to typologically unusual word patterns (Tosco 2003: 90).

, - - , R-V88 R - OV-. , 4\39 R1, 2\42 R1b (Hassan et al. 2008: 319, fi g. 2). ( , - ) 3\26 R1b.

R1b, , R-V88.

, ( -), - R-V88 V-, (7\50), (7\28), V-.

\OV- , , , , , - , , OV- -

98

5

99

L ...

. , - V- ( 1991: 28) 28.

, OV- - , : , , , , , , . : . Sahelian as an alternative name for Nilo-Saharan, since it is nearly equivalent in a geographic sense and a bit more convenient (Bender 1977: 11). , R-V88 , OV-, - , .

OV- - ( , ). , .

, , , OV- - , ( ) -, . - . - .

, , The most convincing hypothesis is that Ongota is an East Cushitic language with a Nilo-Saharan substratum. In other words, it appears that the Ongota used to speak a Nilo-Saharan language but shifted to speaking a Cushitic language, while retaining some characteristics of their earlier linguistic system (Sands 2009: 565) 29.

28 J1 (, , - ) (Al-Zahery et al. 2011: 10, fi g. 6) R-V88 -, OV- .

29 . - (http://elanguage.net/journals/sal/article/viewFile/3720/3621).

, , - , - : there have been repeated questions as to whether Omotic can be considered Afroasiatic at all. One view is that only the most divergent set of Omotic languages, the Aroid languages (including languages Ari, Hamer, and Dime), are actually Nilo-Saharan (Sands 2009: 565; . : . 2013: 38).

- , .

: (, , , ) OV- - ( ) \ -35 .

, - , : , - ( 34 % ) - (- 50 % ) -35. , , , . , .

-35, , - .

-\ ( - OV- (http://wals.info/feature/83A#2/18.0/152.8); VO (http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/okhotina-90b.htm)) .

, , - , - , .

100

5

101

L ...

, , - , - , ( . 2008: 262). : , , , , , ( . 2008: 268).

( ) . . (2013: 474) : , ( ) . , -, ( . 2013: 449). - , , - , - ( . 2013: 474).

, , : [ . . .] - ( -) , - -, , , , - ( . 2008: 276).

, - .

-, ( , , -35) OV- , - . , .

-, - .

-, - , , , , , -, - , - .

-35, OV-, - , . , ( 2013: 271272), , . . - . , : - , . . -, , (, 2014: 60). , . . , - ( 20 , ) - -. : hunter-gatherer ceramic traditions originating in the east may have also infl uenced the development of pottery in the Near East, which is associated with agricultural communities. If so, Eastern hunter-gatherer pottery would have ultimately infl uenced ceramic traditions in southern Europe, which spread out of the Near East in association with farming around 8,500 years ago (Gibbs, Jordan 2013: 15).

R-V88 .

102

5

103

, , - , , - . , , , - , - - . .

, , . - (http://elanguage.net/journals/sal/article/viewFile/3720/3621).

, , - (, 2014: 55) , R -V88 - (-) .

L , , - . , L, R2 ( ), - - , . , -.

6.

N1-LLY22

, .: (

) N1*.

: N1-LLY22, N1b, N1 (xN1c1). ( . 2011: 19), N1 (xN1c1) N1b, .

, N1* : (2 %), (1 %), (1,4 %) (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 27, tab. 2).

, ., ,

, , - , , Q, N1* .

, N1-LLY22 9 % - 21 % ( 2013: 12). , - . . , .

, , .

, , : N1-LLY22 ?

104

6

105

N1-LLY22...

N1b - : The age of N1b-P43 was also very old (18.90 kya), indicating a relatively rapid northward migration during the Paleolithic period from southern China northward into Siberia (Shi et al. 2013: 5) 30.

30 (, 2014: 5960) , - N - , . - N 1412 , , - . ., , .

, , (Bengtson, Blaek 2011: 5859), - - .

. . ( -) . . - . - .

: - , - - . XIII . . . - - , , . - AST 6 . . ., . [Dumond, 2010], - - . - -: . ( 2015: 130).

, - 14 . . . : - . , -, - , . , -

, -, N1*, , ( 7 % -), - - 2 % (Shi et al. 2013: 3).

-, N1-LLY22 (, N*- LLY22g*), , : (2,3 %), , (2,9 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 5, tab. 1).

N1b, . . . .

, -, 6 % (, . 2011: 31) 31. , N1b - - , - - . - ( . 2011: 19; , . 2011: 29, . 1). N1b

, , , , ( 2015: 131).

, - - .

, , : - ( ) ( 2015: 124). - ( 2015: 131).

31 , , (Regueiro et al. 2006: 135, fi g. 1), 33 . , -, .

106

6

107

N1-LLY22...

N1c1 5 % , 4 %.

, - , - Q: Q N1b - (, . 2011: 34). N1b - : reaching further north to Siberia about 1214 kya (Shi et al. 2013: 1).

, N1 (xN1c1). N1 (xN1c1)-A , - - . N1 (xN1c1)- - - ( . 2011: 20). , - N1 (xN1c1)-A N1 (xN1c1)- 10 500 . , , . -. , , ( 2012: 29).

, -, N1b - - , -.

, -, , - ( . 2013: 42).

, N1b - . - .

, N1b - -, -, .

- - - - .

, (Der Sarkisean et al. 2013; Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 25, tab. 2).

, , , R1b1* (xR1b1a1, R1b1a2) . - R1a , 7,5 (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 5). R1a SRY10831.2, . ., - (Underhill, Poznik et al. 2015: 120, fi g. 1) R1a1*.

, - - . . , R1b1* (xR1b1a1, R1b1a2) (Haak, Lazaridis et al. 2015: 25, tab. 2), . : . - IV-a ( ). - , - . , VII . . ., - (, 2000: 281; . : 2011).

( ), , ( 2004). , , - , .

, -

108

6

109

N1-LLY22...

, , , - , -, . . . - . , ( 2012: 310): . . (2004) - .

, : - , , , - Q.

, -, , Q .

( -) - .

, , , , - - , , , (, 1984: 131). , ; , ( ) - ( . . ) ( 1982: 42).

, , . . : , - - - ( 1982: 39).

. . - : . .

-, -, . -, , , -, . . -, , , - , ( 2004: 181182).

, ( 2012: 305312).

. . . . , - 32.

- , , ( 2013: 30). .

, - - .

.

. - - ( 2013: 30). , ,

32 , . . (, , - : ) ( 2012) -, , , .

110

6

111

N1-LLY22...

- , , - ( 2013: 31).

- - - .

, . . , -- , , - .

, , - - , - , , , - , - 33.

, , , -, - . , , , , N.

, , - . . (2014) - .

. - , , , .

33 , , , . . - (, 2009).

, .

, -, - - , , - .

, , , , . ( ( 2012: 321)), -, .

, , , - , - N. N1b.

: N1b , ( 2012: 27).

, N 12 % ( N1b 4 %) ( 2013: 80). () N, N1b, 7 %. N 86 %; - 64 %; 22 %. 92 % ( 5 % ).

, - - : , -, ( 2014: 29). - : , : - - - (6070 %) ( . 2006: 33).

112

6

113

N1-LLY22...

, -: the western Eurasian founders, giving rise to Siberian specifi c subclades, trace their ancestry only to the early and mid-Holocene, though some of genetic lineages may trace their ancestry back to the end of LGM (Derenko et al. 2014: 8).

, , - I ( . 2011: 16).

, (.: , . 2014: 5051) .

, , - , , : -, - ( , Q, , R) , - N, N1b.

, N (- , - ), - .

, : - - - N?

- . , - , , 34.

34 , - , , - . , -

, , , N ?

, - - ? , , - - - ?

, ., , -

, - - - .

, ; (, 2014: 5052).

- , , - . ., 1211 ( 2015: 311).

- , (, , - ( 2002)), - , N.

N, , - . , , , - : the discussed evidence altogether supports the proposal that the AA homeland was located somewhere not far from the mid-Yangtze valley, probably in the nearby mountains in modern Sichuan (Peiros 2011: 112). - , . (, 2009). - . , -, ( 23 ) - (, 2009: 442, 5).

, , N .

114

6

115

N1-LLY22...

, - N1b R. - - -: R-M269, R-M198 N-M231, 49 % 100 % ( 2015: 16). N1b (N-P43) , . . , , 6 % 34 %. 12 %; R 37 % ( 2015: 22). , , , , - .

, , , , - - , - ( -).

, , . , . .,

, - , - - (-) , , - (: 2013: 268270). , , .

, -- - .

: R1b-M269 L23. , , - , M412,

, L23 (xM412). - R1b-L23 (xM412) R1b-Z2105, , . - R1b-Z2105 - ( 2015: 19). , - - - -78, 14 % 10,2 % ( 2015: 20). , -35.

, - , - . . - - ( . . -) (, : 2013: 271272).

, , - - - . , -.

, , , , . , , - -, , - .

-. ( . 2013) .

116

6

117

N1-LLY22...

, , - , . , -.

, . . , - - (, 2013; 2014: 3447). , , 35.

, , , . . (2012), .

, - . - , - (), (). () . , , - ( 2012: 32).

- , - .

, 3

35 , . . -, - - . - , . . .

(. 16). -, - - ( , , , ) ( 2012: 32). - ( 2012: 34, . 16), -, , , , , , - (). - , , , ( ). , (-, , ) .

, - ( , - -), ( , , - , - ) - .

, , - , . .

: , - . . .

, - .

, - . ,

118

6

119

. , - , - .

, , , .

, - , (, ), , - - . , N1-LLY22 .

, , , - N1-LLY22 - - .

, . , , , , - .

, , .

, N1-LLY22 - , , - . , , , , . . - . . .

7.

(J, G, E, L T) ,

7.1. (J, G, E T)

- , , - ( , , ) - .

., the most frequent haplogroups in the

Caucasus were G2a3b1-P303 (12 %), G2a1a-P18 (8 %), J1*-M267 (xP58) (34 %), and J2a4b*-M67 (xM92) (21 %), which together encompassed 73 % (Balanovsky et al. 2011: 7).

, G J , : Hg J is most common (50 %) in the Middle East and Anatolia, with a spread zone spanning from northwest Africa to India (Battaglia et al. 2008: 7). Haplogroup J is predominant in Iran where both its subclades, J2-M172 and J1-M267, are observed. Its highest frequencies are registered in the populations located along the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea and along the Zagros Mountains ridge (Grugni et al. 2012: 4).

, -\ , ( , 7 % ( 2006:

120

7

121

(J, G, E, L T)...

20); 9,5 % ( 2011: 11, .1)) ( , 5,2 %\7,8 % ( 2010: 30; Herrera et al. 2011: 4); 12 % (Hovhannisyan et al. 2014: 9); E3b1b1-M3510,7 %), - 9 %. (13 %) (9 %) (Grugni et al. 2012: 9), . , , - , .

, , - , , 20 %. 3,4 % 10 % , 8,5 % 3,9 % .

, , , - .

- , , - (, 2014: 58; 2015), .

- 36. , ,

- .

, : E1b1b (5.6 %), J2a (4.0 %), G2a (1.5 %), L (0.8 %) T (0.8 %) (Young 2011: 460). ,

36 , , - ( -), (Malhi et al. 2008: 424, tab 1; Dulik, Owings et al. 2012: 8473, Tab. 1; Roewer et al. 2013: tab. S2). , - , .

J 13 % (Semino et al. 2004: 1029, tab. 2); J .

, , : , - - , - .

(Alonso et al. 2005: 1295, fi g. 1), (72 ), (74 ) ( -, 22 ) - - , (Young 2011: 460). 9 %, 4 % . -, 30 % ( 692 ).

( - ), . . (Adams, Bosch et al. 2008: 728, fi g. 1).

, , , -, - - ( ). - - , . - , .

Representatives of this male component carried haplogroups C, E1b1b1, G and J, which in the whole Pyrenean sample, accounted for 8.9 % of lineages although the proportion was rather unevenly

122

7

123

(J, G, E, L T)...

distributed across the 5 Pyrenean populations: 4 % in Valle de Aran, 8.1 % in Cerdana, 12.9 % in Jacetania, 20.5 % in Alto Urgell and absent in Cinco Villas. As a comparison we can take the non-Basque Iberians (N = 692) studied by Alonso et al. (2005) among whom nearly 30 % of Ys could be associated with the above mentioned component, in clear contrast with the proportion of 8.9 % in the Basque sample (N = 168) from the same study (coincidentally, it exactly matched our estimate for Pyreneans).

Therefore, concerning the relative amount of the post-Neolithic genetic substrate, most Pyrenean populations resemble Basques more than they resemble other Iberians (Lopez-Parra et al. 2008: 45).

, (Becada et al. 2013: Suppl., tab. S6), - (E, G, J) 22 %. , , 1971 . 2 %. L .

- E, G, J - 20 % ( 776 ). - 1 %. L 0,5 %.

, , , ( -) ( , ) , - . , the gene pool of the early Neolithic farmers [ . .] was drastically different from the modern European one, but showed close affi nities with the modern (and probably ancient) Near Eastern gene pool (Balanovsky, Utevska, Balanovska 2013: 29).

, -, : J27,2 % (

13,2 %), J-12f21 % ( 3 %), G 1 % ( 2,7 %) (Firasat et al. 2007: 123) 37.

, - ( ), - . , .

, , , , , - ( ).

, - .

7.2. (J, G, E, L T) :

. G, J, , L -

( ) - (Xue et al. 2006: 2434; Bittles et al. 2007: 79; Gan, Pan et al. 2008: 306; Wen et al. 2004: 859; Gayden et al. 2007: 887; Sengupta et al. 2006: 207).

(Zhong et al. 2011: 721). - 3826 .

37 , -, (Semino et al. 2004: 1029, tab. 2), (. ., ), J 13,2 %. , 23,9 % . ., .

, , , .

124

7

125

(J, G, E, L T)...

- (, ) . : The rest of the Y chromosomes, accounting for 6.79 % in total, were identifi ed as haplogroups E-SRY4064, C5-M356, G-M201, H-M69, IM170, J-P209, LM20, Q-M242, R-M207, and T-M70, and we defi ne these haplogroups as CSA- and WE-related haplogroups Among them, E-SRY4064, C5-M356, G-M201, H-M69, IM170, LM20, and T-M70 have low frequencies (0.040.24 %), whereas J-P209, Q-M242, and R-M207 have relatively high frequencies, 1.09 %, 1.66 %, and 3.06 % respectively (Zhong et al. 2011: 721).

, ., -

-. , , - - . - .

, - . R -, ( ).

, - : the impact of the ancient Silk Road can also be refl ected by the sporadic appearance of the minor CSA and WE-related haplogroups, such as E-SRY4064, C5-M356, IM170, J2a2*-M67, Jab2-M241, and T-M70 (Zhong